新概念英語第四冊(cè)學(xué)習(xí)手冊(cè)【Lesson16、17、18】

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為了方便同學(xué)們的學(xué)習(xí),為大家整理了新概念英語第四冊(cè)學(xué)習(xí)手冊(cè),新概念英語作為一套世界聞名的英語教程,以其全新的教學(xué)理念,有趣的課文內(nèi)容和全面的技能訓(xùn)練,深受廣大英語學(xué)習(xí)者的歡迎和喜愛。希望以下內(nèi)容能夠?yàn)榇蠹业男赂拍钣⒄Z學(xué)習(xí)提供幫助!
    Lesson 16
    The modern city
    現(xiàn)代城市
    What is the author's main argument about the modern city?
    In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.
    ALEXIS CARREL Man, the Unknown
    New words and expressions 生詞和短語
    physiological
    adj. 生理的
    maximum
    adj. 大限度的
    consideration
    n. 考慮
    descendant
    n. 子孫,后代
    artificial
    n. 人工的
    impose
    v. 強(qiáng)加
    dimension
    n. 直徑
    skyscraper
    n. 摩天大樓
    tenant
    n. 租戶
    civilized
    adj. 文明的
    banal
    adj. 平庸
    luxury
    n. 豪華
    deprive
    v. 剝奪
    monstrous
    adj. 畸形的
    edifice
    n. 大廈
    toxic
    adj. 有毒的
    ceaselessly
    adv. 不停地
    throng
    v. 擠滿,壅塞
    參考譯文
    在工業(yè)生活的組織中,工廠對(duì)工人的生理和精神狀態(tài)的影響完全被忽視了?,F(xiàn)代工業(yè)的基本概念是:以低成本獲取多產(chǎn)品,為的是讓某個(gè)個(gè)人或某一部分人盡可能多地賺錢?,F(xiàn)代工業(yè)發(fā)展起來了,卻根本沒想到操作機(jī)器的人的本質(zhì)。工廠把一種人為的生存方式強(qiáng)加給工人,卻不顧及這種生存方式給工人及其后代帶來的影響。大城市的建設(shè)毫不關(guān)心我們。摩天大樓完全是按這樣的需要修建的:每平方英尺地皮取得大收入和向租房人提供使他滿意的辦公室和住房。這樣就導(dǎo)致了許多摩天大廈拔地而起,大廈內(nèi)眾多的人擠地一起。文明人喜歡這樣一種生活方式。在享受自己住宅的舒適和庸俗的豪華時(shí),卻沒有意識(shí)到被剝奪了生活所必需的東西。大得嚇人的高樓和陰暗狹窄的街道組成了今日現(xiàn)代化的城市。街道上充斥著汽油味和有毒氣體,出租汽車、卡車、公共汽車的噪音刺耳難忍,絡(luò)繹不絕的人群擠來擠去。顯然,現(xiàn)代化的城市不是這居民的利益而規(guī)劃的。
    Lesson 17
    A man-made disease
    人為的疾病
    What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis?
    In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits. It overran a whole continent. It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created. Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits. So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population. It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated. There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.
    Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence. A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis. It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate. It spread through France, Where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry. The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.
    RITCHIE CALDER Science Makes Sense
    New words and expressions 生詞和短語
    settlement
    n. 新拓居地
    enterprising
    adj. 有事業(yè)心的
    settler
    n. 移居者
    Antipodes
    n. 新西蘭和澳大利亞(英)
    promiscuous
    adj. 雜亂的
    abandon
    n. 放任,縱情
    overrun
    v. 蔓延,泛濫
    devastation
    n. 破壞,劫掠
    burrow
    v. 挖、掘
    susceptible
    adj. 易受感染的
    virus
    n. 病毒
    myxomatosis
    n. 多發(fā)性粘液瘤
    infect
    v. 傳染
    epidemic
    n. 流行病
    mosquito
    n. 蚊蟲
    carrier
    n. 帶菌者
    exterminate
    v. 消滅
    ironically
    adv. 具有諷刺意味地
    bequeath
    v. 把...傳給
    pest
    n. 害蟲,有害動(dòng)物
    pestilence
    n. 瘟疫
    confine
    n. 范圍
    domesticate
    v. 馴養(yǎng)
    參考譯文
    在澳大利亞移民初期,一些有創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的移民不明智地把歐洲兔子引進(jìn)了澳大利亞。這種兔子在澳大利亞及新西蘭沒有天敵,因此便以兔子所特有的雜亂交配迅猛繁殖起來。整個(gè)澳洲兔子成災(zāi)。它們?cè)诘叵麓蚨?,吃掉本可以飼養(yǎng)數(shù)百萬頭牛羊的牧草,給澳洲大陸造成了毀滅性的破壞。科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn),這種特殊品種的兔子(顯然不包括別的動(dòng)物)易患一種叫“多發(fā)性粘液瘤”的致命毒性疾病。通過讓染上此病的動(dòng)物在洞內(nèi)亂跑,就可以使這種疾病在一個(gè)地區(qū)蔓延起來。后來又發(fā)現(xiàn),有一種蚊子是傳播這種疾病的媒介,能把此病傳染給兔子。因此,世界上其他地方在設(shè)法消滅蚊子的時(shí)候,澳大利亞卻在促使這種蚊子大量繁殖。蚊子把這種疾病擴(kuò)散到整個(gè)澳洲大陸,效果甚佳,結(jié)果兔子的數(shù)目在為減少。后來,明顯看出,兔子對(duì)這種疾病已產(chǎn)生了一定程度的免疫力,所以兔子不可能被完全消滅。但是,已有希望解決兔子所帶來的問題。
    具有諷刺意味的是,歐洲把這種兔子作為有害動(dòng)物傳給澳洲,而歐洲自己卻染上了這種人為的瘟疫般的疾病。一位法國內(nèi)科醫(yī)生決定除掉自己莊園內(nèi)的野兔子,于是引進(jìn)了這種多發(fā)性粘液瘤疾病。然而,這種疾病并未被局限在他的莊園內(nèi),結(jié)果在整個(gè)法國蔓延開來。野兔在法國一般不被當(dāng)作有害動(dòng)物,而被視為打獵取樂的玩物和有用的食物來源。這種疾病又蔓延到了英國。在英國,野兔被當(dāng)作有害的動(dòng)物,可是家兔是賺錢的毛皮工業(yè)的基礎(chǔ),然而家兔同樣易感染這種疾病。現(xiàn)在的問題是,人類能否控制住這種人為的疾病。
    Lesson 18
    Porpoises
    海豚
    What would you say is the main characteristic of porpoises?
    There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation. Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship. In 1928 some porpoises were photographer working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress. If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies. It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.
    Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive. They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities. One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane. Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together. In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly. This knocks the turtle down several feet. He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank. He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.
    RALPH NADING HILL Window in the Sea
    New words and expressions 生詞和短語
    porpoise
    n. 海豚
    mariner
    n. 水手
    shark
    n. 鯊魚
    formation
    n. 隊(duì)形
    dolphin
    n. 海豚科動(dòng)物
    unconscious
    adj. 不省人事
    beaver
    n. 海貍
    ashore
    adv. 上岸
    waterlogged
    adj. 浸滿水的
    scent
    n. 香味
    ensue
    v. 接著發(fā)生
    intrigue
    v. 引起興趣
    indignity
    n. 侮辱
    snout
    n. 口鼻部
    shove
    v. 硬推
    aquaplane
    n. 駕浪滑水板
    oceanarium
    n. 水族館
    swoop
    v. 猛撲
    belly
    n. 腹部
    equilibrium
    n. 平衡
    butt
    v. 碰撞
    crack
    n. 重?fù)?BR>    參考譯文
    長期以來,海員中流傳著一種迷信的說法,認(rèn)為海豚會(huì)把快要淹死的人托到水面,救人性命;或在人們周圍列隊(duì)保護(hù),使他們免遭鯊魚傷害。海洋攝影室的生物學(xué)家指出,無論海豚多么聰明,認(rèn)為它們有救人的動(dòng)機(jī)可能是錯(cuò)誤的。當(dāng)它們偶爾把一個(gè)失去知覺的人推到岸邊時(shí),更大的可能是出于好奇或游戲,就像它們追逐被船首犁開的浪花一樣。1928年,有人拍攝到了海豚像海貍一樣把浸透水的床墊推上岸的情景。正如報(bào)道中所說,如果海豚保護(hù)人不受鯊魚侵害,那么它們可能是出于好奇;而鯊魚可能是聞到了可以美食一頓的香味。海豚和鯊魚是天然仇敵,雙方可能隨之發(fā)生搏斗,搏斗結(jié)果是海豚趕走或咬死鯊魚。
    海豚對(duì)凡是活的東西都感興趣,不管是鳥、是魚,還是野獸。它們經(jīng)常追逐海龜,海龜則溫順地忍受著各種侮辱。一只小海豚特別喜歡用鼻子把海龜推到水面,然后像滑水板一樣把海龜從水池的這一邊推到那一邊。幾乎每天都可以看到一只小海豚把鼻子頂入一只300磅重的海龜?shù)挠矚は旅妫疵匕阉^來。這并非易事,可能需要兩只海豚合伙干才行。在另一場游戲中,當(dāng)海龜游過水族館時(shí),第一只海豚從上方猛撲下去,用腹部撞擊龜殼。這一下子把海龜撞下去好幾英尺。海龜剛恢復(fù)平衡,第二只海豚又沖過來猛擊一下。這只海龜終被撞到池底。此時(shí)的海龜,只要能站起來就滿足了,但它剛站起來,就被一只海豚擊倒。海龜終于屈服了,將4條腿縮進(jìn)殼內(nèi)。游戲到此結(jié)束。