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【篇一】
Spare that spider不要傷害蜘蛛
Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race．Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals．We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders．Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.
Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them．One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.>>
How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch．Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects．It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day．It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.
你可能會覺得奇怪，蜘蛛怎么會是我們的朋友呢？因為它們能消滅那么多的昆蟲，其中包括一些人類的大敵。要不是人類受一些食蟲動物的保護，昆蟲就會使我們無法在地球上生活下去，昆蟲會吞食我們的全部莊稼，殺死我們的成群的牛羊。我們要十分感謝那些吃昆蟲的鳥和獸，然而把它們所殺死的昆蟲全部加在一起也只相當于蜘蛛所消滅的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食蟲動物，它們絲毫不危害我們和我們的財物。
許多人認為蜘蛛是昆蟲，但它們不是昆蟲，甚至與昆蟲毫無關(guān)系。人們幾乎一眼就能看出二者的差異，因為蜘蛛都是8條腿，而昆蟲的腿從不超過6條。
有多少蜘蛛在為我們效力呢？一位研究蜘蛛的權(quán)威對英國南部一塊草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次調(diào)查。他估計每英畝草坪里有225萬多只蜘蛛。這就是說，在一個足球場上約有600萬只不同種類的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年忙于吃昆蟲。它們一年中消滅了多少昆蟲，我們簡直無法猜測，它們是吃不飽的動物，不滿意一日三餐。據(jù)估計，在英國蜘蛛一年里所消滅昆蟲的重量超過了這個國家人口的總重量。
【篇二】
Secrecy in industry 工業(yè)中的秘密
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.>>
有兩個因素嚴重地妨礙著工業(yè)中科學(xué)研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛；二是研究人員缺乏個人自由。任何一項研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國家、其他大學(xué)、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門的同行們進行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)性的研究。因此不保密對他們才有利。然而，依賴這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進行的，直到可以取得專利權(quán)的階段為止。更多的工藝過程根本就不會取得專利權(quán)，而是作為秘方保存著。這在化學(xué)工業(yè)方面尤其突出。同物理和機械工業(yè)相比，化學(xué)工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機會要多得多。有時，保密竟達到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個性質(zhì)都不準提及。比如，很多公司向圖書館借閱科技書籍時感到很困難，因為它們不愿讓人家記下它們公司的名字和借閱的某一本書。他們生怕別的公司的情報人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項科研項目。
【篇三】
Finding fossil man 發(fā)現(xiàn)化石人
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.
But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first‘modern men’ came from.
Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.
我們從書籍中可以讀到5,000年前近東發(fā)生的事情，那里的人最早學(xué)會了寫字。但直到現(xiàn)在，世界上仍然有些地方；人們還不會書寫。他們保存歷史的辦法是將歷史當作傳說講述，由講述人一代接一代地將史實描述為傳奇故事口傳下來。這些傳說是很有用的，因為它們能告訴我們以往人們遷居的情況。但是；沒有人能把他們當時做的事情記載下來。人類學(xué)家過去不清楚如今生活在太平洋諸島上的波利尼西亞人的祖先來自何方，當?shù)厝说膫髡f卻告訴了人們：其中有一部分是約在2,000年前從印度尼西亞遷來的。
但是，和我們相似的原始人生活的年代太久遠了；因此，有關(guān)他們的傳說即使有如今也失傳了。于是，考古學(xué)家們既缺乏歷史記載，又無口頭傳說來幫助他們弄清最早的“現(xiàn)代人”是從哪里來的。
然而，幸運的是，遠古人用石頭制作了工具，特別是用燧石，因力燧石較之其他石頭更易成形。他們也可能用過木頭和獸皮，但這類東西早已腐爛殆盡。石頭是不會腐爛的。因此，盡管制造這些工具的人的骨頭早已蕩然無存；但遠古時代的石頭工具卻保存了下來。
【篇一】
Spare that spider不要傷害蜘蛛
Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race．Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals．We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders．Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.
Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them．One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.>>
How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch．Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects．It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day．It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.
你可能會覺得奇怪，蜘蛛怎么會是我們的朋友呢？因為它們能消滅那么多的昆蟲，其中包括一些人類的大敵。要不是人類受一些食蟲動物的保護，昆蟲就會使我們無法在地球上生活下去，昆蟲會吞食我們的全部莊稼，殺死我們的成群的牛羊。我們要十分感謝那些吃昆蟲的鳥和獸，然而把它們所殺死的昆蟲全部加在一起也只相當于蜘蛛所消滅的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食蟲動物，它們絲毫不危害我們和我們的財物。
許多人認為蜘蛛是昆蟲，但它們不是昆蟲，甚至與昆蟲毫無關(guān)系。人們幾乎一眼就能看出二者的差異，因為蜘蛛都是8條腿，而昆蟲的腿從不超過6條。
有多少蜘蛛在為我們效力呢？一位研究蜘蛛的權(quán)威對英國南部一塊草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次調(diào)查。他估計每英畝草坪里有225萬多只蜘蛛。這就是說，在一個足球場上約有600萬只不同種類的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年忙于吃昆蟲。它們一年中消滅了多少昆蟲，我們簡直無法猜測，它們是吃不飽的動物，不滿意一日三餐。據(jù)估計，在英國蜘蛛一年里所消滅昆蟲的重量超過了這個國家人口的總重量。
【篇二】
Secrecy in industry 工業(yè)中的秘密
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.>>
有兩個因素嚴重地妨礙著工業(yè)中科學(xué)研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛；二是研究人員缺乏個人自由。任何一項研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國家、其他大學(xué)、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門的同行們進行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)性的研究。因此不保密對他們才有利。然而，依賴這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進行的，直到可以取得專利權(quán)的階段為止。更多的工藝過程根本就不會取得專利權(quán)，而是作為秘方保存著。這在化學(xué)工業(yè)方面尤其突出。同物理和機械工業(yè)相比，化學(xué)工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機會要多得多。有時，保密竟達到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個性質(zhì)都不準提及。比如，很多公司向圖書館借閱科技書籍時感到很困難，因為它們不愿讓人家記下它們公司的名字和借閱的某一本書。他們生怕別的公司的情報人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項科研項目。
【篇三】
Finding fossil man 發(fā)現(xiàn)化石人
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.
But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first‘modern men’ came from.
Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.
我們從書籍中可以讀到5,000年前近東發(fā)生的事情，那里的人最早學(xué)會了寫字。但直到現(xiàn)在，世界上仍然有些地方；人們還不會書寫。他們保存歷史的辦法是將歷史當作傳說講述，由講述人一代接一代地將史實描述為傳奇故事口傳下來。這些傳說是很有用的，因為它們能告訴我們以往人們遷居的情況。但是；沒有人能把他們當時做的事情記載下來。人類學(xué)家過去不清楚如今生活在太平洋諸島上的波利尼西亞人的祖先來自何方，當?shù)厝说膫髡f卻告訴了人們：其中有一部分是約在2,000年前從印度尼西亞遷來的。
但是，和我們相似的原始人生活的年代太久遠了；因此，有關(guān)他們的傳說即使有如今也失傳了。于是，考古學(xué)家們既缺乏歷史記載，又無口頭傳說來幫助他們弄清最早的“現(xiàn)代人”是從哪里來的。
然而，幸運的是，遠古人用石頭制作了工具，特別是用燧石，因力燧石較之其他石頭更易成形。他們也可能用過木頭和獸皮，但這類東西早已腐爛殆盡。石頭是不會腐爛的。因此，盡管制造這些工具的人的骨頭早已蕩然無存；但遠古時代的石頭工具卻保存了下來。