托福閱讀能力的提高永遠(yuǎn)離不開(kāi)以下三個(gè)方面:詞匯的積累、語(yǔ)法的掌握和文章的閱讀,因?yàn)閱卧~是基礎(chǔ),任何句子都是以詞為單位的,其次,語(yǔ)法是理解一個(gè)句子的關(guān)鍵之處,只有掌握了常用的句法結(jié)構(gòu),才能有助于我們明白作者所想表達(dá)的意思。最后,大量的閱讀文章將會(huì)是的方法來(lái)提高自己的整體英語(yǔ)能力,文章是以句子為單位,句子又以詞為單位,所以,三者是相輔相成的,缺一不可。
相信參加過(guò)托??荚嚮蛘哒趥淇嫉膶W(xué)生一定都會(huì)知道,在托福閱讀文章中,長(zhǎng)難句占的比例很大,所占分值也很高,直接關(guān)系著我們是否理解文章,那么如何突破長(zhǎng)難句呢?我只能說(shuō)在掌握一定的單詞基礎(chǔ)之上,根據(jù)語(yǔ)法來(lái)劃分是關(guān)鍵之處,所以,今天主要針對(duì)托福語(yǔ)法進(jìn)行一個(gè)詳細(xì)的介紹和講解,希望能夠幫助到所有需要的人。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法主要分成以下幾個(gè)版塊:詞類(lèi)、句子成分、句子構(gòu)成、時(shí)態(tài)、從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)。對(duì)于參加托福的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),大部分已經(jīng)對(duì)詞類(lèi)基本掌握,而后三項(xiàng)在閱讀文章中體現(xiàn)的不是特別明顯,因此,我主要就其與幾個(gè)版塊進(jìn)行一一講解。
首先是句子成分,英語(yǔ)中有九種句子成分,即:主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和插入語(yǔ)。
1.主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,一般情況下位于句首,常常做主語(yǔ)的有名詞,代詞,動(dòng)名詞doing,不定式to do,數(shù)詞,特殊疑問(wèn)詞+不定式,the+ adj./ done,定語(yǔ)從句。
Reliance on trade had several important consequences. (名詞做主語(yǔ))
Nothing can conceal his anxiety and fear. (不定代詞nothing 做主語(yǔ))
Taking immediate measures is of great significance to solve environmental problems.
To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼見(jiàn)為實(shí))
Five is my lucky number. (數(shù)詞做主語(yǔ)成分)
What to do next puzzles the scientists most. (特殊疑問(wèn)詞+不定式做主語(yǔ))
The rich should help the poor.(富人應(yīng)該幫助窮人。其中the +adj.表示一類(lèi)人。)
Workers were bound to their masters by contract that defines the terms of the partnership.
2.謂語(yǔ),說(shuō)的簡(jiǎn)單一點(diǎn)就是動(dòng)詞。其中又主要分為四大類(lèi);實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞。英語(yǔ)中有80%都是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,都具有實(shí)在、具體的意義,包括及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后邊可以直接加賓語(yǔ),而不及物動(dòng)詞必須要在后邊加上介詞才可以跟賓語(yǔ)。比如說(shuō),play computer games, watch TV,均屬于及物動(dòng)詞,listen to the radio, belong to me則屬于不及物動(dòng)詞。第二,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后邊需要跟的是動(dòng)詞原形,常見(jiàn)的有must, may, might, can, could, need, will, would, shall, should 等。第三,助動(dòng)詞只有do/ does/ did + 動(dòng)詞原形,和have/ has/ had + done用于完成時(shí)。兩者都沒(méi)有具體的意義。最后,就是系動(dòng)詞,包括 ○1 be動(dòng)詞am, is, are;○2 感官動(dòng)詞feel, look, sound, taste, smell;例如:The song sounds beautiful. You look very tired. ○3變化類(lèi)系動(dòng)詞get, become, go, fall, turn, come等,具體的來(lái)說(shuō),它們互不相同,其中g(shù)et用的比較頻繁一些,口語(yǔ)中也很常見(jiàn),go一般接的是消極的詞匯,如:The young lady went mad. The milk has gone sour. 而fall和come的話(huà),則有固定搭配,fall ill/ asleep, come true,turn一般情況下指顏色的變化,例:Leaves turned yellow. ○4 保持類(lèi)系動(dòng)詞keep, remain, stay,比如說(shuō)keep healthy, keep the room warm等等。○5其他類(lèi)系動(dòng)詞prove, seem, appear,例如:It seems/appears impossible that he won the match eventually. 以上所提到的系動(dòng)詞的后邊都需要跟表語(yǔ)。
以上內(nèi)容主要針對(duì)句子成分中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的介紹,這些基礎(chǔ)的語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容恰恰是理解句子的關(guān)鍵所在。
以上介紹的是句子成分中的前兩個(gè):主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),接下來(lái)則主要針對(duì)剩下的七個(gè)句子成分進(jìn)行詳細(xì)講解。
3.賓語(yǔ),可以放在介詞后邊或者動(dòng)詞后邊,即介賓和動(dòng)賓。介賓結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單些,比如in the classroom,其中classroom做的就是賓語(yǔ)成分。一般做賓語(yǔ)的主要有以下幾種:名詞,代詞,動(dòng)名詞doing,數(shù)詞,the+ adj./done,特殊疑問(wèn)詞+不定式do,賓語(yǔ)從句。一般情況下,除了從句以外,能做主語(yǔ)的都可以做賓語(yǔ)。例如,
○1.Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became extinct. (名詞作賓語(yǔ)成分)
○2.The data provide nothing useful for further study. (不定代詞做做賓語(yǔ))
○3Many businessmen avoid being influenced by the economic downturn.
○4In China, most people doesn't like four, because it is believed to bring bad luck for them. (數(shù)詞做賓語(yǔ))
○5The government encourage the retired to do some volunteer work in the community. (the +done做賓語(yǔ))
○6None of the tourists knows where to go now. (where+ to do)
○7Scientists hypothesized that a single asteroid collided with earth.(從句)
4. 表語(yǔ)成分則需要放在系動(dòng)詞之后,通常做表語(yǔ)的有:名詞,形容詞,代詞,動(dòng)名詞,不定式to do,介賓結(jié)構(gòu),副詞,數(shù)詞,the+ adj./done,表語(yǔ)從句。
名詞作表語(yǔ):Whether he will come or not is still a mystery.
形容詞做表語(yǔ):It is hard to understand why they would not be affected.
代詞做表語(yǔ):This is all that I could do for you.
動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ):The mechanic's job is repairing all kinds of vehicles.
不定式做表語(yǔ):What they should do is to adapt to the new environment.
介賓結(jié)構(gòu)做表語(yǔ):A bunch of flowers is on the table.
副詞做表語(yǔ):The sun is up. Nobody is in. I will be back soon.
數(shù)詞做表語(yǔ):My lucky number is five.
The+ adj./done做表語(yǔ):The injured were taken to the hospital.
表語(yǔ)從句做表語(yǔ):What we want to know is whether there are lives on other planets.
5. 定語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法中是相當(dāng)重要的,不論是托福中的哪一個(gè)單項(xiàng),都離不開(kāi)定語(yǔ)的應(yīng)用,所以希望學(xué)生們一定要爭(zhēng)取全面理解并掌握這一語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。通俗的來(lái)說(shuō),定語(yǔ)翻譯成漢語(yǔ)就是"的",即用于修飾和限制名詞的。其中又分成前置定語(yǔ)和后置定語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)放在被修飾的成分前邊就是前置,反之則是后置。可以做定語(yǔ)的有很多:名詞,形容詞,介賓結(jié)構(gòu),數(shù)詞,現(xiàn)在分詞doing,過(guò)去分詞done,不定式to do,定語(yǔ)從句。接下來(lái)會(huì)重點(diǎn)講解。
名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),多數(shù)用它的單數(shù)形式,例如:an office building(辦公樓);the beauty contest(選美大賽);the information age(信息時(shí)代);generation gap(代溝);credit card(明信片)
形容詞做定語(yǔ)有前置和后置之分,例如:exciting news;a brilliant boy;一般以a-開(kāi)頭的形容詞被稱(chēng)為表語(yǔ)形容詞,需要做后置定語(yǔ),I have no time available.(可以利用的時(shí)間,做后置), the light ahead (前面的燈),類(lèi)似的詞語(yǔ)還有alone, asleep, 等等。
介賓結(jié)構(gòu)做后置定語(yǔ),a boy in a hat(戴帽子的小男孩),The books on the shelf belong to the old man. The lady in red is our new teacher.
數(shù)詞做定語(yǔ),Three thousand students attend the lecture.
現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ),a developing country(發(fā)展中國(guó)家),a swimming pool,此為前置定語(yǔ)。The man standing under the tree did me a favor yesterday.(在本句話(huà)中standing under the tree是現(xiàn)在分詞做的后置定語(yǔ),修飾的是the man。因?yàn)閠he man和stand是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以要用現(xiàn)在分詞。)
過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ),fallen leaves(落葉),the frozen meat,此為后置定語(yǔ)。The problem discussed in the meeting has not been solved yet. (本句話(huà)中discussed in the meeting 是過(guò)去分詞做后置定語(yǔ),修飾the problem。因?yàn)閠he problem和discuss是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以要用過(guò)去分詞。)
不定式做后置定語(yǔ),We have a lot of things to do when it comes to the environment.
定語(yǔ)從句做定語(yǔ),The desert, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing .
以上講解的是所有可以賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)的情況,并列舉了相應(yīng)的例句來(lái)結(jié)合理解,除此之外,考生還需要在備考的過(guò)程中,就TPO真題的篇章進(jìn)項(xiàng)一定量的整套分析。