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Egypt’s Nubians埃及的努比亞人
Let them go home 帶他們回家
The Nubians have given much to Egypt. Time for the country to give back
努比亞人為埃及做了很多貢獻，埃及是時候來回饋他們了
Sep 17th 2016 | ASWAN | From the print edition 2016年9月17日/阿斯旺/來自印刷版
FROM a boat on the reservoir between Egypt’s high and low dams in Aswan, a local Nubian man called Haj Omar points to where the ancient temple of Philae used to be. After the low dam was completed in 1902, the site was often flooded, so in the 1960s the temple was moved, piece by piece, to higher ground some 500 metres downriver. Mr Omar then points down, towards his grandfather’s house—it was not moved and is now underwater.在阿斯旺高低壩中間的水庫上有一條小船，船上有個一個當?shù)嘏葋喨私凶龉?奧馬，他為我們指出了以前的菲萊廟所在地。他告訴我們。自從1902年低壩建成后，這里就常常被洪水侵襲，因此在60年代神廟開始一點一點地搬遷到距離下游500米的高處。奧馬先生隨后告訴我們，他祖父的房子一直沒有搬遷而且也沒有被洪水淹沒。
The Nubian people are descended from an ancient African civilisation that once ruled a large empire, including all of Egypt for a brief period. For thousands of years they have lived on the banks of the Nile river, from southern Egypt to northern Sudan. Christianity penetrated the region in the 4th century, but most Nubians converted to Islam in the 15th and 16th centuries, as they came under the sway of Arab powers. When Sudan seceded from Egypt in 1956, the Nubian community was split between the two countries.曾有一種古非洲文明一度統(tǒng)治了包括埃及地區(qū)在內(nèi)的巨大王國，努比亞人就繼承了這種文明。上千年過去，他們居住范圍從尼羅河畔的印度南部一直延伸到蘇丹北部。(讀者試譯。)蘇丹脫離后，努比亞從此分裂成兩個區(qū)域。
Despite efforts to save Nubian monuments, much of this rich history was washed away by the construction of a series of dams, culminating with the Aswan high dam in 1970. Most of the Nubian homeland now sits under the reservoir called Lake Nasser. Tens of thousands of Nubians were forcibly resettled. Ever since then they have been marginalised politically, socially and economically, says Maja Janmyr of the University of Bergen.盡管努比亞人正在努力保存他們的文化，但從1970年阿斯旺高壩建成以來，還是有很多歷史文化隨著一系列堤壩的建造而消失?，F(xiàn)如今大多數(shù)坐落在水庫下游的努比亞人家園被稱為尼采湖。上萬努比亞人被迫遷居。卑爾根大學的麥加、杰邁爾說：從那時到現(xiàn)在，努比亞人已被政治，經(jīng)濟，社會排擠到邊緣地帶。
In the mid-1960s some 50,000 Nubians were resettled around Kom Ombo, about 50km (30 miles) north of Aswan and some 25km away from the Nile. Their number has now swelled to almost 90,000, by one estimate. Few are satisfied with their new home. Villagers complain that the government-built houses are crumbling and that their compensation was inadequate. But their primary objection is over the location. “Take a Nubian away from the Nile and he cannot live,” says Mr Omar.在20世紀60年代中期，在阿斯旺北部約50公里(30英里)、距尼羅河25公里的康溫波(Kom Ombo)，約有50000努比亞人重新安家。他們現(xiàn)在的人口估計已經(jīng)增長到約90000人。很少有人對他們的新家感到滿意。有一些村民抱怨政府蓋的房子不抵事，而且政府給的補貼也不夠。但是他們最不滿意的是新家的位置?！芭葋喨穗x開了尼羅河無法生存?！眾W馬爾先生說道。
A turning point appeared to come in 2014, when Egypt’s post-revolution constitution was rewritten with the help of Haggag Oddoul, a respected Nubian novelist. The document represents the first official recognition of the Nubian homeland and establishes the goal of developing the area, with local input, within ten years. It also outlaws discrimination. Most importantly, article 236 sets out a Nubian right of return.2014年似乎是這件事的轉(zhuǎn)折點。這一年，埃及的后革命時期的憲法在一位德高望重的努比亞小說家Haggag Oddoul的協(xié)助下被重新改寫。這部新憲法代表了埃及對于努比亞人原居住地的首次官方認同，它也確立了未來十年這個區(qū)域依靠當?shù)赝度氲陌l(fā)展目標。同時，這部憲法將歧視非法化。最重要的是，憲法的第236條明確規(guī)定重新賦予努比亞人應有的權(quán)利。
Yet little has changed. “Since the constitution was ratified, the state has been stalling,” says Muhammad Azmy, head of the Public Nubian Union, a pressure group. A draft law on resettlement has “disappeared”, he says. Meanwhile, a decree issued by Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi, the president, and approved by parliament in January, designates many of the villages to which Nubians hope to return as off-limits and under military control.但是發(fā)生的改變卻很少。壓力集團公共努比亞聯(lián)盟的首腦Muhammad Azmy說道：“自從新憲法生效以來，整個國家就一直擱置著這件事?！彼€說，草案里有關重新安置我們居住地的條款“消失了”。同時，總統(tǒng)阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·塞西(Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi)頒布了一條法令，且于一月獲得議會批準，將努比亞人民希望要回的村落指定為軍事控制下的禁區(qū)。 Officials fear that Nubians might one day demand independence. There is little sign of that, but the government is breeding resentment. Many Nubians now suspect article 236 was simply a way to gain their support for the constitution. Even Mr Oddoul is sceptical. “Egypt’s corrupt institutions are working on preventing Nubians from returning so they can take over the Nubian land and use it [for] their benefit,” he says.政府害怕努比亞人某天獨立出去。盡管并沒有多少這樣的跡象，但政府還是心存怨恨。許多努比亞人懷疑先發(fā)第236條就是為了獲得他們對政府的支持而設立的。甚至奧都先生對此也持懷疑態(tài)度。他說：”埃及的腐敗體制就是為了防止努比亞人回歸，他們拿走努比亞人的土地來為自己換取利益?！?BR> Some believe there is an official effort, beginning with the displacements, to wipe out Nubian culture. The state has long cultivated a single, Arab identity. (The census, for example, does not record ethnic data.) As Nubians were uprooted and spread out, many lost touch with their heritage. Few who were born in cities such as Cairo, Alexandria and Suez speak the Nubian language. “If we don’t return soon to our home, we will only be Nubians by colour,” says Mr Oddoul, referring to Nubians’ generally darker skin.一些人認為政府從搬遷政策的開始就打算消滅努比亞文化，政府正打算長期培養(yǎng)人們的阿拉伯身份。(例如戶籍登記中不包括民族數(shù)據(jù))努比亞人正因此被分裂，背井離鄉(xiāng)的同時喪失他們的文化遺產(chǎn)?，F(xiàn)今少數(shù)出生在開羅，亞歷山德拉和蘇伊士的人還可以說努比亞語。奧都先生指出：“如果再不返回家鄉(xiāng)，除了皮膚顏色。我們很難再成為真正的努比亞人。”(他指的是努比亞人慣有的黑色皮膚)
With the help of the internet, and through art and music, younger Nubians have tried to reinvigorate their culture. They have also organised protests and lawsuits against Mr Sisi’s decree. This has led to tension between Nubians. “The older generation is more accommodating of the state,” says Mr Azmy. They are also more patriotic: many supported the dam because they thought it would benefit Egypt. Yet they have little to show for their patriotism. The least the government could do is let Nubians go home.在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的幫助下,年輕的努比亞人試圖通過藝術和音樂重振他們的文化。他們有組織的*和起訴西席的法令。這導致努比亞人之間的緊張關系。阿斯麥先生說“老一輩更適應國家現(xiàn)狀“。他們也更愛國:許多支持大壩,因為他們認為這將有利于埃及。迄今為止他們沒有機會來顯示自己的愛國情懷，而政府至少可以做的事讓努比亞人回家。