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一. 目的狀語從句
可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導(dǎo);
lest：以防;從句中的謂語動詞必須用should+動詞原形;
eg: He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
He took the umbrella with him lest it should rain.
in case：以防;與lest不同，從句里的時態(tài)不做特殊變化;
eg：Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.
for feat that：和lest保持一致;
eg：A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.
let…down…：讓……感到氣餒;
2011年12月英語四級考試高級語法講義
二. 結(jié)果狀語從句
結(jié)果狀語從句常由so… that 或 such…that引導(dǎo);so保留，that可以省略;如此……以至于……;
eg：He didn't abide by the contract so that he was fined.
He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.
He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited.
比較：so和 such (1)so：so +形容詞、副詞+that;so+形容詞+a/an+名詞+that;
eg：The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.
He run so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.
It was so hot a day that crops wilted.
He is so lovely a boy that everyone loves him.
(2)such：such+a/an+形容詞+名詞+that
eg：It was such a hot day that crops wilted.
He is such a lovely boy that everyone loves him.
三. 比較狀語從句
than, as…as…，not so as…，(not) the same as, the+比較級;
eg：Light travels fast than sound.
the+比較級：
eg：The sooner，the better.
eg：Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and art kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school - the prophecy(預(yù)言) becomes self- fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle (惡性循環(huán)) of neglect.
(1)當(dāng)……的時候：while, when, as ;
when：強調(diào)一件事情正在發(fā)生的時候，另外一件事情突然發(fā)生;
eg：When I was watching TV, my mother came back.
while：強調(diào)兩個動作同時進行，一邊……一邊……;
eg：My father is cooking while my mother is reading newspaper.
as："隨時間推移"
eg：As time went by, the days became longer and longer.
(2)一……就……：as soon as ,主將從現(xiàn);用directly，immediately, instantly連接兩個句子;一些名詞如the minute，the moment, the instant也可表示;no sooner… than, hardly… when后面的句子需要倒裝;
eg：I will write to you the moment/minute I arrived in Paris.
(3)特殊單詞：by the time that, every/each time(使用時后面不要再加when)
(4)till&until：
① 肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某時"，動詞必須是延續(xù)性的;
否定形式表達的意思是"直至某時才做某事"，一般用until，動詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以;
eg: I slept until midnight.
Wait till I call you.
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
② Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首，通常用于句中;
eg: Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
eg：As you sleep you pass through a sequence of sleep states—light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—that repeats approximately every 90 minutes.
四. 條件狀語從句
(1)連接詞：if, once, as long as, on condition that
① 如果引導(dǎo)的條件可以實現(xiàn)，主將從現(xiàn);
② 如果引導(dǎo)的條件和事實相反，則用虛擬語氣;
eg：If winter comes can spring be far behind.
As long as it doesn't rain, we can play.
You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat.
Modern cars are far tougher to steal, as their engine management computer won't allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition (點火) key.
五. 原因狀語從句
連接詞：because, since, as, for ，now that, in that, owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of;
比較：because, since, as和for
1) because語勢最強，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2) 由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 號，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
now that ：既然;
in that :因為，通常只能放在句中，強調(diào)重要的，唯一的的原因;
eg：Now that this semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days and take a trip.
Human beings are different from animals in that human can speak and think.
owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of等短語后面只能接詞或短語，不能接從句;
六. 讓步狀語從句
常見的連接詞有though, although，as, while, even though
區(qū)分though，although，as
eg：Although/though he is a child, he can live by himself.
as 表示雖然的時候，要進行倒裝;
Child as/though he is , he can live by himself.
eg：Although/though she works very hard ,she makes very little progress.
Hard as she works, she makes very little progress.
Although/though she is young, she has travelled to many countries to put shows .
Young as she is, she has travelled to many countries to put shows .
while：連接兩個句子，表示雖然，但是;
eg：He is experienced while he is young.
真題分析：
1.The anti-virus agent was not known
(直到一名醫(yī)生偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了它)
until a doctor find it by chance.
2.I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because __________(它更加方便和省時)
it is more convenient and timesaving.
3.But since water is much cheaper than wine, and many of the fancier brands aren’t available in stores, most diners don’t notice or care.
4. While there’s no question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you’re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.
七. 方式狀語從句
方式狀語從句通常由as,,as if, as though，the way, what引導(dǎo);
eg：Always do to the others as you would be done by.
When enter rome do as the romans do .
(1)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像";
(2)as if/though："仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的";
有時用虛擬語氣，有時不用;
eg：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. (與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。)
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
(與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
(實現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。)
(3)the way：可以連接兩個句子，表達就像……一樣;
eg：I should do the job the way my father did.
Many Europeans now apparently view the US. the way many Americans view Mexican as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party.
(4)what：就像，猶如;
eg：Air is to man what/as water is to fish.
句型：A is to B what C is to D.
eg：A1 Gore calls global warming an "inconvenient truth," as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.
put sb. on a path to a solution：找到解決的辦法;
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