20. Eyeing Earth: From Cloud Top to Seabed(縱覽地球—從云端到海底)
1. Earth scientists are beginning to live what they once considered an impossible dream. They
are establishing systems to monitor our entire planet continuously, from the outer fringes of the
atmosphere to the deepest seabed. They even are beginning to track the grinding of rock upon rock that generates earthquakes.
1、地球科學(xué)家們開始將以前被認(rèn)為是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的夢(mèng)想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。他們正在建立可以持續(xù)不斷地監(jiān)控我們整個(gè)地球的系統(tǒng)，上至大氣外層邊緣，下至海床深處。他們甚至開始追蹤導(dǎo)致地震產(chǎn)生的巖石間的摩擦。
2. They are linking communications systems to shunt these data to whomever can work them into
useful knowledge. Often this now can be done in minutes instead of hours, days, or weeks. An unprecedented
cooperation is developing among nations so that earth scientists will no longer look at our planet in the old, fragmented way.
2、科學(xué)家們正在將各個(gè)通訊系統(tǒng)連接起來，從而將收集到的數(shù)據(jù)資料傳輸給任何可將其轉(zhuǎn)化為有用知識(shí)的使用者。這項(xiàng)工作現(xiàn)在往往只需幾分鐘而不是幾小時(shí)、幾天或幾星期就能完成。一項(xiàng)空前的合作正在各國(guó)間展開，從此以后地球科學(xué)家們?cè)僖膊恍枰藐惻f和零敲碎打的方式來研究我們所在的行星了。
3. These technological developments have brought humanity to the brink of "great opportunities,"
said American Geophysical Union president John Orcutt at a meeting of the group last week in San Francisco.
A few of many instances of such opportunities presented at the meeting illustrate this.
3、美國(guó)地球物理學(xué)會(huì)主席約翰·奧克特在該組織上周于舊金山召開的會(huì)議上指出，這些技術(shù)上的發(fā)展已使人類十分接近“大好機(jī)遇”。這次會(huì)議上介紹了與這些機(jī)遇相關(guān)的許多實(shí)例，其中幾個(gè)說明了這一點(diǎn)。
4. Scientists at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif., where Dr. Orcutt is deputy director,
have developed a way to use the worldwide seismic observing network to image earthquake ruptures. Within
30 minutes or less, they can trace the entire crustal rupture that produces a quake anywhere in the world.
This information is much more valuable than merely pinpointing the quake epicenter. "This is important for tsunami
warning systems in which you need to know a path－－not just the original location—of an earthquake,"
explains Scripps scientist Peter Shearer.
4、由奧克特博士任副所長(zhǎng)的加利福尼亞拉霍亞市斯克里普斯海洋研究所的科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)開發(fā)出一種利用全球地震監(jiān)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)來形象地描繪地表斷裂的方法。在30分鐘或更短的時(shí)間內(nèi)，他們就能完整地追蹤到地球上任何一處導(dǎo)致地震的地殼斷裂帶。這一信息比僅僅確定震中的位置要有價(jià)值得多。斯克里普斯的科學(xué)家彼得·希勒解釋說：“這對(duì)于海嘯預(yù)警系統(tǒng)來說很重要，因?yàn)樵陬A(yù)警過程中，不僅僅需要知道震源所在，而且需要了解地震波的路徑”。
5. Meanwhile, in North America, the EarthScope project is establishing a continent-wide network of GPS locators, seismographs, and other instruments to study what’s happening below the crust.
5、與此同時(shí)，在北美開展的“地球透鏡”計(jì)劃正在建立一個(gè)包括全球定位系統(tǒng)定位儀、地震儀和其他儀器所組成的洲際范圍的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以研究地殼下面的活動(dòng)情況。
6. The network, which will cover the United States and reach into Canada and Mexico, is beginning to track the
interaction of the two great crustal plates that respectively carry the Pacific Ocean and the continent. Its prime
feature is an observatory in Parkfield, Calif., which has placed instruments nearly two miles deep into the Earth right
up against the San Andreas fault to record every creep, rattle, and grind. The goal is "to get into the heart of this
earthquake machine" and test scientists’ speculations as to how it works, says William Ellsworth, a geologist with
the US Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif.
6、該網(wǎng)絡(luò)將會(huì)覆蓋美國(guó)并延伸至加拿大和墨西哥。目前，它正在追蹤分別承載太平洋和美洲大陸的兩大地殼板塊之間的相互作用情況。其顯著特色是設(shè)在加州帕克菲爾德市的一個(gè)觀測(cè)站，它在圣安德列亞斯斷層的正上方距地表近兩英里處，安裝了各種儀器，用來記錄這里的每地殼移動(dòng)、撞擊和摩擦情況。加州曼羅帕克美國(guó)地質(zhì)勘探局的一位地質(zhì)學(xué)家威廉·埃爾斯沃斯表示，這樣做的目的是為了“深入這部地震機(jī)器的中心地帶”，并檢驗(yàn)科學(xué)家們關(guān)于其活動(dòng)情況的各種推測(cè)。
7. Networks of satellites already on orbit or soon to be launched are beginning to provide detailed observations
of the workings of the atmosphere, ocean, and continental crust over the entire planet. These data are shared globally
through an unprecedented cooperation among 58 nations called the Global Earth Observation System of Systems.
7、由已經(jīng)進(jìn)入軌道或是即將發(fā)射的衛(wèi)星所形成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)已開始提供有關(guān)整個(gè)地球的大氣、海洋和陸殼運(yùn)動(dòng)情況的詳細(xì)觀測(cè)資料。這些數(shù)據(jù)資料通過由58個(gè)國(guó)家參與、名為“全球?qū)Φ赜^測(cè)系統(tǒng)”的空前合作實(shí)現(xiàn)全球共享。
8. Orcutt noted that it will take high-volume high-speed communications to make the most of such sharing. Such a system, now under development, will shunt data a
thousand times faster than current "high speed" broadband Internet links. Orcutt added that a strong commercial i
ncentive exists to develop this system. It would allow movie studios, for example, to transmit a digital motion picture
directly to theaters, where it could be shown in real time.
8、奧克特指出，要大限度地利用這種共享，需要依靠大容量、高速度的通訊系統(tǒng)。正處于開發(fā)階段的這一系統(tǒng)將會(huì)以比現(xiàn)在的“高速”寬帶因特網(wǎng)連接快1000倍的速度傳送數(shù)據(jù)。奧克特還補(bǔ)充說，開發(fā)這個(gè)系統(tǒng)存在巨大的商業(yè)動(dòng)機(jī)。例如，它將使電影制片廠直接將數(shù)字電影傳輸?shù)诫?并實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)放映。
21.The art of public Speaking.
21、公共演講的藝術(shù)
1. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life. When it does,
you want to be ready. But even if you never give another speech in your life, you still have much to gain from studying
public speaking. Your speech class will give you training in researching topics, organizing your ideas, and presenting
yourself skillfully. The training is invaluable for every type of communication.
1、在你生活的某個(gè)時(shí)刻，幾乎必定需要做某種有影響力的公開演講。當(dāng)這個(gè)時(shí)刻來到時(shí)，你希望自己十分有把握。但是，即便你從未發(fā)表過一個(gè)演講，你仍然會(huì)從學(xué)習(xí)公共演說中獲益良多。你的演講課將會(huì)在研究主題、組織思路、和表現(xiàn)技巧方面對(duì)你進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。這種訓(xùn)練對(duì)任何類型的交流都是非常寶貴的。
2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation. The three major goals
of speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation.
In conversation, almost without thinking about it,
you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas logically. You tailor your message to your audience.
You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking.
2、在公開演講和日常交談之間有許多類似的東西。演說的三個(gè)主要目的是：傳達(dá)、說服、吸引，這些也是日常交談的三個(gè)主要目的。在交談中，你已經(jīng)不假思索地使用很多技巧。你有條理地組織你的觀點(diǎn)，你根據(jù)聽眾修改信息。你選擇講述某個(gè)故事以取得大的效果。你從聽眾的反饋中改變自己。這些是你在公開演講時(shí)所需要的重要的技巧。
3. Of course, public speaking is also different from conversation. First, public speaking is more highly
structured than conversation. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker, and it requires
more detailed preparation than dose ordinary conversation. Second, speechmaking requires more formal language.
Listeners react negatively to speeches loaded with slang, jargon, and bad grammar. Third, public speaking demands
a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding
distracting physical mannerism and verbal habits.
3、當(dāng)然，公開演說不同于交談。首先，公開演講比交談要有更高的組織結(jié)構(gòu)性。公開演說者通常受嚴(yán)格的時(shí)間限制，故此它需要比普通交談更細(xì)致的準(zhǔn)備。其次，公開演說需要使用正式語言。聽眾對(duì)充滿俚語、行話、和語法錯(cuò)誤的講話反應(yīng)消極。第三，公開演說需要用一種不同聲調(diào)和姿勢(shì)。有影響力的演說者調(diào)整他的聲調(diào)去面對(duì)大量的觀眾，力求避免分散人注意力的身體習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，力求避免習(xí)慣性口頭語。
4. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. Actually, most successful speakers are
nervous before making a speech. Your speech class will give you an opportunity to gain confidence and make your nervousness
work for you rather than against you. You will take a big step toward overcoming stage fright if you think positively, choose
speech topics you really care about, prepare thoroughly, and concentrate on communicating with your audience. Like many
students over the years, you too can develop confidence in your speechmaking abilities.
4、在任何一個(gè)演講教室里，學(xué)生主要的擔(dān)心之一就是怕上臺(tái)。事實(shí)上，成功的演說家在發(fā)表一場(chǎng)演講之前也會(huì)緊張。你的演講教室將給你一個(gè)獲得信心的機(jī)會(huì)，讓你的緊張的神經(jīng)幫助你而不是阻礙你。如果你能這樣積極地考慮，你將會(huì)朝著戰(zhàn)勝怯場(chǎng)的方向邁進(jìn)一大步：選擇你真正關(guān)心的演講主題，充分地準(zhǔn)備，集中精力與你的聽眾溝通。如同過去的許多同學(xué)一樣，你同樣能夠在你的演講能力上提高信心。
5. The speech communication process as a whole includes seven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the person who initiates a
speech transaction. Whatever the speaker communicates is the message, which is sent by means of a particular channel.
The listener receives the communicated message and may provide feedback to the speaker. Interference is anything that
impedes the communication of a message, and the situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.
The interaction of these seven elements is what determines the outcome in any instance of speech communication.
5、語言交流的過程，整體而言包括七個(gè)要素：演說者、信息、溝通途徑、聽眾、反饋、外界干擾、和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)形態(tài)。演說者是演講事件的開始者。演說者傳遞的是信息，它必經(jīng)某種特定溝通途徑傳送出去。聽眾接受傳達(dá)到的信息，并且向演說者提供反饋。外界干擾是妨礙信息溝通的任何事物，而現(xiàn)場(chǎng)形態(tài)是演說發(fā)生的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。這七個(gè)要素的相互作用決定任何情況下演說交流的效果。
6. Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibilities. Ethical speakers use sound means
to achieve sound goals. They do this by being well informed about their subjects by being honest in what they say, by using sound
evidence, and by employing valid reasoning.
6、因?yàn)檠葜v是力量的一種表現(xiàn)形態(tài)，它承載著很重的道德責(zé)任。有道德的演說者用聲音的方式去實(shí)現(xiàn)聲音的目的。他們通過很好闡述他們的主題、通過誠(chéng)實(shí)于他們所說的話、通過使用可靠的論據(jù)、以及通過正確的評(píng)論做這件事。
1. Earth scientists are beginning to live what they once considered an impossible dream. They
are establishing systems to monitor our entire planet continuously, from the outer fringes of the
atmosphere to the deepest seabed. They even are beginning to track the grinding of rock upon rock that generates earthquakes.
1、地球科學(xué)家們開始將以前被認(rèn)為是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的夢(mèng)想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。他們正在建立可以持續(xù)不斷地監(jiān)控我們整個(gè)地球的系統(tǒng)，上至大氣外層邊緣，下至海床深處。他們甚至開始追蹤導(dǎo)致地震產(chǎn)生的巖石間的摩擦。
2. They are linking communications systems to shunt these data to whomever can work them into
useful knowledge. Often this now can be done in minutes instead of hours, days, or weeks. An unprecedented
cooperation is developing among nations so that earth scientists will no longer look at our planet in the old, fragmented way.
2、科學(xué)家們正在將各個(gè)通訊系統(tǒng)連接起來，從而將收集到的數(shù)據(jù)資料傳輸給任何可將其轉(zhuǎn)化為有用知識(shí)的使用者。這項(xiàng)工作現(xiàn)在往往只需幾分鐘而不是幾小時(shí)、幾天或幾星期就能完成。一項(xiàng)空前的合作正在各國(guó)間展開，從此以后地球科學(xué)家們?cè)僖膊恍枰藐惻f和零敲碎打的方式來研究我們所在的行星了。
3. These technological developments have brought humanity to the brink of "great opportunities,"
said American Geophysical Union president John Orcutt at a meeting of the group last week in San Francisco.
A few of many instances of such opportunities presented at the meeting illustrate this.
3、美國(guó)地球物理學(xué)會(huì)主席約翰·奧克特在該組織上周于舊金山召開的會(huì)議上指出，這些技術(shù)上的發(fā)展已使人類十分接近“大好機(jī)遇”。這次會(huì)議上介紹了與這些機(jī)遇相關(guān)的許多實(shí)例，其中幾個(gè)說明了這一點(diǎn)。
4. Scientists at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif., where Dr. Orcutt is deputy director,
have developed a way to use the worldwide seismic observing network to image earthquake ruptures. Within
30 minutes or less, they can trace the entire crustal rupture that produces a quake anywhere in the world.
This information is much more valuable than merely pinpointing the quake epicenter. "This is important for tsunami
warning systems in which you need to know a path－－not just the original location—of an earthquake,"
explains Scripps scientist Peter Shearer.
4、由奧克特博士任副所長(zhǎng)的加利福尼亞拉霍亞市斯克里普斯海洋研究所的科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)開發(fā)出一種利用全球地震監(jiān)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)來形象地描繪地表斷裂的方法。在30分鐘或更短的時(shí)間內(nèi)，他們就能完整地追蹤到地球上任何一處導(dǎo)致地震的地殼斷裂帶。這一信息比僅僅確定震中的位置要有價(jià)值得多。斯克里普斯的科學(xué)家彼得·希勒解釋說：“這對(duì)于海嘯預(yù)警系統(tǒng)來說很重要，因?yàn)樵陬A(yù)警過程中，不僅僅需要知道震源所在，而且需要了解地震波的路徑”。
5. Meanwhile, in North America, the EarthScope project is establishing a continent-wide network of GPS locators, seismographs, and other instruments to study what’s happening below the crust.
5、與此同時(shí)，在北美開展的“地球透鏡”計(jì)劃正在建立一個(gè)包括全球定位系統(tǒng)定位儀、地震儀和其他儀器所組成的洲際范圍的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以研究地殼下面的活動(dòng)情況。
6. The network, which will cover the United States and reach into Canada and Mexico, is beginning to track the
interaction of the two great crustal plates that respectively carry the Pacific Ocean and the continent. Its prime
feature is an observatory in Parkfield, Calif., which has placed instruments nearly two miles deep into the Earth right
up against the San Andreas fault to record every creep, rattle, and grind. The goal is "to get into the heart of this
earthquake machine" and test scientists’ speculations as to how it works, says William Ellsworth, a geologist with
the US Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif.
6、該網(wǎng)絡(luò)將會(huì)覆蓋美國(guó)并延伸至加拿大和墨西哥。目前，它正在追蹤分別承載太平洋和美洲大陸的兩大地殼板塊之間的相互作用情況。其顯著特色是設(shè)在加州帕克菲爾德市的一個(gè)觀測(cè)站，它在圣安德列亞斯斷層的正上方距地表近兩英里處，安裝了各種儀器，用來記錄這里的每地殼移動(dòng)、撞擊和摩擦情況。加州曼羅帕克美國(guó)地質(zhì)勘探局的一位地質(zhì)學(xué)家威廉·埃爾斯沃斯表示，這樣做的目的是為了“深入這部地震機(jī)器的中心地帶”，并檢驗(yàn)科學(xué)家們關(guān)于其活動(dòng)情況的各種推測(cè)。
7. Networks of satellites already on orbit or soon to be launched are beginning to provide detailed observations
of the workings of the atmosphere, ocean, and continental crust over the entire planet. These data are shared globally
through an unprecedented cooperation among 58 nations called the Global Earth Observation System of Systems.
7、由已經(jīng)進(jìn)入軌道或是即將發(fā)射的衛(wèi)星所形成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)已開始提供有關(guān)整個(gè)地球的大氣、海洋和陸殼運(yùn)動(dòng)情況的詳細(xì)觀測(cè)資料。這些數(shù)據(jù)資料通過由58個(gè)國(guó)家參與、名為“全球?qū)Φ赜^測(cè)系統(tǒng)”的空前合作實(shí)現(xiàn)全球共享。
8. Orcutt noted that it will take high-volume high-speed communications to make the most of such sharing. Such a system, now under development, will shunt data a
thousand times faster than current "high speed" broadband Internet links. Orcutt added that a strong commercial i
ncentive exists to develop this system. It would allow movie studios, for example, to transmit a digital motion picture
directly to theaters, where it could be shown in real time.
8、奧克特指出，要大限度地利用這種共享，需要依靠大容量、高速度的通訊系統(tǒng)。正處于開發(fā)階段的這一系統(tǒng)將會(huì)以比現(xiàn)在的“高速”寬帶因特網(wǎng)連接快1000倍的速度傳送數(shù)據(jù)。奧克特還補(bǔ)充說，開發(fā)這個(gè)系統(tǒng)存在巨大的商業(yè)動(dòng)機(jī)。例如，它將使電影制片廠直接將數(shù)字電影傳輸?shù)诫?并實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)放映。
21.The art of public Speaking.
21、公共演講的藝術(shù)
1. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life. When it does,
you want to be ready. But even if you never give another speech in your life, you still have much to gain from studying
public speaking. Your speech class will give you training in researching topics, organizing your ideas, and presenting
yourself skillfully. The training is invaluable for every type of communication.
1、在你生活的某個(gè)時(shí)刻，幾乎必定需要做某種有影響力的公開演講。當(dāng)這個(gè)時(shí)刻來到時(shí)，你希望自己十分有把握。但是，即便你從未發(fā)表過一個(gè)演講，你仍然會(huì)從學(xué)習(xí)公共演說中獲益良多。你的演講課將會(huì)在研究主題、組織思路、和表現(xiàn)技巧方面對(duì)你進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。這種訓(xùn)練對(duì)任何類型的交流都是非常寶貴的。
2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation. The three major goals
of speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation.
In conversation, almost without thinking about it,
you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas logically. You tailor your message to your audience.
You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking.
2、在公開演講和日常交談之間有許多類似的東西。演說的三個(gè)主要目的是：傳達(dá)、說服、吸引，這些也是日常交談的三個(gè)主要目的。在交談中，你已經(jīng)不假思索地使用很多技巧。你有條理地組織你的觀點(diǎn)，你根據(jù)聽眾修改信息。你選擇講述某個(gè)故事以取得大的效果。你從聽眾的反饋中改變自己。這些是你在公開演講時(shí)所需要的重要的技巧。
3. Of course, public speaking is also different from conversation. First, public speaking is more highly
structured than conversation. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker, and it requires
more detailed preparation than dose ordinary conversation. Second, speechmaking requires more formal language.
Listeners react negatively to speeches loaded with slang, jargon, and bad grammar. Third, public speaking demands
a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding
distracting physical mannerism and verbal habits.
3、當(dāng)然，公開演說不同于交談。首先，公開演講比交談要有更高的組織結(jié)構(gòu)性。公開演說者通常受嚴(yán)格的時(shí)間限制，故此它需要比普通交談更細(xì)致的準(zhǔn)備。其次，公開演說需要使用正式語言。聽眾對(duì)充滿俚語、行話、和語法錯(cuò)誤的講話反應(yīng)消極。第三，公開演說需要用一種不同聲調(diào)和姿勢(shì)。有影響力的演說者調(diào)整他的聲調(diào)去面對(duì)大量的觀眾，力求避免分散人注意力的身體習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，力求避免習(xí)慣性口頭語。
4. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. Actually, most successful speakers are
nervous before making a speech. Your speech class will give you an opportunity to gain confidence and make your nervousness
work for you rather than against you. You will take a big step toward overcoming stage fright if you think positively, choose
speech topics you really care about, prepare thoroughly, and concentrate on communicating with your audience. Like many
students over the years, you too can develop confidence in your speechmaking abilities.
4、在任何一個(gè)演講教室里，學(xué)生主要的擔(dān)心之一就是怕上臺(tái)。事實(shí)上，成功的演說家在發(fā)表一場(chǎng)演講之前也會(huì)緊張。你的演講教室將給你一個(gè)獲得信心的機(jī)會(huì)，讓你的緊張的神經(jīng)幫助你而不是阻礙你。如果你能這樣積極地考慮，你將會(huì)朝著戰(zhàn)勝怯場(chǎng)的方向邁進(jìn)一大步：選擇你真正關(guān)心的演講主題，充分地準(zhǔn)備，集中精力與你的聽眾溝通。如同過去的許多同學(xué)一樣，你同樣能夠在你的演講能力上提高信心。
5. The speech communication process as a whole includes seven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the person who initiates a
speech transaction. Whatever the speaker communicates is the message, which is sent by means of a particular channel.
The listener receives the communicated message and may provide feedback to the speaker. Interference is anything that
impedes the communication of a message, and the situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.
The interaction of these seven elements is what determines the outcome in any instance of speech communication.
5、語言交流的過程，整體而言包括七個(gè)要素：演說者、信息、溝通途徑、聽眾、反饋、外界干擾、和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)形態(tài)。演說者是演講事件的開始者。演說者傳遞的是信息，它必經(jīng)某種特定溝通途徑傳送出去。聽眾接受傳達(dá)到的信息，并且向演說者提供反饋。外界干擾是妨礙信息溝通的任何事物，而現(xiàn)場(chǎng)形態(tài)是演說發(fā)生的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。這七個(gè)要素的相互作用決定任何情況下演說交流的效果。
6. Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibilities. Ethical speakers use sound means
to achieve sound goals. They do this by being well informed about their subjects by being honest in what they say, by using sound
evidence, and by employing valid reasoning.
6、因?yàn)檠葜v是力量的一種表現(xiàn)形態(tài)，它承載著很重的道德責(zé)任。有道德的演說者用聲音的方式去實(shí)現(xiàn)聲音的目的。他們通過很好闡述他們的主題、通過誠(chéng)實(shí)于他們所說的話、通過使用可靠的論據(jù)、以及通過正確的評(píng)論做這件事。