第七章 問句(Questions)
7§1 答案只是〝Yes〞或〝No〞的問題
有些問題，答案只有〝Yes〞或〝No〞，以下是一些例子。
原來(lái)句子 問句
I am a boy. Am I a boy?
He has a car. Does he have a car?
I gave him three books. Did I give him three books?
He cannot work. Can he work?
He has not seen me. Has he seen me?
They like your novel. Do They like your novel?
The sun sets in the west. Does the sunset in the west?
They are good teachers. Are they good teachers?
He will not go to a concert tonight. Will he go to a concert tonight?
He is going to swim. Is he going to swim?
They must eat vegetables. Must they eat vegetables?
They have to go. Do they have to go?
I walked two kilometers yesterday. Did I walk two kilometers yesterday?
It is raining now. Is it raining now?
根據(jù)以上的例子，我們可以歸納乘以下的規(guī)則：
(1) 凡動(dòng)詞是verb to be的，變成問句時(shí)，動(dòng)詞移到主詞前面去。
例子：
原來(lái)句子 問句
You are a girl. Are you a girl?
He was a teacher. Was he a teacher?
They were all old. Were they all old?
This song is beautiful. Is this song beautiful?
Peter is a good student. Is Peter a good student?
(2) 動(dòng)詞不是verb to be，也沒有助動(dòng)詞，改成問句時(shí)，必須加助動(dòng)詞do或他的變形，這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞必須在主詞的前面。
例子：
原來(lái)句子 問句
I like music. Do I like music?
He likes sports. Does he like sports?
Peter went to America. Did Peter go to America?
He ate three apples last night. Did he eat three apples last night?
Her mother calls her every week. Does her mother call her every week?
(3) 句子中間如已有助動(dòng)詞，改成問句時(shí)，只要將助動(dòng)詞移到主動(dòng)詞前面即可。
例子：
原來(lái)句子 問句
He did not eat. Did he eat?
He has gone to America. Has he gone to America?
She can dance. Can she dance?
I will see you tonight. Will I see you tonight?
They are going to Washington. Are they going to Washington?
我們的問句中，當(dāng)然也可已有否定的意義，比方說(shuō)，我們可以問：
你不喜歡音樂嗎？
他不是你的弟弟嗎？
你從未見過他？
英文句子也可以如此，例如：
Don’t you like music?
Doesn’t he play piano?
Aren’t you his brother?
Isn’t he a good student?
Didn’t he go to school?
Hasn’t he lived here?
Won’t he leave tomorrow?
注意，這時(shí)not通常和動(dòng)詞連在一起了。
有一件事，是我們中國(guó)人必須注意的，假如有人問你：
你不喜歡音樂嗎？
而你本人的確也不喜歡音樂，你會(huì)回答說(shuō)：
是，我不喜歡音樂。
也就是說(shuō)，我們中國(guó)人的回答是順著問句的。問句說(shuō)你不喜歡，我們同意他的說(shuō)法，所以前面加一個(gè)〝是〞。假設(shè)我喜歡音樂，我會(huì)回答說(shuō)：
不，我喜歡音樂。
可是，英文正好相反，英文的yes和no，與問句的問法無(wú)關(guān)，而對(duì)應(yīng)了回答的事實(shí)。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，我們的問句也許是：
Don’t you like music?
你如不喜歡音樂就回答說(shuō)：
No, I don’t like music.
你如喜歡音樂，就回答說(shuō)：
Yes, I like music.
再舉一例，有人問：
Isn’t he Chinese?
他是中國(guó)人就回答：
Yes, he is.
他如不是，就回答：
No, he isn’t.
反正，英文的yes和no，都和答案的事實(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)，而與如何問無(wú)關(guān)。
【練習(xí)二十五】
將以下句子翻譯成英文問句：
1. 你喜歡他嗎？
2. 他是美國(guó)人嗎？
3. 你昨天有沒有去教堂？
4. 他曾經(jīng)到過日本嗎？
5. 你要去臺(tái)北嗎？
6. 他不喜歡體育嗎？
7. 你從未去過日本嗎？
8. 他有一個(gè)妹妹嗎？
9. 他們都是學(xué)生嗎？
10. 你的哥哥昨天見過我爸爸嗎？
7§2 回答不只是〝yes〞和〝no〞的問句
問句的答案當(dāng)然不一定只是yes或no，以下的問句都是例子：
Where did you buy this book?
Where did you see him?
How do you like America?
Whom do you like?
Which cake do you want?
Whose book is this?
What kind of method is this?
Which country were you born in?
Which do you want, an apple or an orange?
Whom do you like most, your brother or your sister?
Where did you go last night?
When did you meet your father?
When did you read this book?
Whom did you give this book to?
以上的問句中都有助動(dòng)詞，但以下的問句中，助動(dòng)詞是不存在的：
Who gave you this car?
Who wrote this letter?
Who took my pen away?
Who wants to go with me?
Who can sing this song?
【練習(xí)二十六】
將以下的中文問句翻譯成英文問句：
1. 你在哪里買這本書的？
2. 他什么時(shí)候到美國(guó)去的？
3. 他爸爸的名字是什么？
4. 這是誰(shuí)的書？
5. 你從哪里來(lái)的？
6. 你要哪一本書？
7. 這個(gè)孩子是誰(shuí)？
8. 他最喜歡誰(shuí)？
9. 他叫什么名字？
10. 你昨天到哪里去了？
11. 這是誰(shuí)的狗？
【練習(xí)二十七】
填空
1. did you go last night?
2. book do you like?
3. is your brother?
4. is his name?
5. wrote this letter?
6. did you give this book to?
7. gave you this book?
8. car is this?
9. dog is this?
10. movie did you see?
11. can speak English?
12. did you speak to?
13. kind of car is this?
14. fruit do you like most?
15. does not swim?
第八章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣(Passive Voice)
8§1 及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞
任何一個(gè)英文句子必定有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，請(qǐng)先注意以下例句的動(dòng)詞
1. He was a teacher before.
2. He went to school yesterday.
3. He hit a dog.
4. I saw you yesterday.
5. He walks to school every day.
6. He sent this book to me.
7. They are good students.
8. He wrote two novels.
9. They ate all of the apples.
10. He swims every morning.
在以上的例子中，第3、4、6、8及9句子中的動(dòng)詞都是及物動(dòng)詞（transitive verbs）。這些動(dòng)詞后面都跟著一個(gè)名詞，而這個(gè)名詞是動(dòng)詞的受詞（object），其它句子的動(dòng)詞，都是不及物動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗麄兌紱]有任何受詞。
我們將以上句子中，主詞、及物動(dòng)詞和受詞的關(guān)系分析如下：
句子 主詞 及物動(dòng)詞 受詞
He hit a dog. He hit dog
I saw you yesterday. I saw you
He sent his book to me. He sent his book
He wrote two novels. He wrote two novels
They ate all of the apples. They ate all of the apples
一旦動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，我們就可以將這個(gè)句子由原來(lái)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（active voice）改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（passive voice）。但我們也要警告讀者，不要輕易用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子是不自然的。
8§2 沒有助動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
在這以前，我們的句子都是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，這種句子的基本形式如下：
主詞＋動(dòng)詞＋受詞
所謂的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，乃是將原來(lái)的受詞變成主詞。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，我們說(shuō)〝我看到一些狗〞，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，我們說(shuō)〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中，將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，必須做以下的動(dòng)作：
（1） 原有受詞變成名詞
（2） 動(dòng)詞變成verb to be＋過去分詞（past participle）
（3） 原有主詞變成在動(dòng)詞后面，但前面加by。
舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子可以是
I saw a cat.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣就成了
A cat was seen by me.
最重要的是，verb to be的時(shí)式必須和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，動(dòng)詞是過去式，所以verb to be也是過去式。除此以外，verb to be也要配合新的主詞。請(qǐng)看以下的例子：
I saw two cats.
改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣以后，句子是：
Two cats were seen by me.
以下是主動(dòng)改被動(dòng)的例子，最重要的是注意verb to be的形式：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（active voice） 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（passive voice）
Mr. Jones hit the dog. The dog was hit by Mr. Jones.
My brother saw you yesterday. You were seen by my brother yesterday.
He sent the book to me. The book was sent to me by him.
Dickens wrote those two novels. Those two novels were written by Dickens.
They ate all of the apples. All of the apples were eaten by them.
Jane wrote that song. That song was written by Jane.
My mother loves me. I am loved by my mother.
【練習(xí)二十八】
將以下的句子由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成被動(dòng)：
1. He saw that movie last night.
2. He wrote that letter to me.
3. He teaches those English classes.
4. God loves you.
5. They bought two houses.
6. I painted this room.
7. He grows those roses.
8. He helps his students.
9. I sold the house.
10. My uncle bought this car.
【練習(xí)二十九】
將以下的句子由被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. The policeman was seen by me.
2. Those two books were written by me.
3. These sentences were corrected by my teacher.
4. He was hit by a car.
5. His door was locked by me.
6. His house was built by my father.
7. His boat was given to me by my father.
8. This bird is rarely seen by people here.
9. He is liked by every one.
10. They were given ten dollars by their friends.
11. This picture was taken by him.
12. Too much wine was drunk by the young men.
13. I was taught by Mr. Wang.
14. He was helped by his father.
15. They were served by that waiter.
16. His food was prepared by my mother.
17. His toy was made by my sister.
18. The book was returned to me by Jim.
19. That song was written by my brother.
20. I was invited by him to a party.
8§3 有助動(dòng)詞肯定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
在上一節(jié)，我們所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中沒有助動(dòng)詞，可是有些肯定句子還是有助動(dòng)詞的，以下是一些例子：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)形式 I am writing this letter. The letter is being written by me.
現(xiàn)在完程序 I have written the letter. The letter has been written by me.
過去進(jìn)形式 I was writing the letter when you came. The letter was being written by me when you came.
過去完程序 I had written the letter before you came. The letter had been written by me before you came.
未來(lái)式 I will write the letter. The letter will be written by me.
未來(lái)完成式 I will have written this letter. This letter will have been written by me.
未來(lái)式 I am going to see you. You are going to be seen by me.
以下是更多的例子：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
I have seen him. He has been seen by me.
He is going to help you. You are going to be helped by him.
He will teach English. English will be taught by him.
He has helped me all my life. I have been helped by him all my life.
He had called me before you came. I had been called by him before you came.
He was calling his mother when we went there. His mother was being called by him when we went there.
助動(dòng)詞不一定和時(shí)式有關(guān)，can、should、has to等等都是助動(dòng)詞，這些助動(dòng)詞在改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的時(shí)后，都應(yīng)維持原狀，只需加入verb to be和過去分詞即可。以下是一些例子：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
I can play the piano. The piano can be played by me.
I may use this room. This room may be used by me.
He must give the book to me. The book must be given to me by him.
You should help him. He should be helped by you.
You have to write this letter. This letter has to be written by you.
He ought to write this report. This report ought to be written by him.
【練習(xí)三十】
將以下的句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. He has written three novels.
2. He will write that letter.
3. They will sing these songs tomorrow.
4. He will give the speech.
5. They are painting the house.
6. I have given him three books.
7. I can do this job.
8. He had told me that story before we went there.
9. Teachers should help the students.
10. He is writing the report now.
11. The students must read this book.
12. I have to give this letter to my mother tonight.
13. All citizens ought to obey the law.
14. He has eaten all of the cakes.
15. The reporters were taking pictures when the storm started.
16. He had finished the work before five o'clock last night.
17. Peter will write that letter.
18. John has received my letter.
19. Millions of people saw the movie “Gone with the wind”.
20. He has proved that theorem.
【練習(xí)三十一】
將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. Two books have been written by Joseph.
2. Football is being played by John.
3. He should be given that lecture by his father.
4. That report will be written by him.
5. The letter has been received by the King.
6. This movie should be seen by every one.
7. This book ought to be read by every student.
8. They are being helped by me.
9. The movie is going to be seen by all of us.
10. This cake can be eaten by kids.
8§4 否定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
將一個(gè)否定句子或一個(gè)問句改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，其步驟如下：
（1） 將此句子改成肯定句子
（2） 將此肯定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
（3） 將此被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子改成否定句子
現(xiàn)在舉一個(gè)否定的例子：
I did not take this picture.
對(duì)應(yīng)的肯定句子是：
I took this picture.
改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
This picture was taken by me.
再改成否定句子：
This picture was not taken by me.
下面的例子都是用來(lái)解釋如何將一個(gè)否定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. They did not like the music.
(a). They liked the music.
(b). The music was liked by them.
(c). The music was not liked by them.
2. I have not written that letter.
(a). I have written that letter.
(b). That letter has been written by me.
(c). That letter has not been written by me.
3. You can not eat that cake.
(a). You can eat that cake.
(b). That cake can be eaten by you.
(c). That cake can not be eaten by you.
4. He does not play music.
(a). He plays that kind of music.
(b). That kind of music is played by him.
(c). That kind of music is not played by him.
5. I am not going to see you.
(a). I am going to see you.
(b). You are going to be seen by me.
(c). You are not going to be seen by me.
6. They will not see that movie.
(a). They will see that movie.
(b). That movie will be seen by them.
(c). That movie will not be seen by them.
7. They did not help me.
(a). They helped me.
(b). I was helped by them.
(c). I was not helped by them.
8. I did not tell that story.
(a). I told that story.
(b). That story was told by me.
(c). That story was not told by me.
在下面，我們將省略中間步驟，直接寫出一個(gè)否定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，英文好的人應(yīng)該是不需要中間步驟的：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
They do not enjoy such music. Such music is not enjoyed by them.
He did not tell that story. That story was not told by him.
They have not written that story. That story has not been told by them.
Peter is going to see me. I am not going to be seen by Peter.
He will not help me. I will not be helped by him.
John will not eat that cake. That cake will not be eaten by John.
I can not drink that wine. That wine can not be drunk by me.
【練習(xí)三十二】
將以下的否定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. The farmers here do not grow apples.
2. He did not meet me last night.
3. I have not written that letter.
4. John is not going to see that movie.
5. I did not watch that movie.
6. He does not speak English.
7. He will not speak English.
8. You should not eat that cake.
9. My mother does not eat that kind of fish.
10. John has not written that report.
【練習(xí)三十三】
將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. The book was not written by him.
2. I am not going to be helped by you.
3. That book has not been received by John.
4. That song is not liked by college students.
5. John is not loved by Mary.
6. I will not be met by my student tomorrow.
7. Meat is not eaten by vegetarians.
8. The door was not opened by me.
9. That ten dollars were not paid by me.
10. The car was not bought by me.
8§5 問句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
將問句改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，步驟類似上一節(jié)的步驟，我們先將問句變成肯定句子，然后將這個(gè)定句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，最后在將這個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子變回，成為問句。
例如：
Do young kids enjoy classical music?
先改成肯定句子
Young kids enjoy classical music.
再改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
Music is enjoyed by young kids.
最后改成問句
Is music enjoyed by young kids?
為了使讀者熟悉這些步驟，我們?cè)谙旅媾e了很多的例子：
1. Did you eat that cake?
(a). You ate that cake.
(b). That cake was eaten by you.
(c). Was that cake eaten by you?
2. Do farmers in Taiwan grow apples?
(a) Farmers in Taiwan grow apples.
(b) Apples are grown by farmers in Taiwan.
(c) Are apples grown by farmers in Taiwan?
3. Have you finished the report?
(a) You have finished the report.
(b) The report has been finished by you.
(c) Has the report been finished by you?
4. When did you write that letter?
(a) You wrote that letter.
(b) That letter was written by you.
(c) When was the letter written by you?
5. Have you seen that movie?
(a) You have seen that movie.
(b) That movie has been seen by you.
(c) Has the movie been seen by you?
6. When did Stevenson write that novel?
(a) Stevenson wrote that novel.
(b) That novel was written by Stevenson.
(c) When was that novel written by Stevenson?
8. Is he painting his room?
(a) He is painting his room.
(b) His room is being painted by him.
(c) Is his room being painted by him?
在下面，我們將省略中間步驟，直接寫出一個(gè)問句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，英文好的人應(yīng)該是不需要中間步驟的：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
Does he help his students? Are his students helped by him?
Did he tell that story? Was that story told by him?
Has she written that story? Has that story been written by her?
Whom is Peter going to visit? Who is going to be visited by Peter?
When did you read that book? When was that book written by you?
Does he enjoy that song? Is that song enjoyed him?
Why do his friends avoid him? Why is he avoided by his friends?
Whom did you see? Who was seen by you?
Has he read that report? Has that report been read by him?
Is he writing that letter? Is that letter being written by him?
【練習(xí)三十四】
將以下句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. Is he writing a book?
2. Did he write that book?
3. Did you sign that letter?
4. Where did you see that movie?
5. When did you see that movie?
6. Has he finished that job?
7. Did mother give you the gift?
8. Did your mother visit you last night?
9. Do they grow roses?
10. Do they speak English?
11. Did you play that game of tennis?
12. Will you teach English?
【練習(xí)三十五】
將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. Was the cake eaten by you?
2. Is he liked by all of us?
3. Is that kind of music loved by every one in Japan?
4. Is fish eaten by old people?
5. Are roses loved by most women?
6. Was he called by you?
7. Is soccer played by John?
8. When was this music written by Mozart?
9. When was he seen by you?
10. Were they seen by you last night?
【練習(xí)三十六】
將適宜的動(dòng)詞填入
1. I (send) two letters yesterday. (do) you (receive) them? Every letter (write) by me. Please (write) back to me soon.
2. I (invite) to a dancing party last week. The music (be) so noisy. I (leave) the party as early as I (can).
3. Did you (write) that report? Yes, it (write) by me.
4. He (not like) music when he was a child. After he (get) into college, he (teach) by a good music professor. Now, he (enjoy) music very much and (listen) to classical music every morning.
5. I (buy) a red car yesterday. It (make) in Japan. It will __________ (deliver) to me tomorrow.
6. I (not go) to school yesterday because my bicycle (steal).
I (buy) a new bike yesterday.
7. Where (do) you go last night? I (can) not (find) you. You (see) by no one.
8. A: (do) he (smoke)?
B: No, he (do not). Smoking has never (try) by him.
9. Was the book (write) by him?
10. I (buy) three books lately. One (write) by Graham Greene.
I (finish) reading it. There (be) many interesting stories in it.
【練習(xí)三十七】
改錯(cuò)：
1. ＊This is a book which wrote by Dickens.
2. ＊Are the music enjoyed by those elderly people?
3. ＊When are you visited by your father yesterday?
4. ＊This book written by John.
5. ＊He is invited to come to my home by my father yesterday.
6. ＊This house is built in 1913.
7. ＊This letter was wrote by him.
8. ＊This letter has never finished.
9. ＊Was you given a book?
10. ＊I have never called by my father. I always call him first.
第九章 動(dòng)詞如何轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞
動(dòng)名詞（Gerund）和不定詞（Infinitive）
9§1 問題的來(lái)源
對(duì)我們說(shuō)中文的人而言，一個(gè)字究竟是動(dòng)詞，還是名詞，其實(shí)是很少人知道的，對(duì)一般人而言，〝唱歌〞是動(dòng)詞，但是如果我們說(shuō)，〝唱歌是有益的〞，我們又發(fā)現(xiàn)〝唱歌〞其實(shí)也是名詞。〝我愛唱歌〞，這句話中，〝唱歌〞也是名詞。
英文就不同了，英文里很少有一個(gè)字，又是動(dòng)詞，又是名詞的，sing是動(dòng)詞，絕不能當(dāng)很名詞用。怪不得有很多中國(guó)人會(huì)說(shuō)
＊Sing is good for you. 或者是 ＊I like sing.
既然sing是動(dòng)詞，也沒有一個(gè)〝sing〞的名詞，怎么辦呢？英文解套的辦法很有趣，他們用動(dòng)名詞（gerund）和不定詞（infinitive）來(lái)將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞改成一個(gè)名詞。
9§2 動(dòng)名詞（Gerund）
所謂動(dòng)名詞，乃是將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，字尾加上ing，一夜之間，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞就可以當(dāng)作名詞用了。請(qǐng)看以下的例子：
I like singing.
Playing basketball is good for you.
Do you enjoy listening to classical music?
Is traveling around the world meaningful to you?
Studying English is not difficult.
我們不妨將動(dòng)名詞的用法分一下類：
1.動(dòng)名詞可用作主詞，如
Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people.
Taking drugs is avoided by most people.
Being kind to others is important for every one.
Respecting your parents shows good character.
2.動(dòng)名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞的受詞，如
I enjoy studying English.
He does not mind walking long distances.
I have never enjoyed being alone in my life.
He loves swimming.
3.動(dòng)名詞可以用作介系詞（preposition）的受詞，英文里有很多介系詞，at, in, about, of, on等等都是介系詞，介系詞后面必定跟一個(gè)名詞，也是它的受詞，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)
on the table
in my home
about Hitler
of my life
on this island
各位一定注意到，每一個(gè)介系詞后面都有一個(gè)名詞，作為它的受詞。
動(dòng)名詞是可以作為介系詞的受詞的，如：
This book is about traveling.
He is responsible for cleaning the kitchen.
My brother is capable of writing programs.
You just keep on going straight.
在下面，我們要給各位更多有關(guān)gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一個(gè)句子中，那個(gè)動(dòng)名詞是作什么用的。
Instead of swimming, he walks every morning.
He likes walking in the woods.
Are you interested in playing tennis?
Loving is to be kind to others.
Reading is important to students.
In addition to traveling, he also likes reading novels.
You will be happy by helping others.
He is worried about being late.
I finished writing the report yesterday.
They thanked me for lending them money.
He has never finished writing the novel.
She is in change of teaching English in our school.
My father objected to my going to the summer camp.
Please stop joking about my brother.
I look forward to seeing you.
He has never enjoyed traveling.
She was excited about going abroad.
I consider gambling a bad thing to do.
I have never dreamed of flying an airplane.
He suggested talking to our teacher.
I believe in doing some kind of exercise every day.
Playing the piano is no fun at all.
Nancy is accustomed to sleeping late.
Are you tired of driving for so long?
You should forgive others for doing wrong things.
He insists on getting up early every morning.
Thank you for participating in my concert.
He is used to studying alone.
They are not used to speaking English.
He is accustomed to being polite to others.
I object to seeing dirty movies.
You should take advantage of studying in such a good place.
【練習(xí)三十八】
改正以下的錯(cuò)誤
1.＊Play tennis is fun.
2.＊I hate swim.
3.＊Stop talk about me.
4.＊In addition to read interesting books, you should also watch TV from time to time.
5.＊I am not interested in swim.
6.＊He talks about go to America.
7.＊I believe in do exercise every day.
8.＊The cost of transfer a student to another school is very high.
9.＊Please forgive me for make this mistake.
10.＊Swim keeps me from getting cold.
【練習(xí)三十九】
填充，每一個(gè)句子填入一個(gè)介系詞和一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞，先舉一個(gè)例子。
1. I am interested (listen) to music.
2. Please forgive me (be) so late.
3. In addition (study) , you should also have some exercises every day.
4. We talked (build) a house next year.
5. Thank you (help) me.
6. He is excited (travel) to Japan.
7. I am looking forward (meet) you.
8. He insists (talk) to me personally.
9. I believe (exercise) every day.
10. Did you participate that (swim) match.
11. He was not used (listen) to classic music.
12. My mother objected (visit) my aunt tomorrow.
13. I am not accustomed (go) to bed so late.
14. I am interested (swim) .
15. Are you responsible (write) this report?
16. He is excited (see) me tomorrow.
17. He is looking forward (see) that movie.
18. I am not used (hear) that kind of noise.
19. You should take advantage (have) such a good family.
20.He is in charge (send) students to other schools.
【練習(xí)四十】
將以下中文句子譯成英文句子：
1.我不喜歡跳舞。
2.你對(duì)游泳有興趣嗎？
3.打藍(lán)球是有趣的。
4.我們昨天談到（talk about）教英文的事。
5.我不習(xí)慣（be not used to）抽煙。
6.我反對(duì)（object to）在公開場(chǎng)合哭泣（cry in public）。
7.除了游泳以外，他還應(yīng)該打棒球（用in addition to）。
8.他可以（be capable of）每天跑一公里。
9.他負(fù)責(zé)（be in charge of）找尋一個(gè)好的地方。
10.我已習(xí)慣了（be accustomed to）早起。
9§3 不定詞（Infinitives）
不定詞＝to＋動(dòng)詞的原式。例如to go, to love, to eat等等，都是不定詞，不定詞和動(dòng)名詞的用法相似，以下全是用不定詞用作名詞的例子：
To love is to forgive.
To forgive your enemies will make you happy.
I like to eat chicken.
I asked my brother to come here.
He continued to read.
也許讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)了不定詞和動(dòng)名詞不同的地方：不定詞不能用在介系詞的后面，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊I am interested in to play piano.
＊He is worried about to go abroad.
＊I am in charge of to prepare for the party.
如何將不定詞用成名詞呢？
1.不定詞可以用作主詞：如
To play tennis is great fun.
To play safe in the stock market is necessary.
To be kind to others is important for every one.
To respect your parents shows good character.
2.不家詞可以用成很多動(dòng)詞的受詞：
I like to swim.
He loves to listen to jokes.
My brother seems to be different.
I agree to lend him money.
Do you like to sing?
3.不定詞可以跟在代名詞的后面，形式如下：
動(dòng)詞（verb）＋代名詞（pronoun）＋不定詞（infinitive）
例如：
I told him to work hard.
I asked my brother to come back home.
He expects his friends to help him.
My teacher told me to wait for him.
I invited my sister to go to see a movie.
4.不定詞常用在上述句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，例如：
He was told to work hard.
My brother was asked to come back home.
His friend is expected to help me.
I was told by my teacher to wait.
My sister was invited to go to see a movie.
以下是更多的不定詞例子：
To give is more meaningful than to receive.
I love to swim in cold weather.
He agreed to listen to my story.
He decided to go anyway.
I told him to buy my book.
I invited him to come to my house.
I asked him to cook for me tonight.
Students are asked to work hard.
He needs to work hard.
I want you to send this letter to my father.
He requires every student to read one novel every week.
Every student is required to read one novel every week.
讀者一定會(huì)問，是不是動(dòng)名詞可以和不定詞互調(diào)，答案是否定的，有些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)名詞和不定詞，但也有些動(dòng)詞，后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞，有些動(dòng)詞后面只能跟不定詞。
有些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)名詞或不定詞：love, like, hate, start, begin,以下的動(dòng)詞，后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞：
Enjoy I enjoy eating good food.
Appreciate I appreciate your being kind to others.
Avoid You should avoid making mistakes.
keep on Keep on working hard.
keep Keep singing.
consider He considered leaving home.
finish He finished writing this book.
suggest May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee?
discuss We discussed traveling to New Zealand.
以下的動(dòng)詞正好相反，只能跟不定詞
agree I agree to sign this letter.
plan He plans to go away.
want They want to rent a car.
decide He decided to work hard.
seem He seems to be very happy.
appear He appears to be very sad.
一個(gè)字非常特殊，必須討論一下，那就是stop：
stop smoking 指不再抽煙了
stop to smoke 指停下來(lái)，開始抽煙
9§4 動(dòng)名詞和不定詞的被動(dòng)和否定形式
將動(dòng)詞改成名詞的時(shí)候，也可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣和否定語(yǔ)氣，以下是一些例子：
Everyone likes to be loved.
This cup needs to be washed.
Being trusted is important.
I told him not to leave this house.
He asked me not to cry.
I was told not to fall asleep in class.
To be given a good gift on Christmas Eve makes me happy.
Being invited to that party is a great honor to me.
【練習(xí)四十一】
將下面的空格填入動(dòng)名詞或不定詞
1. I enjoy (listen) to rock and roll music.
2. I asked him (go) away.
3. He was asked (leave).
4. I suggest (have) some fun.
5. He seems (be) a kind person.
6. You appear (be) quite tired.
7. I told him (have) a cup of wine.
8. I invited him (come) over.
9. Every one of you is required (work) hard.
10. Do you like (swim)?
11. I ordered him (read) my book.
12. I was expected (write) a letter to you.
13. He asked me (read) this letter to him.
14. Please keep (talk) to me.
15. Stop (drive) so fast. It is dangerous to drive too fast.
16. I hate (smoke).
17. (pass) the test is important.
18. (work) hard is the key to success.
19. My wife asked me to (bring) some flowers home.
20. He avoided (tell) lies.
【練習(xí)四十二】
將以下中文句子譯成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。
1.我請(qǐng)（invite）他到我家來(lái)。
2.我教（teach）他游泳。
3.被人愛令人快樂。
4.我討厭（hate）抽煙。
5.我們應(yīng)該避免（avoid）飲煙。
6.不要再（stop）抽煙了。
7.每個(gè)人都期待（expect）他寫一本好書。
8.我要求（require）他每天念英文。
9§5 不定詞的簡(jiǎn)式
不定詞中一定要有to，但在有幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的后面，to又要省掉，最的是let，我們絕不可以說(shuō)
＊I let him to leave.
而一定要說(shuō)
I let him leave.
7§1 答案只是〝Yes〞或〝No〞的問題
有些問題，答案只有〝Yes〞或〝No〞，以下是一些例子。
原來(lái)句子 問句
I am a boy. Am I a boy?
He has a car. Does he have a car?
I gave him three books. Did I give him three books?
He cannot work. Can he work?
He has not seen me. Has he seen me?
They like your novel. Do They like your novel?
The sun sets in the west. Does the sunset in the west?
They are good teachers. Are they good teachers?
He will not go to a concert tonight. Will he go to a concert tonight?
He is going to swim. Is he going to swim?
They must eat vegetables. Must they eat vegetables?
They have to go. Do they have to go?
I walked two kilometers yesterday. Did I walk two kilometers yesterday?
It is raining now. Is it raining now?
根據(jù)以上的例子，我們可以歸納乘以下的規(guī)則：
(1) 凡動(dòng)詞是verb to be的，變成問句時(shí)，動(dòng)詞移到主詞前面去。
例子：
原來(lái)句子 問句
You are a girl. Are you a girl?
He was a teacher. Was he a teacher?
They were all old. Were they all old?
This song is beautiful. Is this song beautiful?
Peter is a good student. Is Peter a good student?
(2) 動(dòng)詞不是verb to be，也沒有助動(dòng)詞，改成問句時(shí)，必須加助動(dòng)詞do或他的變形，這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞必須在主詞的前面。
例子：
原來(lái)句子 問句
I like music. Do I like music?
He likes sports. Does he like sports?
Peter went to America. Did Peter go to America?
He ate three apples last night. Did he eat three apples last night?
Her mother calls her every week. Does her mother call her every week?
(3) 句子中間如已有助動(dòng)詞，改成問句時(shí)，只要將助動(dòng)詞移到主動(dòng)詞前面即可。
例子：
原來(lái)句子 問句
He did not eat. Did he eat?
He has gone to America. Has he gone to America?
She can dance. Can she dance?
I will see you tonight. Will I see you tonight?
They are going to Washington. Are they going to Washington?
我們的問句中，當(dāng)然也可已有否定的意義，比方說(shuō)，我們可以問：
你不喜歡音樂嗎？
他不是你的弟弟嗎？
你從未見過他？
英文句子也可以如此，例如：
Don’t you like music?
Doesn’t he play piano?
Aren’t you his brother?
Isn’t he a good student?
Didn’t he go to school?
Hasn’t he lived here?
Won’t he leave tomorrow?
注意，這時(shí)not通常和動(dòng)詞連在一起了。
有一件事，是我們中國(guó)人必須注意的，假如有人問你：
你不喜歡音樂嗎？
而你本人的確也不喜歡音樂，你會(huì)回答說(shuō)：
是，我不喜歡音樂。
也就是說(shuō)，我們中國(guó)人的回答是順著問句的。問句說(shuō)你不喜歡，我們同意他的說(shuō)法，所以前面加一個(gè)〝是〞。假設(shè)我喜歡音樂，我會(huì)回答說(shuō)：
不，我喜歡音樂。
可是，英文正好相反，英文的yes和no，與問句的問法無(wú)關(guān)，而對(duì)應(yīng)了回答的事實(shí)。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，我們的問句也許是：
Don’t you like music?
你如不喜歡音樂就回答說(shuō)：
No, I don’t like music.
你如喜歡音樂，就回答說(shuō)：
Yes, I like music.
再舉一例，有人問：
Isn’t he Chinese?
他是中國(guó)人就回答：
Yes, he is.
他如不是，就回答：
No, he isn’t.
反正，英文的yes和no，都和答案的事實(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)，而與如何問無(wú)關(guān)。
【練習(xí)二十五】
將以下句子翻譯成英文問句：
1. 你喜歡他嗎？
2. 他是美國(guó)人嗎？
3. 你昨天有沒有去教堂？
4. 他曾經(jīng)到過日本嗎？
5. 你要去臺(tái)北嗎？
6. 他不喜歡體育嗎？
7. 你從未去過日本嗎？
8. 他有一個(gè)妹妹嗎？
9. 他們都是學(xué)生嗎？
10. 你的哥哥昨天見過我爸爸嗎？
7§2 回答不只是〝yes〞和〝no〞的問句
問句的答案當(dāng)然不一定只是yes或no，以下的問句都是例子：
Where did you buy this book?
Where did you see him?
How do you like America?
Whom do you like?
Which cake do you want?
Whose book is this?
What kind of method is this?
Which country were you born in?
Which do you want, an apple or an orange?
Whom do you like most, your brother or your sister?
Where did you go last night?
When did you meet your father?
When did you read this book?
Whom did you give this book to?
以上的問句中都有助動(dòng)詞，但以下的問句中，助動(dòng)詞是不存在的：
Who gave you this car?
Who wrote this letter?
Who took my pen away?
Who wants to go with me?
Who can sing this song?
【練習(xí)二十六】
將以下的中文問句翻譯成英文問句：
1. 你在哪里買這本書的？
2. 他什么時(shí)候到美國(guó)去的？
3. 他爸爸的名字是什么？
4. 這是誰(shuí)的書？
5. 你從哪里來(lái)的？
6. 你要哪一本書？
7. 這個(gè)孩子是誰(shuí)？
8. 他最喜歡誰(shuí)？
9. 他叫什么名字？
10. 你昨天到哪里去了？
11. 這是誰(shuí)的狗？
【練習(xí)二十七】
填空
1. did you go last night?
2. book do you like?
3. is your brother?
4. is his name?
5. wrote this letter?
6. did you give this book to?
7. gave you this book?
8. car is this?
9. dog is this?
10. movie did you see?
11. can speak English?
12. did you speak to?
13. kind of car is this?
14. fruit do you like most?
15. does not swim?
第八章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣(Passive Voice)
8§1 及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞
任何一個(gè)英文句子必定有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，請(qǐng)先注意以下例句的動(dòng)詞
1. He was a teacher before.
2. He went to school yesterday.
3. He hit a dog.
4. I saw you yesterday.
5. He walks to school every day.
6. He sent this book to me.
7. They are good students.
8. He wrote two novels.
9. They ate all of the apples.
10. He swims every morning.
在以上的例子中，第3、4、6、8及9句子中的動(dòng)詞都是及物動(dòng)詞（transitive verbs）。這些動(dòng)詞后面都跟著一個(gè)名詞，而這個(gè)名詞是動(dòng)詞的受詞（object），其它句子的動(dòng)詞，都是不及物動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗麄兌紱]有任何受詞。
我們將以上句子中，主詞、及物動(dòng)詞和受詞的關(guān)系分析如下：
句子 主詞 及物動(dòng)詞 受詞
He hit a dog. He hit dog
I saw you yesterday. I saw you
He sent his book to me. He sent his book
He wrote two novels. He wrote two novels
They ate all of the apples. They ate all of the apples
一旦動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，我們就可以將這個(gè)句子由原來(lái)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（active voice）改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（passive voice）。但我們也要警告讀者，不要輕易用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子是不自然的。
8§2 沒有助動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
在這以前，我們的句子都是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，這種句子的基本形式如下：
主詞＋動(dòng)詞＋受詞
所謂的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，乃是將原來(lái)的受詞變成主詞。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，我們說(shuō)〝我看到一些狗〞，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，我們說(shuō)〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中，將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，必須做以下的動(dòng)作：
（1） 原有受詞變成名詞
（2） 動(dòng)詞變成verb to be＋過去分詞（past participle）
（3） 原有主詞變成在動(dòng)詞后面，但前面加by。
舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子可以是
I saw a cat.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣就成了
A cat was seen by me.
最重要的是，verb to be的時(shí)式必須和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，動(dòng)詞是過去式，所以verb to be也是過去式。除此以外，verb to be也要配合新的主詞。請(qǐng)看以下的例子：
I saw two cats.
改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣以后，句子是：
Two cats were seen by me.
以下是主動(dòng)改被動(dòng)的例子，最重要的是注意verb to be的形式：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（active voice） 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣（passive voice）
Mr. Jones hit the dog. The dog was hit by Mr. Jones.
My brother saw you yesterday. You were seen by my brother yesterday.
He sent the book to me. The book was sent to me by him.
Dickens wrote those two novels. Those two novels were written by Dickens.
They ate all of the apples. All of the apples were eaten by them.
Jane wrote that song. That song was written by Jane.
My mother loves me. I am loved by my mother.
【練習(xí)二十八】
將以下的句子由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成被動(dòng)：
1. He saw that movie last night.
2. He wrote that letter to me.
3. He teaches those English classes.
4. God loves you.
5. They bought two houses.
6. I painted this room.
7. He grows those roses.
8. He helps his students.
9. I sold the house.
10. My uncle bought this car.
【練習(xí)二十九】
將以下的句子由被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. The policeman was seen by me.
2. Those two books were written by me.
3. These sentences were corrected by my teacher.
4. He was hit by a car.
5. His door was locked by me.
6. His house was built by my father.
7. His boat was given to me by my father.
8. This bird is rarely seen by people here.
9. He is liked by every one.
10. They were given ten dollars by their friends.
11. This picture was taken by him.
12. Too much wine was drunk by the young men.
13. I was taught by Mr. Wang.
14. He was helped by his father.
15. They were served by that waiter.
16. His food was prepared by my mother.
17. His toy was made by my sister.
18. The book was returned to me by Jim.
19. That song was written by my brother.
20. I was invited by him to a party.
8§3 有助動(dòng)詞肯定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
在上一節(jié)，我們所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中沒有助動(dòng)詞，可是有些肯定句子還是有助動(dòng)詞的，以下是一些例子：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)形式 I am writing this letter. The letter is being written by me.
現(xiàn)在完程序 I have written the letter. The letter has been written by me.
過去進(jìn)形式 I was writing the letter when you came. The letter was being written by me when you came.
過去完程序 I had written the letter before you came. The letter had been written by me before you came.
未來(lái)式 I will write the letter. The letter will be written by me.
未來(lái)完成式 I will have written this letter. This letter will have been written by me.
未來(lái)式 I am going to see you. You are going to be seen by me.
以下是更多的例子：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
I have seen him. He has been seen by me.
He is going to help you. You are going to be helped by him.
He will teach English. English will be taught by him.
He has helped me all my life. I have been helped by him all my life.
He had called me before you came. I had been called by him before you came.
He was calling his mother when we went there. His mother was being called by him when we went there.
助動(dòng)詞不一定和時(shí)式有關(guān)，can、should、has to等等都是助動(dòng)詞，這些助動(dòng)詞在改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的時(shí)后，都應(yīng)維持原狀，只需加入verb to be和過去分詞即可。以下是一些例子：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
I can play the piano. The piano can be played by me.
I may use this room. This room may be used by me.
He must give the book to me. The book must be given to me by him.
You should help him. He should be helped by you.
You have to write this letter. This letter has to be written by you.
He ought to write this report. This report ought to be written by him.
【練習(xí)三十】
將以下的句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. He has written three novels.
2. He will write that letter.
3. They will sing these songs tomorrow.
4. He will give the speech.
5. They are painting the house.
6. I have given him three books.
7. I can do this job.
8. He had told me that story before we went there.
9. Teachers should help the students.
10. He is writing the report now.
11. The students must read this book.
12. I have to give this letter to my mother tonight.
13. All citizens ought to obey the law.
14. He has eaten all of the cakes.
15. The reporters were taking pictures when the storm started.
16. He had finished the work before five o'clock last night.
17. Peter will write that letter.
18. John has received my letter.
19. Millions of people saw the movie “Gone with the wind”.
20. He has proved that theorem.
【練習(xí)三十一】
將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. Two books have been written by Joseph.
2. Football is being played by John.
3. He should be given that lecture by his father.
4. That report will be written by him.
5. The letter has been received by the King.
6. This movie should be seen by every one.
7. This book ought to be read by every student.
8. They are being helped by me.
9. The movie is going to be seen by all of us.
10. This cake can be eaten by kids.
8§4 否定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
將一個(gè)否定句子或一個(gè)問句改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，其步驟如下：
（1） 將此句子改成肯定句子
（2） 將此肯定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
（3） 將此被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子改成否定句子
現(xiàn)在舉一個(gè)否定的例子：
I did not take this picture.
對(duì)應(yīng)的肯定句子是：
I took this picture.
改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
This picture was taken by me.
再改成否定句子：
This picture was not taken by me.
下面的例子都是用來(lái)解釋如何將一個(gè)否定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. They did not like the music.
(a). They liked the music.
(b). The music was liked by them.
(c). The music was not liked by them.
2. I have not written that letter.
(a). I have written that letter.
(b). That letter has been written by me.
(c). That letter has not been written by me.
3. You can not eat that cake.
(a). You can eat that cake.
(b). That cake can be eaten by you.
(c). That cake can not be eaten by you.
4. He does not play music.
(a). He plays that kind of music.
(b). That kind of music is played by him.
(c). That kind of music is not played by him.
5. I am not going to see you.
(a). I am going to see you.
(b). You are going to be seen by me.
(c). You are not going to be seen by me.
6. They will not see that movie.
(a). They will see that movie.
(b). That movie will be seen by them.
(c). That movie will not be seen by them.
7. They did not help me.
(a). They helped me.
(b). I was helped by them.
(c). I was not helped by them.
8. I did not tell that story.
(a). I told that story.
(b). That story was told by me.
(c). That story was not told by me.
在下面，我們將省略中間步驟，直接寫出一個(gè)否定句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，英文好的人應(yīng)該是不需要中間步驟的：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
They do not enjoy such music. Such music is not enjoyed by them.
He did not tell that story. That story was not told by him.
They have not written that story. That story has not been told by them.
Peter is going to see me. I am not going to be seen by Peter.
He will not help me. I will not be helped by him.
John will not eat that cake. That cake will not be eaten by John.
I can not drink that wine. That wine can not be drunk by me.
【練習(xí)三十二】
將以下的否定句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. The farmers here do not grow apples.
2. He did not meet me last night.
3. I have not written that letter.
4. John is not going to see that movie.
5. I did not watch that movie.
6. He does not speak English.
7. He will not speak English.
8. You should not eat that cake.
9. My mother does not eat that kind of fish.
10. John has not written that report.
【練習(xí)三十三】
將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. The book was not written by him.
2. I am not going to be helped by you.
3. That book has not been received by John.
4. That song is not liked by college students.
5. John is not loved by Mary.
6. I will not be met by my student tomorrow.
7. Meat is not eaten by vegetarians.
8. The door was not opened by me.
9. That ten dollars were not paid by me.
10. The car was not bought by me.
8§5 問句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
將問句改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，步驟類似上一節(jié)的步驟，我們先將問句變成肯定句子，然后將這個(gè)定句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，最后在將這個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的句子變回，成為問句。
例如：
Do young kids enjoy classical music?
先改成肯定句子
Young kids enjoy classical music.
再改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
Music is enjoyed by young kids.
最后改成問句
Is music enjoyed by young kids?
為了使讀者熟悉這些步驟，我們?cè)谙旅媾e了很多的例子：
1. Did you eat that cake?
(a). You ate that cake.
(b). That cake was eaten by you.
(c). Was that cake eaten by you?
2. Do farmers in Taiwan grow apples?
(a) Farmers in Taiwan grow apples.
(b) Apples are grown by farmers in Taiwan.
(c) Are apples grown by farmers in Taiwan?
3. Have you finished the report?
(a) You have finished the report.
(b) The report has been finished by you.
(c) Has the report been finished by you?
4. When did you write that letter?
(a) You wrote that letter.
(b) That letter was written by you.
(c) When was the letter written by you?
5. Have you seen that movie?
(a) You have seen that movie.
(b) That movie has been seen by you.
(c) Has the movie been seen by you?
6. When did Stevenson write that novel?
(a) Stevenson wrote that novel.
(b) That novel was written by Stevenson.
(c) When was that novel written by Stevenson?
8. Is he painting his room?
(a) He is painting his room.
(b) His room is being painted by him.
(c) Is his room being painted by him?
在下面，我們將省略中間步驟，直接寫出一個(gè)問句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，英文好的人應(yīng)該是不需要中間步驟的：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣
Does he help his students? Are his students helped by him?
Did he tell that story? Was that story told by him?
Has she written that story? Has that story been written by her?
Whom is Peter going to visit? Who is going to be visited by Peter?
When did you read that book? When was that book written by you?
Does he enjoy that song? Is that song enjoyed him?
Why do his friends avoid him? Why is he avoided by his friends?
Whom did you see? Who was seen by you?
Has he read that report? Has that report been read by him?
Is he writing that letter? Is that letter being written by him?
【練習(xí)三十四】
將以下句子改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. Is he writing a book?
2. Did he write that book?
3. Did you sign that letter?
4. Where did you see that movie?
5. When did you see that movie?
6. Has he finished that job?
7. Did mother give you the gift?
8. Did your mother visit you last night?
9. Do they grow roses?
10. Do they speak English?
11. Did you play that game of tennis?
12. Will you teach English?
【練習(xí)三十五】
將以下句子改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣：
1. Was the cake eaten by you?
2. Is he liked by all of us?
3. Is that kind of music loved by every one in Japan?
4. Is fish eaten by old people?
5. Are roses loved by most women?
6. Was he called by you?
7. Is soccer played by John?
8. When was this music written by Mozart?
9. When was he seen by you?
10. Were they seen by you last night?
【練習(xí)三十六】
將適宜的動(dòng)詞填入
1. I (send) two letters yesterday. (do) you (receive) them? Every letter (write) by me. Please (write) back to me soon.
2. I (invite) to a dancing party last week. The music (be) so noisy. I (leave) the party as early as I (can).
3. Did you (write) that report? Yes, it (write) by me.
4. He (not like) music when he was a child. After he (get) into college, he (teach) by a good music professor. Now, he (enjoy) music very much and (listen) to classical music every morning.
5. I (buy) a red car yesterday. It (make) in Japan. It will __________ (deliver) to me tomorrow.
6. I (not go) to school yesterday because my bicycle (steal).
I (buy) a new bike yesterday.
7. Where (do) you go last night? I (can) not (find) you. You (see) by no one.
8. A: (do) he (smoke)?
B: No, he (do not). Smoking has never (try) by him.
9. Was the book (write) by him?
10. I (buy) three books lately. One (write) by Graham Greene.
I (finish) reading it. There (be) many interesting stories in it.
【練習(xí)三十七】
改錯(cuò)：
1. ＊This is a book which wrote by Dickens.
2. ＊Are the music enjoyed by those elderly people?
3. ＊When are you visited by your father yesterday?
4. ＊This book written by John.
5. ＊He is invited to come to my home by my father yesterday.
6. ＊This house is built in 1913.
7. ＊This letter was wrote by him.
8. ＊This letter has never finished.
9. ＊Was you given a book?
10. ＊I have never called by my father. I always call him first.
第九章 動(dòng)詞如何轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞
動(dòng)名詞（Gerund）和不定詞（Infinitive）
9§1 問題的來(lái)源
對(duì)我們說(shuō)中文的人而言，一個(gè)字究竟是動(dòng)詞，還是名詞，其實(shí)是很少人知道的，對(duì)一般人而言，〝唱歌〞是動(dòng)詞，但是如果我們說(shuō)，〝唱歌是有益的〞，我們又發(fā)現(xiàn)〝唱歌〞其實(shí)也是名詞。〝我愛唱歌〞，這句話中，〝唱歌〞也是名詞。
英文就不同了，英文里很少有一個(gè)字，又是動(dòng)詞，又是名詞的，sing是動(dòng)詞，絕不能當(dāng)很名詞用。怪不得有很多中國(guó)人會(huì)說(shuō)
＊Sing is good for you. 或者是 ＊I like sing.
既然sing是動(dòng)詞，也沒有一個(gè)〝sing〞的名詞，怎么辦呢？英文解套的辦法很有趣，他們用動(dòng)名詞（gerund）和不定詞（infinitive）來(lái)將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞改成一個(gè)名詞。
9§2 動(dòng)名詞（Gerund）
所謂動(dòng)名詞，乃是將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，字尾加上ing，一夜之間，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞就可以當(dāng)作名詞用了。請(qǐng)看以下的例子：
I like singing.
Playing basketball is good for you.
Do you enjoy listening to classical music?
Is traveling around the world meaningful to you?
Studying English is not difficult.
我們不妨將動(dòng)名詞的用法分一下類：
1.動(dòng)名詞可用作主詞，如
Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people.
Taking drugs is avoided by most people.
Being kind to others is important for every one.
Respecting your parents shows good character.
2.動(dòng)名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞的受詞，如
I enjoy studying English.
He does not mind walking long distances.
I have never enjoyed being alone in my life.
He loves swimming.
3.動(dòng)名詞可以用作介系詞（preposition）的受詞，英文里有很多介系詞，at, in, about, of, on等等都是介系詞，介系詞后面必定跟一個(gè)名詞，也是它的受詞，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)
on the table
in my home
about Hitler
of my life
on this island
各位一定注意到，每一個(gè)介系詞后面都有一個(gè)名詞，作為它的受詞。
動(dòng)名詞是可以作為介系詞的受詞的，如：
This book is about traveling.
He is responsible for cleaning the kitchen.
My brother is capable of writing programs.
You just keep on going straight.
在下面，我們要給各位更多有關(guān)gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一個(gè)句子中，那個(gè)動(dòng)名詞是作什么用的。
Instead of swimming, he walks every morning.
He likes walking in the woods.
Are you interested in playing tennis?
Loving is to be kind to others.
Reading is important to students.
In addition to traveling, he also likes reading novels.
You will be happy by helping others.
He is worried about being late.
I finished writing the report yesterday.
They thanked me for lending them money.
He has never finished writing the novel.
She is in change of teaching English in our school.
My father objected to my going to the summer camp.
Please stop joking about my brother.
I look forward to seeing you.
He has never enjoyed traveling.
She was excited about going abroad.
I consider gambling a bad thing to do.
I have never dreamed of flying an airplane.
He suggested talking to our teacher.
I believe in doing some kind of exercise every day.
Playing the piano is no fun at all.
Nancy is accustomed to sleeping late.
Are you tired of driving for so long?
You should forgive others for doing wrong things.
He insists on getting up early every morning.
Thank you for participating in my concert.
He is used to studying alone.
They are not used to speaking English.
He is accustomed to being polite to others.
I object to seeing dirty movies.
You should take advantage of studying in such a good place.
【練習(xí)三十八】
改正以下的錯(cuò)誤
1.＊Play tennis is fun.
2.＊I hate swim.
3.＊Stop talk about me.
4.＊In addition to read interesting books, you should also watch TV from time to time.
5.＊I am not interested in swim.
6.＊He talks about go to America.
7.＊I believe in do exercise every day.
8.＊The cost of transfer a student to another school is very high.
9.＊Please forgive me for make this mistake.
10.＊Swim keeps me from getting cold.
【練習(xí)三十九】
填充，每一個(gè)句子填入一個(gè)介系詞和一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞，先舉一個(gè)例子。
1. I am interested (listen) to music.
2. Please forgive me (be) so late.
3. In addition (study) , you should also have some exercises every day.
4. We talked (build) a house next year.
5. Thank you (help) me.
6. He is excited (travel) to Japan.
7. I am looking forward (meet) you.
8. He insists (talk) to me personally.
9. I believe (exercise) every day.
10. Did you participate that (swim) match.
11. He was not used (listen) to classic music.
12. My mother objected (visit) my aunt tomorrow.
13. I am not accustomed (go) to bed so late.
14. I am interested (swim) .
15. Are you responsible (write) this report?
16. He is excited (see) me tomorrow.
17. He is looking forward (see) that movie.
18. I am not used (hear) that kind of noise.
19. You should take advantage (have) such a good family.
20.He is in charge (send) students to other schools.
【練習(xí)四十】
將以下中文句子譯成英文句子：
1.我不喜歡跳舞。
2.你對(duì)游泳有興趣嗎？
3.打藍(lán)球是有趣的。
4.我們昨天談到（talk about）教英文的事。
5.我不習(xí)慣（be not used to）抽煙。
6.我反對(duì)（object to）在公開場(chǎng)合哭泣（cry in public）。
7.除了游泳以外，他還應(yīng)該打棒球（用in addition to）。
8.他可以（be capable of）每天跑一公里。
9.他負(fù)責(zé)（be in charge of）找尋一個(gè)好的地方。
10.我已習(xí)慣了（be accustomed to）早起。
9§3 不定詞（Infinitives）
不定詞＝to＋動(dòng)詞的原式。例如to go, to love, to eat等等，都是不定詞，不定詞和動(dòng)名詞的用法相似，以下全是用不定詞用作名詞的例子：
To love is to forgive.
To forgive your enemies will make you happy.
I like to eat chicken.
I asked my brother to come here.
He continued to read.
也許讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)了不定詞和動(dòng)名詞不同的地方：不定詞不能用在介系詞的后面，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊I am interested in to play piano.
＊He is worried about to go abroad.
＊I am in charge of to prepare for the party.
如何將不定詞用成名詞呢？
1.不定詞可以用作主詞：如
To play tennis is great fun.
To play safe in the stock market is necessary.
To be kind to others is important for every one.
To respect your parents shows good character.
2.不家詞可以用成很多動(dòng)詞的受詞：
I like to swim.
He loves to listen to jokes.
My brother seems to be different.
I agree to lend him money.
Do you like to sing?
3.不定詞可以跟在代名詞的后面，形式如下：
動(dòng)詞（verb）＋代名詞（pronoun）＋不定詞（infinitive）
例如：
I told him to work hard.
I asked my brother to come back home.
He expects his friends to help him.
My teacher told me to wait for him.
I invited my sister to go to see a movie.
4.不定詞常用在上述句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣中，例如：
He was told to work hard.
My brother was asked to come back home.
His friend is expected to help me.
I was told by my teacher to wait.
My sister was invited to go to see a movie.
以下是更多的不定詞例子：
To give is more meaningful than to receive.
I love to swim in cold weather.
He agreed to listen to my story.
He decided to go anyway.
I told him to buy my book.
I invited him to come to my house.
I asked him to cook for me tonight.
Students are asked to work hard.
He needs to work hard.
I want you to send this letter to my father.
He requires every student to read one novel every week.
Every student is required to read one novel every week.
讀者一定會(huì)問，是不是動(dòng)名詞可以和不定詞互調(diào)，答案是否定的，有些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)名詞和不定詞，但也有些動(dòng)詞，后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞，有些動(dòng)詞后面只能跟不定詞。
有些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)名詞或不定詞：love, like, hate, start, begin,以下的動(dòng)詞，后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞：
Enjoy I enjoy eating good food.
Appreciate I appreciate your being kind to others.
Avoid You should avoid making mistakes.
keep on Keep on working hard.
keep Keep singing.
consider He considered leaving home.
finish He finished writing this book.
suggest May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee?
discuss We discussed traveling to New Zealand.
以下的動(dòng)詞正好相反，只能跟不定詞
agree I agree to sign this letter.
plan He plans to go away.
want They want to rent a car.
decide He decided to work hard.
seem He seems to be very happy.
appear He appears to be very sad.
一個(gè)字非常特殊，必須討論一下，那就是stop：
stop smoking 指不再抽煙了
stop to smoke 指停下來(lái)，開始抽煙
9§4 動(dòng)名詞和不定詞的被動(dòng)和否定形式
將動(dòng)詞改成名詞的時(shí)候，也可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣和否定語(yǔ)氣，以下是一些例子：
Everyone likes to be loved.
This cup needs to be washed.
Being trusted is important.
I told him not to leave this house.
He asked me not to cry.
I was told not to fall asleep in class.
To be given a good gift on Christmas Eve makes me happy.
Being invited to that party is a great honor to me.
【練習(xí)四十一】
將下面的空格填入動(dòng)名詞或不定詞
1. I enjoy (listen) to rock and roll music.
2. I asked him (go) away.
3. He was asked (leave).
4. I suggest (have) some fun.
5. He seems (be) a kind person.
6. You appear (be) quite tired.
7. I told him (have) a cup of wine.
8. I invited him (come) over.
9. Every one of you is required (work) hard.
10. Do you like (swim)?
11. I ordered him (read) my book.
12. I was expected (write) a letter to you.
13. He asked me (read) this letter to him.
14. Please keep (talk) to me.
15. Stop (drive) so fast. It is dangerous to drive too fast.
16. I hate (smoke).
17. (pass) the test is important.
18. (work) hard is the key to success.
19. My wife asked me to (bring) some flowers home.
20. He avoided (tell) lies.
【練習(xí)四十二】
將以下中文句子譯成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。
1.我請(qǐng)（invite）他到我家來(lái)。
2.我教（teach）他游泳。
3.被人愛令人快樂。
4.我討厭（hate）抽煙。
5.我們應(yīng)該避免（avoid）飲煙。
6.不要再（stop）抽煙了。
7.每個(gè)人都期待（expect）他寫一本好書。
8.我要求（require）他每天念英文。
9§5 不定詞的簡(jiǎn)式
不定詞中一定要有to，但在有幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的后面，to又要省掉，最的是let，我們絕不可以說(shuō)
＊I let him to leave.
而一定要說(shuō)
I let him leave.