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課文詳注 Further notes on the text
1.Before he retired, Frank was the head of a very large business company,
but as a boy he used to work in a small shop.
在退休前，弗蘭克是一家非常大的商業(yè)公司的經(jīng)理，但他小時(shí)侯卻在一家小鋪里做工。
(1)head在此處的意思不是人或動(dòng)物的“頭部”，而是“首領(lǐng)”、“頭目”，一般出現(xiàn)在“the head of +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中：
John is the head of the family.
約翰是一家之主。
Frank is the head of that firm.
弗蘭克是那家公司的總裁。
(2) as在這里為介詞，表不“當(dāng)……時(shí)”，as a boy相當(dāng)于 as he was a boy。
2.It was his job to repair bicycles…他那時(shí)的工作是修理自行車……
it為“先行主語(yǔ)”，句子的真正主語(yǔ)為to repair bicycles。
3.He saved money for years and in 1958 he bought a small workshop of his
own. 他靠多年積蓄，于1958年買下了自己的一個(gè)小鋪?zhàn)印?BR> (1)for years表示“許多年”。
(2)of one's own為固定短語(yǔ)，表示“自己的”、“屬于自己的”，own為代詞：
He wanted a room of his own.
他想要一個(gè)自己的房間。
Do you have a house of your own?
你有自己的房子嗎?
4.in one's twenties，(在某人)二十多歲的時(shí)候。
one's
twenties/thirties/forties…，二十多歲/三十多歲/四十多歲……10的倍數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式可用于表達(dá)近似的、非確定的數(shù)量，與所有格形容詞(my等)連用時(shí)表示大約的年齡：
My aunt Jennifer is in her late thirties/early forties, but she often
appears on the stage as a young girl.
我的姑媽詹妮弗已接近四十歲/四十出頭，但她卻常在舞臺(tái)上扮演小姑娘。
5.Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to
success. 弗蘭克回想著他早年的艱難經(jīng)歷和走過(guò)的漫長(zhǎng)的成功之路，微笑了。
(1)hard意思很多，在這里指“艱難的”、“困苦的”：
She lived a hard life in those years.
那些年她的生活很艱難。
(2)one's early years指某人的早年(生活)，意義相近的表達(dá)方式為early in one's life。
(3) the long road to
success是一種比喻的說(shuō)法，因?yàn)閟uccess是抽象名詞。to在這里表示方向、目的地，意義為“朝”、“往”、“向”等，這個(gè)短語(yǔ)的字面意義為“通向成功的漫漫長(zhǎng)路”。
語(yǔ)法 Grammar in use
1.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)
在第7課的語(yǔ)法中我們學(xué)習(xí)了過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。它主要表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，和一般過(guò)去時(shí)經(jīng)常在一個(gè)句子里使用。與一般過(guò)去時(shí)相比，它更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性，一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表示比較短暫的動(dòng)作或事件。在敘述故事時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)往往用來(lái)表示背景：
Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a
young man.
昨天下午弗蘭克·霍金斯向我講述了他年輕時(shí)的經(jīng)歷。
He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
他正笑著的時(shí)候門開了，他的妻子走了進(jìn)來(lái)。
Last Sunday, I went and sat on the river bank as usual.
Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people
rowing on the river.
上星期天，我和往常一樣，又去河邊坐著。河岸上有些孩子正在玩耍，河面上有些人正在劃船。(過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)描述背景)
比較典型的表示過(guò)去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的表達(dá)方式如：
What were you doing at two o'clock?I was looking for you everywhere.
兩點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)你在干什么?我到處找你。
I was fishing.
我那時(shí)在釣魚。
2.used to do
我們用used to do表示過(guò)去有過(guò)但現(xiàn)在已不存在的習(xí)慣，以便將過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在形成對(duì)照。它后面經(jīng)常用由but now…，but not…any
more/any longer等構(gòu)成的、用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句子以強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的不同之處。
I used to smoke, but I don't any more/any longer.我過(guò)去常吸煙，但現(xiàn)在已不吸了。
He used to be a lazy boy, but now he is very
hard-working.他過(guò)去是個(gè)懶孩子，但現(xiàn)在他很勤奮。
used to僅用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。它的疑問句和否定句形式可以不用助動(dòng)詞do而用used本身：
Used he to smoke?
他過(guò)去吸煙嗎?
He usedn't / used not to smoke.
他從前并不吸煙。
但比較常用的形式是did和didn't:
Did he use to smoke?
他過(guò)去吸煙嗎?
He didn't use to smoke.
他從前不吸煙。
在針對(duì)used to提間時(shí)，一般也用did:
I used to be a good swimmer.
我過(guò)去是個(gè)游泳好手。
Did you really?I didn't even know you could swim.
真約嗎?我以前甚至不知道你會(huì)游泳。
課文詳注 Further notes on the text
1.Before he retired, Frank was the head of a very large business company,
but as a boy he used to work in a small shop.
在退休前，弗蘭克是一家非常大的商業(yè)公司的經(jīng)理，但他小時(shí)侯卻在一家小鋪里做工。
(1)head在此處的意思不是人或動(dòng)物的“頭部”，而是“首領(lǐng)”、“頭目”，一般出現(xiàn)在“the head of +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中：
John is the head of the family.
約翰是一家之主。
Frank is the head of that firm.
弗蘭克是那家公司的總裁。
(2) as在這里為介詞，表不“當(dāng)……時(shí)”，as a boy相當(dāng)于 as he was a boy。
2.It was his job to repair bicycles…他那時(shí)的工作是修理自行車……
it為“先行主語(yǔ)”，句子的真正主語(yǔ)為to repair bicycles。
3.He saved money for years and in 1958 he bought a small workshop of his
own. 他靠多年積蓄，于1958年買下了自己的一個(gè)小鋪?zhàn)印?BR> (1)for years表示“許多年”。
(2)of one's own為固定短語(yǔ)，表示“自己的”、“屬于自己的”，own為代詞：
He wanted a room of his own.
他想要一個(gè)自己的房間。
Do you have a house of your own?
你有自己的房子嗎?
4.in one's twenties，(在某人)二十多歲的時(shí)候。
one's
twenties/thirties/forties…，二十多歲/三十多歲/四十多歲……10的倍數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式可用于表達(dá)近似的、非確定的數(shù)量，與所有格形容詞(my等)連用時(shí)表示大約的年齡：
My aunt Jennifer is in her late thirties/early forties, but she often
appears on the stage as a young girl.
我的姑媽詹妮弗已接近四十歲/四十出頭，但她卻常在舞臺(tái)上扮演小姑娘。
5.Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to
success. 弗蘭克回想著他早年的艱難經(jīng)歷和走過(guò)的漫長(zhǎng)的成功之路，微笑了。
(1)hard意思很多，在這里指“艱難的”、“困苦的”：
She lived a hard life in those years.
那些年她的生活很艱難。
(2)one's early years指某人的早年(生活)，意義相近的表達(dá)方式為early in one's life。
(3) the long road to
success是一種比喻的說(shuō)法，因?yàn)閟uccess是抽象名詞。to在這里表示方向、目的地，意義為“朝”、“往”、“向”等，這個(gè)短語(yǔ)的字面意義為“通向成功的漫漫長(zhǎng)路”。
語(yǔ)法 Grammar in use
1.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)
在第7課的語(yǔ)法中我們學(xué)習(xí)了過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。它主要表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，和一般過(guò)去時(shí)經(jīng)常在一個(gè)句子里使用。與一般過(guò)去時(shí)相比，它更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性，一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表示比較短暫的動(dòng)作或事件。在敘述故事時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)往往用來(lái)表示背景：
Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a
young man.
昨天下午弗蘭克·霍金斯向我講述了他年輕時(shí)的經(jīng)歷。
He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
他正笑著的時(shí)候門開了，他的妻子走了進(jìn)來(lái)。
Last Sunday, I went and sat on the river bank as usual.
Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people
rowing on the river.
上星期天，我和往常一樣，又去河邊坐著。河岸上有些孩子正在玩耍，河面上有些人正在劃船。(過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)描述背景)
比較典型的表示過(guò)去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的表達(dá)方式如：
What were you doing at two o'clock?I was looking for you everywhere.
兩點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)你在干什么?我到處找你。
I was fishing.
我那時(shí)在釣魚。
2.used to do
我們用used to do表示過(guò)去有過(guò)但現(xiàn)在已不存在的習(xí)慣，以便將過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在形成對(duì)照。它后面經(jīng)常用由but now…，but not…any
more/any longer等構(gòu)成的、用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句子以強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的不同之處。
I used to smoke, but I don't any more/any longer.我過(guò)去常吸煙，但現(xiàn)在已不吸了。
He used to be a lazy boy, but now he is very
hard-working.他過(guò)去是個(gè)懶孩子，但現(xiàn)在他很勤奮。
used to僅用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。它的疑問句和否定句形式可以不用助動(dòng)詞do而用used本身：
Used he to smoke?
他過(guò)去吸煙嗎?
He usedn't / used not to smoke.
他從前并不吸煙。
但比較常用的形式是did和didn't:
Did he use to smoke?
他過(guò)去吸煙嗎?
He didn't use to smoke.
他從前不吸煙。
在針對(duì)used to提間時(shí)，一般也用did:
I used to be a good swimmer.
我過(guò)去是個(gè)游泳好手。
Did you really?I didn't even know you could swim.
真約嗎?我以前甚至不知道你會(huì)游泳。