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【篇一】The source of Energy
A summary of the physical and chemical nature of life must begin, not on the Earth, but in the Sun; in fact, at the Sun's very center. It is here that is to be found the source of the energy that the Sun constantly pours out into space as light and heat. This energy is librated at the center of the Sun as billions upon billions of nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide with each other and fuse together to form nuclei of helium, and in doing so, release some of the energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms. The output of light and heat of the Sun requires that some 600 million tons of hydrogen be converted into helium in the Sun every second. This the Sun has been doing for several thousands of millions of year.
The nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun to be reemitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation , in its turn is absorbed and reemitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the X-ray part of the spectrum eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.
【篇二】譯文
能量的來源
概說生命的物理和化學(xué)特性必須始于太陽--確切地說，是太陽的核心，而非地球。能量來自太陽的核心。在這里，太陽不停地以光和熱的形式向空間傾瀉出能量。數(shù)十億計的氫原子核在太陽的核心碰撞并且聚變生成氦。在此過程中一部分原本儲存于原子核中的能量被釋放出來。太陽所產(chǎn)生的光和熱需要每秒將六億噸氫轉(zhuǎn)化為氦。這樣的轉(zhuǎn)化在太陽中已經(jīng)持續(xù)幾十億年了。
核能在太陽的核心被釋放為高能的伽馬射線。這是一種電磁射線，就象光波和無線電波一樣，只是波長要短得多。這種伽瑪射線被太陽內(nèi)的原子所吸收，然后重新釋放為波長稍長一些的光波。這新的射線再次被吸收，而后釋放。在能量由太陽內(nèi)部一層層滲透出來的過程中，它經(jīng)過了光譜中X射線部分，最后變成了光。在此階段，能量到達(dá)我們所稱的太陽表層，并且離散到空間而不再被太陽原子所吸收。只有很小一部分太陽的光和熱由此方向釋放出來，并且未被阻擋，穿越星空，來到地球。
【篇三】Obtaining Fresh water from icebergs
The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areas and arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food.
Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked until recently. Three-quarters of the Earth's fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years. Floating on the oceans every year are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year.
Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea. As they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult.The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinization, or removing salt from water.
【篇四】譯文
從冰山中獲取淡水
把冰山拖到世界上人口稠密的地區(qū)和干旱地帶，再從中獲取淡水，這個想法曾一度被認(rèn)為是一個笑話，更適合于卡通畫，而非現(xiàn)實(shí)生活。然而現(xiàn)在，許多國家正相當(dāng)認(rèn)真地考慮這件事情，特別是在科學(xué)家們發(fā)出警告之后?？茖W(xué)家們認(rèn)為人類將在耗盡糧食之前首先耗盡淡水資源。
冰川是一個直到最近以前一直被忽視的可能的淡水源。全球四分之三的淡水還鎖在冰川的冰塊中。冰川就是一個蓄水池，其中未開發(fā)的淡水量是如此巨大，足夠支持全世界的江河1000年。每年有7,659萬億公噸冰漂流在海洋中。它們包含在10,000座從極地冰帽中斷裂出來的冰山中。這些冰山的90%以上來自南極。一年四季里，覆蓋在淺層大陸架上的巨大冰川生成了眾多冰山。
冰山和海水的冰不同，后者是海水自身結(jié)冰形成的，而冰山則完全是在陸地上形成的。當(dāng)冰川伸展到海水中時，冰山就斷裂下來。當(dāng)漂離極地地區(qū)時，冰山有時會在底層洋流的推動下頗為神秘地逆風(fēng)移動。由于冰山比小塊的冰融化要慢，因此有的冰山在大西洋中向北飄到了赤道以南35°的地方。把冰山蓄攔起來并拖到世界上需要它們的地方將不會太困難。有困難的是其它的技術(shù)事宜。比如，如何防止冰山在較暖的氣候中迅速融化以及如何把大量的淡水收集到岸上去。但是，即便在拖的過程中冰山失去了一半體積，這樣做也遠(yuǎn)比從海水中脫鹽取得淡水便宜。