（16）被動(dòng)語態(tài)
（I）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的概念
語態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如：People grew rice in this area some years ago.被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的承受者，如：A new swimming pool will be built on our school.
（II）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式是由“助動(dòng)詞be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be隨著主語的人稱，數(shù)，時(shí)態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化。各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式如下：
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are+V（p.p）
人們利用電能運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)器。People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines.
Is electricity used to run machines？ Yes，it is . / No，it isn't.
2.一般過去時(shí) was/were + V（p.p）
昨天我們在山坡上種了許多樹。We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.
Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday？ Yes，they were. / No，they were not.
3.一般將來時(shí) will/shall +be+V（p.p）
下星期我們將舉行一場運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。We will hold a sports meeting next week.
A sports meeting will be held next week.
Will a sports meeting be held next week？ Yes，it will. / No，it won't.
4.過去將來時(shí) should/would +be+V（p.p）
他告訴我們?nèi)藗儗⒃谒亦l(xiāng)建一個(gè)大水壩。He told us that people would build a big reservoir in his hometown.
We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.
Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown？ Yes，we were./No，we weren't.
5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/are +being+V（p.p）
他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house. A house is being painted.
Is the house being painted？ Yes，it is. / No，it isn't .
6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were +being+V（p.p）
當(dāng)我進(jìn)廚房時(shí)，她正在做蛋糕。She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.
A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.
Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen？ Yes，it was./ No，it wasn't.
7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has +been+V（p.p）
他已經(jīng)結(jié)束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished？ Yes，it has. / No，it hasn't.
8.過去完成時(shí) had +been+V（p.p）
到上個(gè)月為止，他們已經(jīng)把這本書翻譯成了英語。
They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.
The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.
Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month？ Yes，it had./ No，it hadn't.
9.將來完成時(shí)will have +been+V（p.p）
The students will have learned 2，000 words by the end of next year.
2，000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.
Will 2，000 words have been learned by the end of next year？ Yes，they will./No，they won't.
10. 過去將來完成時(shí)would have +been+V（p.p）
He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.
I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.
注：1.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+V（p.p）”構(gòu)成。如：
You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.
Must the machine be operated with care？ Yes，it must. / No，it mustn't.
2.含有“be going to”，“be to”等結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語，變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，分別用“be going to +be +V（p.p）”和“be to+be+V（p.p）“。如：
We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting.
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.
Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting？ Yes，it is. / No，it isn't.
3.被動(dòng)語態(tài)除常用be加過去分詞構(gòu)成外，還可用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語中。如：
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
4.被動(dòng)語態(tài)沒有完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，也沒有將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，如果要將這些時(shí)態(tài)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，可以用完成時(shí)態(tài)或一般將來時(shí)態(tài)來表示。如：
他已被檢查過了。He had been being examined.
通常用He has been examined.來代替。
當(dāng)我們到那兒時(shí)他將正被檢查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there.
（III）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種句型
將主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，通常分以下四步進(jìn)行：
1.將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的賓語轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語。
2.將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的動(dòng)詞改為“be+V（p.p）”
3.原來主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語，如果需要，放在by后面以它的賓格形式出現(xiàn)，如沒有必要，可以省略。
4.主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的其他句子成分不變。
由于主動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的不同，因而轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方式也各有不同，現(xiàn)分類說明如下：
a.由及物動(dòng)詞形成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
（1）S+V+O 主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語
People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south.
注：帶有賓語從句的句子轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，需要將賓語從句變?yōu)橹髡Z從句，通常用形式主語來代替，而將主語從句后置。
They said that he would come back soon. It was said that he would come back soon.類似的還有：
It is reported / believed /hoped /supposed that ……
（2）S+V+O+C 主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓補(bǔ)
We elected Li Ming monitor of our class. Li Ming was elected monitor of our class.
注：在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)應(yīng)加上to作主語補(bǔ)足語。
奴隸們被奴隸主強(qiáng)迫整日整夜工作。Slave-owners made slaves work all day and all night.
Slaves were made to work all day and all night by slave-owners.
（I）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的概念
語態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如：People grew rice in this area some years ago.被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的承受者，如：A new swimming pool will be built on our school.
（II）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式是由“助動(dòng)詞be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be隨著主語的人稱，數(shù)，時(shí)態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化。各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式如下：
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are+V（p.p）
人們利用電能運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)器。People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines.
Is electricity used to run machines？ Yes，it is . / No，it isn't.
2.一般過去時(shí) was/were + V（p.p）
昨天我們在山坡上種了許多樹。We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.
Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday？ Yes，they were. / No，they were not.
3.一般將來時(shí) will/shall +be+V（p.p）
下星期我們將舉行一場運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。We will hold a sports meeting next week.
A sports meeting will be held next week.
Will a sports meeting be held next week？ Yes，it will. / No，it won't.
4.過去將來時(shí) should/would +be+V（p.p）
他告訴我們?nèi)藗儗⒃谒亦l(xiāng)建一個(gè)大水壩。He told us that people would build a big reservoir in his hometown.
We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.
Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown？ Yes，we were./No，we weren't.
5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/are +being+V（p.p）
他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house. A house is being painted.
Is the house being painted？ Yes，it is. / No，it isn't .
6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were +being+V（p.p）
當(dāng)我進(jìn)廚房時(shí)，她正在做蛋糕。She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.
A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.
Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen？ Yes，it was./ No，it wasn't.
7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has +been+V（p.p）
他已經(jīng)結(jié)束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished？ Yes，it has. / No，it hasn't.
8.過去完成時(shí) had +been+V（p.p）
到上個(gè)月為止，他們已經(jīng)把這本書翻譯成了英語。
They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.
The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.
Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month？ Yes，it had./ No，it hadn't.
9.將來完成時(shí)will have +been+V（p.p）
The students will have learned 2，000 words by the end of next year.
2，000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.
Will 2，000 words have been learned by the end of next year？ Yes，they will./No，they won't.
10. 過去將來完成時(shí)would have +been+V（p.p）
He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.
I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.
注：1.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+V（p.p）”構(gòu)成。如：
You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.
Must the machine be operated with care？ Yes，it must. / No，it mustn't.
2.含有“be going to”，“be to”等結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語，變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，分別用“be going to +be +V（p.p）”和“be to+be+V（p.p）“。如：
We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting.
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.
Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting？ Yes，it is. / No，it isn't.
3.被動(dòng)語態(tài)除常用be加過去分詞構(gòu)成外，還可用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語中。如：
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
4.被動(dòng)語態(tài)沒有完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，也沒有將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，如果要將這些時(shí)態(tài)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，可以用完成時(shí)態(tài)或一般將來時(shí)態(tài)來表示。如：
他已被檢查過了。He had been being examined.
通常用He has been examined.來代替。
當(dāng)我們到那兒時(shí)他將正被檢查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there.
（III）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種句型
將主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，通常分以下四步進(jìn)行：
1.將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的賓語轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語。
2.將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的動(dòng)詞改為“be+V（p.p）”
3.原來主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語，如果需要，放在by后面以它的賓格形式出現(xiàn)，如沒有必要，可以省略。
4.主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的其他句子成分不變。
由于主動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的不同，因而轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方式也各有不同，現(xiàn)分類說明如下：
a.由及物動(dòng)詞形成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
（1）S+V+O 主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語
People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south.
注：帶有賓語從句的句子轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，需要將賓語從句變?yōu)橹髡Z從句，通常用形式主語來代替，而將主語從句后置。
They said that he would come back soon. It was said that he would come back soon.類似的還有：
It is reported / believed /hoped /supposed that ……
（2）S+V+O+C 主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓補(bǔ)
We elected Li Ming monitor of our class. Li Ming was elected monitor of our class.
注：在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)應(yīng)加上to作主語補(bǔ)足語。
奴隸們被奴隸主強(qiáng)迫整日整夜工作。Slave-owners made slaves work all day and all night.
Slaves were made to work all day and all night by slave-owners.