新概念英語作為一套世界聞名的英語教程，以其全新的教學(xué)理念，有趣的課文內(nèi)容和全面的技能訓(xùn)練，深受廣大英語學(xué)習(xí)者的歡迎和喜愛。為了方便同學(xué)們的學(xué)習(xí)，為大家整理了全面的新概念第四冊課文翻譯及學(xué)習(xí)筆記，希望為大家的新概念英語學(xué)習(xí)提供幫助!
Lesson16
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What is the author's main argument about the modern city?
In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea ofthe true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, andthronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.
ALEXIS CARREL Man, the Unknown
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
physiological adj. 生理的
maximum adj. 大限度的
consideration n. 考慮
descendant n. 子孫，后代
artificial n. 人工的
impose v. 強(qiáng)加
dimension n. 直徑
skyscraper n. 摩天大樓
tenant n. 租戶
civilized adj. 文明的
banal adj. 平庸
luxury n. 豪華
deprive v. 剝奪
monstrous adj. 畸形的
edifice n. 大廈
toxic adj. 有毒的
ceaselessly adv. 不停地
throng v. 擠滿，壅塞
【課文注釋】
1.neglect疏忽，忽略。
①作動詞，If you neglect someone or something, you fail to give them the amount of attention that they deserve.
例句：No country can afford to neglect education.
任何國家都不容忽視教育。
②作名詞。
例句：She was severely criticized for neglect of duty.
她因玩忽職守而受到嚴(yán)厲批評。
③動詞短語neglect to do sth：忘記做某事。
例句：He neglected to write and say `Thank you'.
他因疏忽而未寫信道謝。
2.the maximum production at lowest cost，以低成本獲得多產(chǎn)品。
3.in order that...，以使……，為了……，引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。
用詞組in order來表示“為了……”有以下幾種用法：
①in order to do sth，這里in order后面加動詞不定式。
例句：He lit a cigarette in order to calm his mind.
他點(diǎn)燃一支香煙，鎮(zhèn)定一下情緒。
②in order for sth，這里in order后面加for再加名詞或名詞短語。
例句：He lit a cigarette in order for a calm mind.
他點(diǎn)燃一支香煙，鎮(zhèn)定一下情緒。
③in order that，這里in order后面加that再加從句。
例句：He lit a cigarette in order that it could help calm his mind.
他點(diǎn)燃了一支香煙，以幫助他鎮(zhèn)定情緒。
4.without any idea of，完全忽視……。
the idea of是個(gè)和靈活的詞組，來看一下幾句例句：
例句①：The idea of traveling around Europe with my friends excited me!
和朋友一起去環(huán)游歐洲的主意讓我很激動。
例句②：Without the idea of saving money, she splash out on whatever interests her.
她沒有要省錢的念頭，看到什么感興趣的就買什么。
5.without giving any consideration to...，完全不考慮……。
give consideration to，考慮。
例句：An important principle is to give consideration to both the army and the people, to both public and private interests.
一個(gè)很重要的原則是軍民兼顧，公私兼顧。
6.imposed by...由……帶來的。
impose sth on sb/sth，把……強(qiáng)加于……。
例句：He imposed his presence on us for the weekend.
他硬要跟我們一起過周末。
7.with no ragard for，不考慮……。
with regard for，考慮……。要和另一個(gè)很相似的詞組with regard to注意區(qū)分。前者表示考慮……，后者表示關(guān)于，至于。
例句①：With regard for a better bilateray relationship, the two countries decide to break the ice and move on.
考慮到雙邊關(guān)系，兩國決定冰釋前嫌，重新開始。
例句②：I have nothing to say with regard to your complaints.
對于你的投訴,我無可奉告。
8.be deprived of，被剝奪。
If you deprive someone of something that they want or need, you take it away from them, or you prevent them from having it.
例句：If you do not drive carefully, I shall be obliged to deprive you of your licence.
如果您不謹(jǐn)慎駕駛，我將不得不沒收您的執(zhí)照。
9.throng，擁擠，人群。
①作名詞：群集，擁擠的人群。
例句：She had to press through the throng to reach the stage.
她不得不穿過擁擠的人群走上舞臺。
②作動詞：擁擠，群集。
例句：thronged the main square of the city.
城里的大廣場上擠滿了人群。
【參考譯文】
在工業(yè)生活的組織中，工廠對工人的生理和精神狀態(tài)的影響完全被忽視了?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)的基本概念是：以低成本獲取多產(chǎn)品，為的是讓某個(gè)個(gè)人或某一部分人盡可能多地賺錢?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)發(fā)展起來了，卻根本沒想到操作機(jī)器的人的本質(zhì)。工廠把一種人為的生存方式強(qiáng)加給工人，卻不顧及這種生存方式給工人及其后代帶來的影響。大城市的建設(shè)毫不關(guān)心我們。摩天大樓完全是按這樣的需要修建的：每平方英尺地皮取得大收入和向租房人提供使他滿意的辦公室和住房。這樣就導(dǎo)致了許多摩天大廈拔地而起，大廈內(nèi)眾多的人擠地一起。文明人喜歡這樣一種生活方式。在享受自己住宅的舒適和庸俗的豪華時(shí)，卻沒有意識到被剝奪了生活所必需的東西。大得嚇人的高樓和陰暗狹窄的街道組成了今日現(xiàn)代化的城市。街道上充斥著汽油味和有毒氣體，出租汽車、卡車、公共汽車的噪音刺耳難忍，絡(luò)繹不絕的人群擠來擠去。顯然，現(xiàn)代化的城市不是這居民的利益而規(guī)劃的。
Lesson17
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis?
In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits. It overran a whole continent. It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created. Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits. So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population. It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated. There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.
Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence. A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis. It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate. It spread through France, Where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as a sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry. The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.
RITCHIE CALDER Science Makes Sense
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
physiological adj. 生理的
settlement n. 新拓居地
enterprising adj. 有事業(yè)心的
settler n. 移居者
Antipodes n. 新西蘭和澳大利亞(英)
promiscuous adj. 雜亂的
abandon n. 放任，縱情
overrun v. 蔓延，泛濫
devastation n. 破壞，劫掠
burrow v. 挖、掘
susceptible adj. 易受感染的
virus n. 病毒
myxomatosis n. 多發(fā)性粘液瘤
infect v. 傳染
epidemic n. 流行病
mosquito n. 蚊蟲
carrier n. 帶菌者
exterminate v. 消滅
ironically adv. 具有諷刺意味地
bequeath v. 把...傳給
pest n. 害蟲，有害動物
pestilence n. 瘟疫
confine n. 范圍
domesticate v. 馴養(yǎng)
【課文注釋】
1.so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits，這里so that引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語從句，可譯成“因此便以兔子所特有的雜亂交配繁衍后代”。
2.overrun擴(kuò)展占領(lǐng);超過。
①spread over and occupy (a place) in great numbers：擴(kuò)展并占領(lǐng)(某地)。
例句：This country has been overrun by enemy troops.
這個(gè)國家已經(jīng)被敵軍占領(lǐng)。
②continue beyond or exceed (a time allowed, etc)：超過、 超越(時(shí)限等)。
例句：The news programme overran the allotted time.
新聞節(jié)目超出了規(guī)定的時(shí)間。
3.be susceptible to...，易受……影響的。
①If you are susceptible to something or someone, you are very likely to be influenced by them.
例句：He is the kind of guy who is highly susceptible to flattery.
他是那種聽幾句好話就忘乎所以的人。
②be susceptible of...，能經(jīng)受某事物。
例句：Is your statement susceptible of proof?
你的說法能加以證實(shí)嗎?
4.let loose，讓亂跑;放開;釋放。
這個(gè)詞組可以表達(dá)很靈活的意思，既可以表示文中所說的“讓亂跑”，也可以用來表示“釋放想象力”、“釋放壓力”、“放松”、“松懈”等，總之就是使……不受拘束。
例句：Just close your eyes and let loose your imagination.
閉上眼睛，海闊天空地遐想一番吧。
例句：I do now let loose my opinion.
我現(xiàn)在確實(shí)暢所欲言發(fā)表了我的看法。
5.pass...on to，把……傳給。
If you pass something on to someone, you give it to them so that they have it instead of you.
例句：She caught my cold and passed it on to her husband.
我感冒傳染了她，她又傳給她丈夫了。
pass...down，傳遞，一般是指一代一代的傳承，或是逝者傳承給生者，注意與pass...on區(qū)分用法。
例句：Folk music has been passed down from one generation to another.
民間音樂是一代一代地流傳下來的。
6.get rid of，擺脫，除去。
When you get rid of something/someone that you do not want or do not like, you take action so that you no longer have it or suffer from it.
例句：We have an extractor fan in the kitchen to get rid of the smell of cooking.
我們的廚房里有臺排氣扇，用來消除油煙。
例句：He was a boring nuisance! I'm glad to be rid of him.
他這人真討厭!我很慶幸能擺脫他的糾纏。
7.remain within the confines of his estate，被局限在他的莊園內(nèi)。
①confine...in/to...把……限制在某范圍以內(nèi)。
例句：After her operation, she was confined to bed for a week.
她手術(shù)之后已臥床一星期了。
②形容詞形式為confined。
例句：It is hard to work efficiently in such a confined space.
在這樣狹小的空間里工作很難提高效率。
【參考譯文】
在澳大利亞移民初期，一些有創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的移民不明智地把歐洲兔子引進(jìn)了澳大利亞。這種兔子在澳大利亞及新西蘭沒有天敵，因此便以兔子所特有的雜亂交配迅猛繁殖起來。整個(gè)澳洲兔子成災(zāi)。它們在地下打洞，吃掉本可以飼養(yǎng)數(shù)百萬頭牛羊的牧草，給澳洲大陸造成了毀滅性的破壞?？茖W(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種特殊品種的兔子(顯然不包括別的動物)易患一種叫“多發(fā)性粘液瘤”的致命毒性疾病。通過讓染上此病的動物在洞內(nèi)亂跑，就可以使這種疾病在一個(gè)地區(qū)蔓延起來。后來又發(fā)現(xiàn)，有一種蚊子是傳播這種疾病的媒介，能把此病傳染給兔子。因此，世界上其他地方在設(shè)法消滅蚊子的時(shí)候，澳大利亞卻在促使這種蚊子大量繁殖。蚊子把這種疾病擴(kuò)散到整個(gè)澳洲大陸，效果甚佳，結(jié)果兔子的數(shù)目在為減少。后來，明顯看出，兔子對這種疾病已產(chǎn)生了一定程度的免疫力，所以兔子不可能被完全消滅。但是，已有希望解決兔子所帶來的問題。
具有諷刺意味的是，歐洲把這種兔子作為有害動物傳給澳洲，而歐洲自己卻染上了這種人為的瘟疫般的疾病。一位法國內(nèi)科醫(yī)生決定除掉自己莊園內(nèi)的野兔子，于是引進(jìn)了這種多發(fā)性粘液瘤疾病。然而，這種疾病并未被局限在他的莊園內(nèi)，結(jié)果在整個(gè)法國蔓延開來。野兔在法國一般不被當(dāng)作有害動物，而被視為打獵取樂的玩物和有用的食物來源。這種疾病又蔓延到了英國。在英國，野兔被當(dāng)作有害的動物，可是家兔是賺錢的毛皮工業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)，然而家兔同樣易感染這種疾病?，F(xiàn)在的問題是，人類能否控制住這種人為的疾病。
Lesson18
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What would you say is the main characteristic of porpoises?
There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation. Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship. In 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress. If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies. It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.
Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive. They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities. One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane. Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together. In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly. This knocks the turtle down several feet. He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank. He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.
RALPH NADING HILL Window in the Sea
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
porpoise n. 海豚
mariner n. 水手
shark n. 鯊魚
formation n. 隊(duì)形
dolphin n. 海豚科動物
unconscious adj. 不省人事
beaver n. 海貍
ashore adv. 上岸
waterlogged adj. 浸滿水的
scent n. 香味
ensue v. 接著發(fā)生
intrigue v. 引起興趣
indignity n. 侮辱
snout n. 口鼻部
shove v. 硬推
aquaplane n. 駕浪滑水板
oceanarium n. 水族館
swoop v. 猛撲
belly n. 腹部
equilibrium n. 平衡
butt v. 碰撞
crack n. 重?fù)?BR> 【課文注釋】
1.however intelligent they may be，不管它們有多聰明，這是一個(gè)讓步狀語從句，相當(dāng)于no matter how intelligent they may be。
no matter what/how/who/which/where = whatever/however/whoever/whichever/wherever
例句：Whatever you say, I will not change my mind. = No matter what you say, I will not change my mind.
不管你說什么，我都不會改變主意的。
2.credit sb with sth，把某事歸功于某人。
If people credit someone with an achievement or if it is credited to them, people say or believe that they were responsible for it.
例句：Until now I've always credited you with more sense.
在這以前，我一直都認(rèn)為你不至如此糊涂。
3.out of curiosity，出于好奇。
You use out of to say what feeling or reason causes someone to do something. out of+名詞：出于……，由于……。
例句：He has been taking care of her out of the sense of guilt.
出于負(fù)罪感，他一直在照顧她。
4.as in riding the bow waves of a ship，就像它們追逐被船首犁開的浪花一樣。
5.If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks...，as是關(guān)系代詞，代替they have protected humans from sharks。
6.a battle ensued，隨之發(fā)生搏斗。
If something ensues, it happens immediately after another event, usually as a result of it.繼而發(fā)生，接著。
例句：Bitter arguments ensued from this misunderstanding.
這一誤會引發(fā)了激烈的爭論。
7.Whether it be bird, fish or beast...，這是一個(gè)讓步狀語從句，用的是虛擬語氣形式。
8.be intrigued with，對……感興趣。
①intrigue (with sb) gainst sb：(聯(lián)合某人)對某人搞陰謀詭計(jì)。
例句：She was intriguing with her sister against her mother.
她和妹妹串通搗鬼跟母親作對。
②intrigue sb，激起某人的興趣。
例句：What you say intrigues me; tell me more.
你說的很有意思，多給我講些吧。
9.submit to，屈服，屈從于。
①If you submit to something, you unwillingly allow something to be done to you, or you do what someone wants, for example because you are not powerful enough to resist.屈服于。
例句：She refused to submit to his control.
她不屈服于他的控制。
②If you submit a proposal, report, or request to someone, you formally send it to them so that they can consider it or decide about it.遞交。
例句：Please submit your application form in quadruplicate.
請交申請表一式四份。
10.for dear life，拼命地。
例句：As soon as they saw the farmer coming, the boys dropped the apples they had stolen, and ran for dear life.
一看見有農(nóng)工走過來，那群孩子們就丟掉偷摘的蘋果，拼命跑來了。
11.He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack.它剛站起來，就被一只海豚擊倒。
no sooner...than/hardly...when，這兩個(gè)詞組表示“一……就……”。
例句：We had ardly begun our walk when it began to rain.
我們剛一舉步就下起雨來了。
【參考譯文】
長期以來，海員中流傳著一種迷信的說法，認(rèn)為海豚會把快要淹死的人托到水面，救人性命;或在人們周圍列隊(duì)保護(hù)，使他們免遭鯊魚傷害。海洋攝影室的生物學(xué)家指出，無論海豚多么聰明，認(rèn)為它們有救人的動機(jī)可能是錯(cuò)誤的。當(dāng)它們偶爾把一個(gè)失去知覺的人推到岸邊時(shí)，更大的可能是出于好奇或游戲，就像它們追逐被船首犁開的浪花一樣。1928年，有人拍攝到了海豚像海貍一樣把浸透水的床墊推上岸的情景。正如報(bào)道中所說，如果海豚保護(hù)人不受鯊魚侵害，那么它們可能是出于好奇;而鯊魚可能是聞到了可以美食一頓的香味。海豚和鯊魚是天然仇敵，雙方可能隨之發(fā)生搏斗，搏斗結(jié)果是海豚趕走或咬死鯊魚。
海豚對凡是活的東西都感興趣，不管是鳥、是魚，還是野獸。它們經(jīng)常追逐海龜，海龜則溫順地忍受著各種侮辱。一只小海豚特別喜歡用鼻子把海龜推到水面，然后像滑水板一樣把海龜從水池的這一邊推到那一邊。幾乎每天都可以看到一只小海豚把鼻子頂入一只300磅重的海龜?shù)挠矚は旅?，拼命地把它翻過來。這并非易事，可能需要兩只海豚合伙干才行。在另一場游戲中，當(dāng)海龜游過水族館時(shí)，第一只海豚從上方猛撲下去，用腹部撞擊龜殼。這一下子把海龜撞下去好幾英尺。海龜剛恢復(fù)平衡，第二只海豚又沖過來猛擊一下。這只海龜終被撞到池底。此時(shí)的海龜，只要能站起來就滿足了，但它剛站起來，就被一只海豚擊倒。海龜終于屈服了，將4條腿縮進(jìn)殼內(nèi)。游戲到此結(jié)束。
Lesson16
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What is the author's main argument about the modern city?
In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea ofthe true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, andthronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.
ALEXIS CARREL Man, the Unknown
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
physiological adj. 生理的
maximum adj. 大限度的
consideration n. 考慮
descendant n. 子孫，后代
artificial n. 人工的
impose v. 強(qiáng)加
dimension n. 直徑
skyscraper n. 摩天大樓
tenant n. 租戶
civilized adj. 文明的
banal adj. 平庸
luxury n. 豪華
deprive v. 剝奪
monstrous adj. 畸形的
edifice n. 大廈
toxic adj. 有毒的
ceaselessly adv. 不停地
throng v. 擠滿，壅塞
【課文注釋】
1.neglect疏忽，忽略。
①作動詞，If you neglect someone or something, you fail to give them the amount of attention that they deserve.
例句：No country can afford to neglect education.
任何國家都不容忽視教育。
②作名詞。
例句：She was severely criticized for neglect of duty.
她因玩忽職守而受到嚴(yán)厲批評。
③動詞短語neglect to do sth：忘記做某事。
例句：He neglected to write and say `Thank you'.
他因疏忽而未寫信道謝。
2.the maximum production at lowest cost，以低成本獲得多產(chǎn)品。
3.in order that...，以使……，為了……，引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。
用詞組in order來表示“為了……”有以下幾種用法：
①in order to do sth，這里in order后面加動詞不定式。
例句：He lit a cigarette in order to calm his mind.
他點(diǎn)燃一支香煙，鎮(zhèn)定一下情緒。
②in order for sth，這里in order后面加for再加名詞或名詞短語。
例句：He lit a cigarette in order for a calm mind.
他點(diǎn)燃一支香煙，鎮(zhèn)定一下情緒。
③in order that，這里in order后面加that再加從句。
例句：He lit a cigarette in order that it could help calm his mind.
他點(diǎn)燃了一支香煙，以幫助他鎮(zhèn)定情緒。
4.without any idea of，完全忽視……。
the idea of是個(gè)和靈活的詞組，來看一下幾句例句：
例句①：The idea of traveling around Europe with my friends excited me!
和朋友一起去環(huán)游歐洲的主意讓我很激動。
例句②：Without the idea of saving money, she splash out on whatever interests her.
她沒有要省錢的念頭，看到什么感興趣的就買什么。
5.without giving any consideration to...，完全不考慮……。
give consideration to，考慮。
例句：An important principle is to give consideration to both the army and the people, to both public and private interests.
一個(gè)很重要的原則是軍民兼顧，公私兼顧。
6.imposed by...由……帶來的。
impose sth on sb/sth，把……強(qiáng)加于……。
例句：He imposed his presence on us for the weekend.
他硬要跟我們一起過周末。
7.with no ragard for，不考慮……。
with regard for，考慮……。要和另一個(gè)很相似的詞組with regard to注意區(qū)分。前者表示考慮……，后者表示關(guān)于，至于。
例句①：With regard for a better bilateray relationship, the two countries decide to break the ice and move on.
考慮到雙邊關(guān)系，兩國決定冰釋前嫌，重新開始。
例句②：I have nothing to say with regard to your complaints.
對于你的投訴,我無可奉告。
8.be deprived of，被剝奪。
If you deprive someone of something that they want or need, you take it away from them, or you prevent them from having it.
例句：If you do not drive carefully, I shall be obliged to deprive you of your licence.
如果您不謹(jǐn)慎駕駛，我將不得不沒收您的執(zhí)照。
9.throng，擁擠，人群。
①作名詞：群集，擁擠的人群。
例句：She had to press through the throng to reach the stage.
她不得不穿過擁擠的人群走上舞臺。
②作動詞：擁擠，群集。
例句：thronged the main square of the city.
城里的大廣場上擠滿了人群。
【參考譯文】
在工業(yè)生活的組織中，工廠對工人的生理和精神狀態(tài)的影響完全被忽視了?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)的基本概念是：以低成本獲取多產(chǎn)品，為的是讓某個(gè)個(gè)人或某一部分人盡可能多地賺錢?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)發(fā)展起來了，卻根本沒想到操作機(jī)器的人的本質(zhì)。工廠把一種人為的生存方式強(qiáng)加給工人，卻不顧及這種生存方式給工人及其后代帶來的影響。大城市的建設(shè)毫不關(guān)心我們。摩天大樓完全是按這樣的需要修建的：每平方英尺地皮取得大收入和向租房人提供使他滿意的辦公室和住房。這樣就導(dǎo)致了許多摩天大廈拔地而起，大廈內(nèi)眾多的人擠地一起。文明人喜歡這樣一種生活方式。在享受自己住宅的舒適和庸俗的豪華時(shí)，卻沒有意識到被剝奪了生活所必需的東西。大得嚇人的高樓和陰暗狹窄的街道組成了今日現(xiàn)代化的城市。街道上充斥著汽油味和有毒氣體，出租汽車、卡車、公共汽車的噪音刺耳難忍，絡(luò)繹不絕的人群擠來擠去。顯然，現(xiàn)代化的城市不是這居民的利益而規(guī)劃的。
Lesson17
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis?
In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits. It overran a whole continent. It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created. Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits. So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population. It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated. There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.
Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence. A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis. It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate. It spread through France, Where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as a sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry. The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.
RITCHIE CALDER Science Makes Sense
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
physiological adj. 生理的
settlement n. 新拓居地
enterprising adj. 有事業(yè)心的
settler n. 移居者
Antipodes n. 新西蘭和澳大利亞(英)
promiscuous adj. 雜亂的
abandon n. 放任，縱情
overrun v. 蔓延，泛濫
devastation n. 破壞，劫掠
burrow v. 挖、掘
susceptible adj. 易受感染的
virus n. 病毒
myxomatosis n. 多發(fā)性粘液瘤
infect v. 傳染
epidemic n. 流行病
mosquito n. 蚊蟲
carrier n. 帶菌者
exterminate v. 消滅
ironically adv. 具有諷刺意味地
bequeath v. 把...傳給
pest n. 害蟲，有害動物
pestilence n. 瘟疫
confine n. 范圍
domesticate v. 馴養(yǎng)
【課文注釋】
1.so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits，這里so that引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語從句，可譯成“因此便以兔子所特有的雜亂交配繁衍后代”。
2.overrun擴(kuò)展占領(lǐng);超過。
①spread over and occupy (a place) in great numbers：擴(kuò)展并占領(lǐng)(某地)。
例句：This country has been overrun by enemy troops.
這個(gè)國家已經(jīng)被敵軍占領(lǐng)。
②continue beyond or exceed (a time allowed, etc)：超過、 超越(時(shí)限等)。
例句：The news programme overran the allotted time.
新聞節(jié)目超出了規(guī)定的時(shí)間。
3.be susceptible to...，易受……影響的。
①If you are susceptible to something or someone, you are very likely to be influenced by them.
例句：He is the kind of guy who is highly susceptible to flattery.
他是那種聽幾句好話就忘乎所以的人。
②be susceptible of...，能經(jīng)受某事物。
例句：Is your statement susceptible of proof?
你的說法能加以證實(shí)嗎?
4.let loose，讓亂跑;放開;釋放。
這個(gè)詞組可以表達(dá)很靈活的意思，既可以表示文中所說的“讓亂跑”，也可以用來表示“釋放想象力”、“釋放壓力”、“放松”、“松懈”等，總之就是使……不受拘束。
例句：Just close your eyes and let loose your imagination.
閉上眼睛，海闊天空地遐想一番吧。
例句：I do now let loose my opinion.
我現(xiàn)在確實(shí)暢所欲言發(fā)表了我的看法。
5.pass...on to，把……傳給。
If you pass something on to someone, you give it to them so that they have it instead of you.
例句：She caught my cold and passed it on to her husband.
我感冒傳染了她，她又傳給她丈夫了。
pass...down，傳遞，一般是指一代一代的傳承，或是逝者傳承給生者，注意與pass...on區(qū)分用法。
例句：Folk music has been passed down from one generation to another.
民間音樂是一代一代地流傳下來的。
6.get rid of，擺脫，除去。
When you get rid of something/someone that you do not want or do not like, you take action so that you no longer have it or suffer from it.
例句：We have an extractor fan in the kitchen to get rid of the smell of cooking.
我們的廚房里有臺排氣扇，用來消除油煙。
例句：He was a boring nuisance! I'm glad to be rid of him.
他這人真討厭!我很慶幸能擺脫他的糾纏。
7.remain within the confines of his estate，被局限在他的莊園內(nèi)。
①confine...in/to...把……限制在某范圍以內(nèi)。
例句：After her operation, she was confined to bed for a week.
她手術(shù)之后已臥床一星期了。
②形容詞形式為confined。
例句：It is hard to work efficiently in such a confined space.
在這樣狹小的空間里工作很難提高效率。
【參考譯文】
在澳大利亞移民初期，一些有創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的移民不明智地把歐洲兔子引進(jìn)了澳大利亞。這種兔子在澳大利亞及新西蘭沒有天敵，因此便以兔子所特有的雜亂交配迅猛繁殖起來。整個(gè)澳洲兔子成災(zāi)。它們在地下打洞，吃掉本可以飼養(yǎng)數(shù)百萬頭牛羊的牧草，給澳洲大陸造成了毀滅性的破壞?？茖W(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種特殊品種的兔子(顯然不包括別的動物)易患一種叫“多發(fā)性粘液瘤”的致命毒性疾病。通過讓染上此病的動物在洞內(nèi)亂跑，就可以使這種疾病在一個(gè)地區(qū)蔓延起來。后來又發(fā)現(xiàn)，有一種蚊子是傳播這種疾病的媒介，能把此病傳染給兔子。因此，世界上其他地方在設(shè)法消滅蚊子的時(shí)候，澳大利亞卻在促使這種蚊子大量繁殖。蚊子把這種疾病擴(kuò)散到整個(gè)澳洲大陸，效果甚佳，結(jié)果兔子的數(shù)目在為減少。后來，明顯看出，兔子對這種疾病已產(chǎn)生了一定程度的免疫力，所以兔子不可能被完全消滅。但是，已有希望解決兔子所帶來的問題。
具有諷刺意味的是，歐洲把這種兔子作為有害動物傳給澳洲，而歐洲自己卻染上了這種人為的瘟疫般的疾病。一位法國內(nèi)科醫(yī)生決定除掉自己莊園內(nèi)的野兔子，于是引進(jìn)了這種多發(fā)性粘液瘤疾病。然而，這種疾病并未被局限在他的莊園內(nèi)，結(jié)果在整個(gè)法國蔓延開來。野兔在法國一般不被當(dāng)作有害動物，而被視為打獵取樂的玩物和有用的食物來源。這種疾病又蔓延到了英國。在英國，野兔被當(dāng)作有害的動物，可是家兔是賺錢的毛皮工業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)，然而家兔同樣易感染這種疾病?，F(xiàn)在的問題是，人類能否控制住這種人為的疾病。
Lesson18
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What would you say is the main characteristic of porpoises?
There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation. Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship. In 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress. If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies. It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.
Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive. They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities. One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane. Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together. In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly. This knocks the turtle down several feet. He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank. He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.
RALPH NADING HILL Window in the Sea
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
porpoise n. 海豚
mariner n. 水手
shark n. 鯊魚
formation n. 隊(duì)形
dolphin n. 海豚科動物
unconscious adj. 不省人事
beaver n. 海貍
ashore adv. 上岸
waterlogged adj. 浸滿水的
scent n. 香味
ensue v. 接著發(fā)生
intrigue v. 引起興趣
indignity n. 侮辱
snout n. 口鼻部
shove v. 硬推
aquaplane n. 駕浪滑水板
oceanarium n. 水族館
swoop v. 猛撲
belly n. 腹部
equilibrium n. 平衡
butt v. 碰撞
crack n. 重?fù)?BR> 【課文注釋】
1.however intelligent they may be，不管它們有多聰明，這是一個(gè)讓步狀語從句，相當(dāng)于no matter how intelligent they may be。
no matter what/how/who/which/where = whatever/however/whoever/whichever/wherever
例句：Whatever you say, I will not change my mind. = No matter what you say, I will not change my mind.
不管你說什么，我都不會改變主意的。
2.credit sb with sth，把某事歸功于某人。
If people credit someone with an achievement or if it is credited to them, people say or believe that they were responsible for it.
例句：Until now I've always credited you with more sense.
在這以前，我一直都認(rèn)為你不至如此糊涂。
3.out of curiosity，出于好奇。
You use out of to say what feeling or reason causes someone to do something. out of+名詞：出于……，由于……。
例句：He has been taking care of her out of the sense of guilt.
出于負(fù)罪感，他一直在照顧她。
4.as in riding the bow waves of a ship，就像它們追逐被船首犁開的浪花一樣。
5.If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks...，as是關(guān)系代詞，代替they have protected humans from sharks。
6.a battle ensued，隨之發(fā)生搏斗。
If something ensues, it happens immediately after another event, usually as a result of it.繼而發(fā)生，接著。
例句：Bitter arguments ensued from this misunderstanding.
這一誤會引發(fā)了激烈的爭論。
7.Whether it be bird, fish or beast...，這是一個(gè)讓步狀語從句，用的是虛擬語氣形式。
8.be intrigued with，對……感興趣。
①intrigue (with sb) gainst sb：(聯(lián)合某人)對某人搞陰謀詭計(jì)。
例句：She was intriguing with her sister against her mother.
她和妹妹串通搗鬼跟母親作對。
②intrigue sb，激起某人的興趣。
例句：What you say intrigues me; tell me more.
你說的很有意思，多給我講些吧。
9.submit to，屈服，屈從于。
①If you submit to something, you unwillingly allow something to be done to you, or you do what someone wants, for example because you are not powerful enough to resist.屈服于。
例句：She refused to submit to his control.
她不屈服于他的控制。
②If you submit a proposal, report, or request to someone, you formally send it to them so that they can consider it or decide about it.遞交。
例句：Please submit your application form in quadruplicate.
請交申請表一式四份。
10.for dear life，拼命地。
例句：As soon as they saw the farmer coming, the boys dropped the apples they had stolen, and ran for dear life.
一看見有農(nóng)工走過來，那群孩子們就丟掉偷摘的蘋果，拼命跑來了。
11.He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack.它剛站起來，就被一只海豚擊倒。
no sooner...than/hardly...when，這兩個(gè)詞組表示“一……就……”。
例句：We had ardly begun our walk when it began to rain.
我們剛一舉步就下起雨來了。
【參考譯文】
長期以來，海員中流傳著一種迷信的說法，認(rèn)為海豚會把快要淹死的人托到水面，救人性命;或在人們周圍列隊(duì)保護(hù)，使他們免遭鯊魚傷害。海洋攝影室的生物學(xué)家指出，無論海豚多么聰明，認(rèn)為它們有救人的動機(jī)可能是錯(cuò)誤的。當(dāng)它們偶爾把一個(gè)失去知覺的人推到岸邊時(shí)，更大的可能是出于好奇或游戲，就像它們追逐被船首犁開的浪花一樣。1928年，有人拍攝到了海豚像海貍一樣把浸透水的床墊推上岸的情景。正如報(bào)道中所說，如果海豚保護(hù)人不受鯊魚侵害，那么它們可能是出于好奇;而鯊魚可能是聞到了可以美食一頓的香味。海豚和鯊魚是天然仇敵，雙方可能隨之發(fā)生搏斗，搏斗結(jié)果是海豚趕走或咬死鯊魚。
海豚對凡是活的東西都感興趣，不管是鳥、是魚，還是野獸。它們經(jīng)常追逐海龜，海龜則溫順地忍受著各種侮辱。一只小海豚特別喜歡用鼻子把海龜推到水面，然后像滑水板一樣把海龜從水池的這一邊推到那一邊。幾乎每天都可以看到一只小海豚把鼻子頂入一只300磅重的海龜?shù)挠矚は旅?，拼命地把它翻過來。這并非易事，可能需要兩只海豚合伙干才行。在另一場游戲中，當(dāng)海龜游過水族館時(shí)，第一只海豚從上方猛撲下去，用腹部撞擊龜殼。這一下子把海龜撞下去好幾英尺。海龜剛恢復(fù)平衡，第二只海豚又沖過來猛擊一下。這只海龜終被撞到池底。此時(shí)的海龜，只要能站起來就滿足了，但它剛站起來，就被一只海豚擊倒。海龜終于屈服了，將4條腿縮進(jìn)殼內(nèi)。游戲到此結(jié)束。