新東方TOEFL復(fù)習(xí)筆記(第二部分:語(yǔ)法筆記)2

字號(hào):

*在TOEFL中:
    ____n.(pl.)+v.(sing),一般空格內(nèi)優(yōu)先選doing (講義 31)
    n)make結(jié)構(gòu):(講義31 32)
    make+obj+賓補(bǔ) obj:n/代詞 賓補(bǔ):n./adj.
    1) make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班長(zhǎng))
    2) make+n./代詞+a. (新題 P78 11)
    make it unique it:真賓語(yǔ)
    3)make it possible to do it:形式賓語(yǔ)?。ㄖv義 33)
    that +句子
    4)make sth possible  sht:短賓語(yǔ)  possible賓補(bǔ)
     make possible sth  sth長(zhǎng)賓語(yǔ)  possible賓補(bǔ)?。ㄐ骂} 32)
    o)the more…the more結(jié)構(gòu) 
    標(biāo)準(zhǔn)句式:the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2
    ?。?duì)稱性:結(jié)構(gòu)中的n.前必須有限定詞
    the more the +n1 the more the +n2
    2)省略性:結(jié)構(gòu)中相同的謂語(yǔ)可省,尤其是be動(dòng)詞可省
    3)倒裝性:The more svo , the more svo .是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。
    條件狀從 主句
    因此從句不能倒裝,而主句(第二個(gè)the more)可倒裝。
    p)表結(jié)果的伴隨狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 36 37)
    svo,doing….伴隨狀語(yǔ)
    表結(jié)果:thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…
    *thus / thereby 后不一定加doing
    *as f ar / long / early  as 出現(xiàn)即為答案/
    many / much
    q)adj短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu):(講義 38 39) *==等價(jià)于定從的省略
    a door (close to the window) 省略which be
    a distance (equal to twice)
    n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短語(yǔ)
    foods (high in fat) √
    leaves (rich in suger) √
    n1+which be(比較級(jí)+than+n2) 相當(dāng)于從句的省略
    a temperature (highter than 50C)
    r)adj級(jí)的省略結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 40 41)
    the most improtant of all books
    the most elaborate of all birdnests
    the+a.級(jí)+單數(shù)n. X +of   復(fù)數(shù)n. 一樣錯(cuò)
    *單數(shù)n.必須省略,則the+a.級(jí)+of+n.(pl.)
    n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.過(guò)去時(shí)X 
     a. n.(sing) of √   *the a.原級(jí) of+ the restfulof X
    the poor of √
    s)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式作謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu):(講義 42 43)
    She set  set-set-set
    It cost  cost-cost-cost
    It spread spread-spread-spread
    t)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) (講義 44-46)
    46條:Automatons programmed… 非謂語(yǔ),整個(gè)句子少謂語(yǔ)
    lack a. be lack of 
    vi. be lack in
    vt. Sub+lack+obj
    *如何判斷n+v-ed是謂語(yǔ)還是非謂語(yǔ)?eg:n+called call-called-called
    We called him Bush. 主動(dòng),過(guò)去式,謂語(yǔ)
    He was called Bush. 被動(dòng),過(guò)去分詞,謂語(yǔ)
    …a boy called Bush? 被動(dòng),過(guò)去分詞,后置定語(yǔ)
    根據(jù)主/被動(dòng)確定,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為過(guò)去式,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為過(guò)去分詞,被動(dòng)式中有be即
    是非謂語(yǔ)。
    *n+v-ed,先從邏輯上判斷名詞與動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的關(guān)系,主動(dòng)為過(guò)去式,是謂語(yǔ),
    考試時(shí)留下,被動(dòng)是過(guò)去分詞,沒(méi)有be,則是后置定語(yǔ),考試時(shí)劃掉不看。
    u)邏輯主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 47-50)
    1) Doing…,svo.
    Done…,svo.
    動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者/承受者為邏輯主語(yǔ),*位于句首做狀語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ),也
    就是句子的主語(yǔ)。(47)
    2) n1+doing…,n2vo.
    n1+doing…,n2vo.
    分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)不一致,即為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),在n1前可加with /
    without
    3)(n2)prep+n1,svo.    ?。ㄖv義 49 / 新題 P104 10)
     前后主謂要一致
    4)Alough +doing…,svo.
    If+done…,svo.
    位于句首,做狀語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)顯然可以加狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞alough though 
    even though if as when while
    eg:When traveling in New York, Tom met many intrersting people..
    5)To do…,svo.  Inf的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)可一致也可不一致:
    eg:To made stereo effects, two recordings are made the some
    performances.
    6)Alough to do…,svo. X
    If to do…,svo. X
    位于句首做狀語(yǔ)的inf前不可加狀語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)詞。
    *when to do,句子。X
    句子,when to do. X
    在TOEFL中,when to do一般不選。
    v)賓補(bǔ)法則:(講義 51-54)
    We appointed him +CEO. (CEO:賓補(bǔ))
    主  謂 賓  賓補(bǔ)     (主動(dòng))
    He was appointed +CES.
    主  謂       主補(bǔ) (被動(dòng))
    主動(dòng)為賓補(bǔ),被動(dòng)為主補(bǔ)。
    補(bǔ)語(yǔ):使句子完整。
    賓補(bǔ):某些vt接obj后,句意不完整,必須加一個(gè)n或者adj,所加的n.或者adj,
    即為賓補(bǔ),分詞也可以。這些vt為:appoint, elect, consider, name, call,
    make.
    1) elect:主動(dòng):sb/sth elect sb sth.
    被動(dòng):sb be elect a)+職位
    b)+to+機(jī)構(gòu)
    c)+to+the office of+職務(wù)
    2) consider:在TOEFL中,從不說(shuō)consider as
    主動(dòng):sb / sth consider n1+(to be)+n2/a.賓補(bǔ)
    被動(dòng):n1+be considered+to be+n2/a.主補(bǔ)
    *consider+n1+n2在考試中優(yōu)先選擇。
    3)name 主動(dòng):sb/sth name sb sth
    被動(dòng):sb be named sth
    4)賓語(yǔ)后置:(賓語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng))
    make sth possible = make possible sth
    bring sth to sb / sw = bring to sb /sw sth
    bring sth together = bring together sth
    bring sth to light揭示…,發(fā)現(xiàn)… = bring to light sth
    w)it結(jié)構(gòu)?。ㄖv義55-57)
    *___ n. (新題P183 15 / 講義 57)
    答案一般選sub+謂語(yǔ),優(yōu)先選擇there be,一定不選it is /they’re,it is不
    位于句首:It is a book. X一般TOEFL中考:
    1) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
    It’s / was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that / who +其余部分 
    被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+其余部分=句子。
    a) 可強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ),但是不可鄙強(qiáng)調(diào)定語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)。
    b) 強(qiáng)調(diào)人時(shí),that / who均可,其余均用that
    c) 后面句子為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),用was,其余用is
    *___ who…,___that… (講義 55)
    優(yōu)先選擇it is / was +ڤ
    2) 形式主/賓語(yǔ)
    it+be+adj/分詞+ to do        it:形式主語(yǔ)
    that clause
    eg:It is easy to pass TOEFL.
    It was once believed that+句子
    形式賓語(yǔ):s+vi+it+adj. / 分詞+ to do / that clause. It:形式主語(yǔ)
    sub+make+it+possible+to do / that
    x)which引導(dǎo)定從的三種形式:
    1) sub+vt+n+which+sv2 / v2o *which不一定指最接近的n. (j講義 P9 58)
    2) s.+vt+n.+[prep+which]+svo. (講義 59) 
    *prep+which+vo X → prep+which+svo √
    3)SVO, 數(shù)/n. +of which + VO
    主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)
    對(duì)部分進(jìn)行解釋
    *    all
    both
    SVO, each      _____ VO.
    either
    five
    five persent
    three quater 這類題一定選of which.
    y)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):一般考1~2條,在第13~15之間 (講義 62-67) 
    原則:只有主句才可以倒裝,答案的首字母一定為系動(dòng)詞。
    1. 否定ad位于句首,引起倒裝:not only, not until, haedly, scarcely,
    seldom, rarely, no sooner…than 
    1) not until + 時(shí)間 + 主謂倒裝,not until + 句子+主謂倒裝
    2) only+狀語(yǔ)位于句首
    only +ad.  eg: recently
    prep.短短語(yǔ)  eg: in recently years
    從句  eg: when clause
    only一個(gè)詞本身不倒裝
    3) 形容詞短語(yǔ)/分詞短語(yǔ)位于句首,引起倒裝
    adj+prep+n.+系動(dòng)詞+n.
    表語(yǔ) 系 主
    *typical of  characteristic of
    分詞短語(yǔ)+prep+n.+系動(dòng)詞+n.
    表語(yǔ) 系  主
    *coinciding with + n
    4) so位于句首 (so…that…)
    sub+be+so+a.+that clause
    so+a.+be+sub+that clause
    5) 表示地點(diǎn)范圍的介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞,一定引起倒裝
    In…(表語(yǔ))+系動(dòng)詞+主,主同。  (新題 P144 14)
    *在倒裝句型答案中不能出現(xiàn)there
    *??冀樵~要倒裝:among between in at beneath
    ??嫉南祫?dòng)詞:be lie exist remain rest
    6) 在比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中,than后面可以倒裝,也可以不倒裝。
    7) as位于句中:
    eg: Jerry is a good teacher, as are his family. as在句中
    Jerry is a good teacher. So are his family. so在句首
    z)雙謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 72-76)
    ___ v1(從句謂) + …… + v2(主句謂)
    結(jié)構(gòu)特征:兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)直接在一起,第一反應(yīng)應(yīng)為主語(yǔ)從句。
    即:主從引導(dǎo)詞+sv1o+v2o
    1. 主語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞+主語(yǔ)從句 V1+…+V2 (90%)
    2. Doing+賓從引導(dǎo)詞+賓從主語(yǔ)+v1+…+v2 
    3. N.+of+what+v1+…+v2
    二十七、雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 77 新題 P196 13)
    1. gain win earn
    sth gain / win / earn+sb+sth
    2. tell persudade
    sb tell sb that+句子
    sb persuade sb that+句子
    3.give grant  (新題 P130 12)
    sth give sth sth
    sth/sb grant sb/sth sth
    4.Appoint hame call elect consider make
    *v2+n1+n2 優(yōu)先選擇
    二十八、講義 68-71
    1. Like / unlike + n , svo.
    2. Pioneer in 只考被動(dòng)
    3. What to do  what不要obj
    How +句子  how要有obj
    What one says.
    How one says it.
    What to do. (what is pron)
    How to do it (how is ad)
    注:在講義上P21 91.5.8加:which, whereas
    *在空格前為完整句,空格后為名詞,95%以上的空格是定語(yǔ)從句
    S+Vt+n.+定語(yǔ)從句(95%)