英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法定語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)點(diǎn):定語(yǔ)從句基本概念

字號(hào):

概念
    被修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句不同于單詞作定語(yǔ)的情況,它需要放在被修飾的詞(即先行詞)之后。定語(yǔ)從句一般由關(guān)系代詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞必須放在定語(yǔ)從句之首。定語(yǔ)從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語(yǔ),修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
    關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
    關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
    1)who, whom, that
    這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
    Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
    他就是想見(jiàn)你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ))
    He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
    他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
    2) Whose 用來(lái)指人或物,(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:
    They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車(chē)壞了,大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。
    Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)。
    3)which, that
    它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,例如:
    A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作主語(yǔ))
    The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
    關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
    關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
    1)when, where, why
    關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如:
    There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
    Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
    Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
    2)that代替關(guān)系副詞
    that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,在口語(yǔ)中that常被省略,例如:
    His father died the year (that / when / on which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
    He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過(guò)的地方。
    判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
    方法一: 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如:
    This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
    I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
    判斷改錯(cuò)(注:先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線;用不同的顏色表示 出。)
    (錯(cuò)) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
    (錯(cuò)) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
    (對(duì)) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
    (對(duì)) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
    習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
    方法二: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。