31.Sometimes an expensive gift may be necessary to soften up a government official.——（Sometimes in order to please a government official so that he will do what you ask him to you've got to give him an expensive gift.）有時(shí)為了使一位政府官員手軟，需要向他饋贈(zèng)一份昂貴的禮物。（即俗話所說(shuō)：“拿人家的手軟?！保?BR> soften sb.up：（informal）to put sb.in good mood before asking them go do sth.；make sb.unable or less able to resist being persuaded（口語(yǔ)）使……的態(tài)度軟化。
They treated you well，but it was just to soften you up.
他們對(duì)你不錯(cuò)，但這只不過(guò)是為了讓你替他們干事。
32.A common type in this category is the“facilitating payment”usually a smaller sum of money-made to certain customs officials to clear cargoes.—（Also included in the third category is what is known as“facilitating payment”。 Usually it involves a smaller sum of money given to customs officials to get the goods that have been delivered cleared through customs.）“疏通費(fèi)”是這類賄賂中常見(jiàn)的一種形式，一般數(shù)額不太大，是為了讓貨物順利通過(guò)海關(guān)，向海關(guān)官員支付的錢。
1）分詞短語(yǔ) made to customs officials to clear cargoes作定語(yǔ)，修飾the“facilitating payment”“疏通費(fèi)”是這類賄賂中常見(jiàn)的一種形式，一般數(shù)額不太大，是為了讓貨物順利通過(guò)海關(guān)，向海關(guān)官員支付的錢。
Usually a smaller sum of money是插入語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明the“facilitating payment”
2）clear：to give official permission for a person，a ship，a plane or goods to leave or enter a place to clear goods through customs貨物通過(guò)海關(guān)而允許入境或出境
33.One businessman has told the story of a delivery of 10，000 bottles of sterile penicillin at the airport of a Far Eastern country.一位商人講了關(guān)于一萬(wàn)瓶無(wú)菌青霉素運(yùn)至某個(gè)遠(yuǎn)東國(guó)家機(jī)場(chǎng)的情況。
1）a delivery of：運(yùn)送
2）sterile penicillin：無(wú)菌青霉素
34.It was apparently customary to pay customs officials about $250 upon arrival of each shipment to“get them out of the sun.”（鏈接）此地很明顯的慣例是每一批貨到港后，為了讓海關(guān)官員不找麻煩要付給他們250美元。
get sb.out of the sun：不找某人麻煩。 不定式to pay……to“get them out of the sun”是句子的主語(yǔ)，其中upon arrival of each shipment表示pay的時(shí)間，to“get them out of the sun”是狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明pay的目的。
35.In this case，the company was not prepared to make such a payment，so no money changed hands.（鏈接） （It seemed to be a common practice to pay $ 250 to a customs official for each load imported goods.）But for this delivery，the company was not willing to pay，so the customs official received no“facilitating payment”。這回，這家公司不愿意花這種錢，因此沒(méi)有送錢。change hands：to pass to a different owner（房產(chǎn)等）轉(zhuǎn)手，易主，又如：The hotel has changed hands three times in ten years.這家飯店10年內(nèi)是，三次變換主人。
get sb.out of the sun：不找某人麻煩。不定式to pay……to “get them out of the sun”是句子的主語(yǔ)，其中upon arrival of each shipment表示pay的時(shí)間，to“get them out of the sun”是狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明pay的目的。
36.The Minister of Health of that nation then ordered （鏈接）that each phial be opened for inspection，thereby destroying the whole shipment.其后該國(guó)衛(wèi)生部長(zhǎng)下令每一小瓶（青霉素）都要打開(kāi)檢查，從而毀了整批藥品。
order：（命令）后面的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其形式與動(dòng)詞原形一致，其模式為：order that sth.be done/sb.do sth.，又如：The doctor ordered that the wounded soldiers be moved to safety at once.醫(yī)生下令傷員立即撤往安全處。分詞短語(yǔ)thereby destroying the whole shipment作狀語(yǔ)，修飾open，表示伴隨open所發(fā)生的事或產(chǎn)生的情況。Thereby：by that means or action（正式）借以。
37.Is it possible to formulate a code of rules for companies which would outlaw bribery in all its forms？——（Is it possible to make rules for companies to follow that would ban all forms of bribery？）為公司制定經(jīng)營(yíng)條例從而使各種形式的行賄活動(dòng)成為非法，這可行嗎？定語(yǔ)從句which would outlaw……all its forms修飾a code of rules for companies.
1）formulate：to create or prepare sth.carefully，paying particular attention to the details制定 formulate a rule/policy制定規(guī)則、政策
a code of rules：a set of rules which are accepted as general principles；a set of written rules which state how people in a particular organization or country should behave準(zhǔn)則
a code of conduct：行為準(zhǔn)則
2）outlaw：to make it illegal and unacceptable宣布……非法 The European Convention of Human Rights outlaws discrimination between the sexes.歐洲人權(quán)組織宣布性別歧視違法。
The outlawed political group went underground.那個(gè)非法的政治團(tuán)體轉(zhuǎn)入了地下活動(dòng)。
38.The International Chambers of Commerce（ICC） favours a code of conduct which would ban the giving and seeking of bribes.國(guó)際商會(huì)主張制定禁止受賄、索賄的經(jīng)營(yíng)法規(guī)。
favour：support sb./sth.支持，贊成……，主張；更喜歡。
又如：Certain countries favour sending UN observers rather than peace-keeping troops to that area.
某些國(guó)家主張派聯(lián)合國(guó)觀察員而不是維和部隊(duì)到那個(gè)地區(qū)。
Not all Confucian ideas are favoured today，especially among the young.
今天并非孔夫子的所有思想都得到認(rèn)同，特別是在年輕人當(dāng)中。
They favour a traditional wedding.
他們倆都傾向搞一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的婚禮。
They treated you well，but it was just to soften you up.
他們對(duì)你不錯(cuò)，但這只不過(guò)是為了讓你替他們干事。
32.A common type in this category is the“facilitating payment”usually a smaller sum of money-made to certain customs officials to clear cargoes.—（Also included in the third category is what is known as“facilitating payment”。 Usually it involves a smaller sum of money given to customs officials to get the goods that have been delivered cleared through customs.）“疏通費(fèi)”是這類賄賂中常見(jiàn)的一種形式，一般數(shù)額不太大，是為了讓貨物順利通過(guò)海關(guān)，向海關(guān)官員支付的錢。
1）分詞短語(yǔ) made to customs officials to clear cargoes作定語(yǔ)，修飾the“facilitating payment”“疏通費(fèi)”是這類賄賂中常見(jiàn)的一種形式，一般數(shù)額不太大，是為了讓貨物順利通過(guò)海關(guān)，向海關(guān)官員支付的錢。
Usually a smaller sum of money是插入語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明the“facilitating payment”
2）clear：to give official permission for a person，a ship，a plane or goods to leave or enter a place to clear goods through customs貨物通過(guò)海關(guān)而允許入境或出境
33.One businessman has told the story of a delivery of 10，000 bottles of sterile penicillin at the airport of a Far Eastern country.一位商人講了關(guān)于一萬(wàn)瓶無(wú)菌青霉素運(yùn)至某個(gè)遠(yuǎn)東國(guó)家機(jī)場(chǎng)的情況。
1）a delivery of：運(yùn)送
2）sterile penicillin：無(wú)菌青霉素
34.It was apparently customary to pay customs officials about $250 upon arrival of each shipment to“get them out of the sun.”（鏈接）此地很明顯的慣例是每一批貨到港后，為了讓海關(guān)官員不找麻煩要付給他們250美元。
get sb.out of the sun：不找某人麻煩。 不定式to pay……to“get them out of the sun”是句子的主語(yǔ)，其中upon arrival of each shipment表示pay的時(shí)間，to“get them out of the sun”是狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明pay的目的。
35.In this case，the company was not prepared to make such a payment，so no money changed hands.（鏈接） （It seemed to be a common practice to pay $ 250 to a customs official for each load imported goods.）But for this delivery，the company was not willing to pay，so the customs official received no“facilitating payment”。這回，這家公司不愿意花這種錢，因此沒(méi)有送錢。change hands：to pass to a different owner（房產(chǎn)等）轉(zhuǎn)手，易主，又如：The hotel has changed hands three times in ten years.這家飯店10年內(nèi)是，三次變換主人。
get sb.out of the sun：不找某人麻煩。不定式to pay……to “get them out of the sun”是句子的主語(yǔ)，其中upon arrival of each shipment表示pay的時(shí)間，to“get them out of the sun”是狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明pay的目的。
36.The Minister of Health of that nation then ordered （鏈接）that each phial be opened for inspection，thereby destroying the whole shipment.其后該國(guó)衛(wèi)生部長(zhǎng)下令每一小瓶（青霉素）都要打開(kāi)檢查，從而毀了整批藥品。
order：（命令）后面的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其形式與動(dòng)詞原形一致，其模式為：order that sth.be done/sb.do sth.，又如：The doctor ordered that the wounded soldiers be moved to safety at once.醫(yī)生下令傷員立即撤往安全處。分詞短語(yǔ)thereby destroying the whole shipment作狀語(yǔ)，修飾open，表示伴隨open所發(fā)生的事或產(chǎn)生的情況。Thereby：by that means or action（正式）借以。
37.Is it possible to formulate a code of rules for companies which would outlaw bribery in all its forms？——（Is it possible to make rules for companies to follow that would ban all forms of bribery？）為公司制定經(jīng)營(yíng)條例從而使各種形式的行賄活動(dòng)成為非法，這可行嗎？定語(yǔ)從句which would outlaw……all its forms修飾a code of rules for companies.
1）formulate：to create or prepare sth.carefully，paying particular attention to the details制定 formulate a rule/policy制定規(guī)則、政策
a code of rules：a set of rules which are accepted as general principles；a set of written rules which state how people in a particular organization or country should behave準(zhǔn)則
a code of conduct：行為準(zhǔn)則
2）outlaw：to make it illegal and unacceptable宣布……非法 The European Convention of Human Rights outlaws discrimination between the sexes.歐洲人權(quán)組織宣布性別歧視違法。
The outlawed political group went underground.那個(gè)非法的政治團(tuán)體轉(zhuǎn)入了地下活動(dòng)。
38.The International Chambers of Commerce（ICC） favours a code of conduct which would ban the giving and seeking of bribes.國(guó)際商會(huì)主張制定禁止受賄、索賄的經(jīng)營(yíng)法規(guī)。
favour：support sb./sth.支持，贊成……，主張；更喜歡。
又如：Certain countries favour sending UN observers rather than peace-keeping troops to that area.
某些國(guó)家主張派聯(lián)合國(guó)觀察員而不是維和部隊(duì)到那個(gè)地區(qū)。
Not all Confucian ideas are favoured today，especially among the young.
今天并非孔夫子的所有思想都得到認(rèn)同，特別是在年輕人當(dāng)中。
They favour a traditional wedding.
他們倆都傾向搞一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的婚禮。