托福考試的寫作部分分為綜合寫作和獨立寫作兩部分：
其中多數(shù)考生比較熟悉的獨立寫作部分需要考生根據(jù)題目要求表達自己的觀點，分論點闡述并提供佐證的論據(jù);
而綜合寫作則包括閱讀部分、聽力部分和最后需要完成的寫作部分。綜合寫作不要求學生表達自己的觀點，考生們只需要綜合所讀和所聽內(nèi)容，正確陳述兩者關(guān)系并給出詳細例證即可。因此，綜合寫作需要理解閱讀和聽力材料內(nèi)容和關(guān)系，這時就需要筆記的輔助。
綜合寫作中，閱讀和聽力材料一般有兩種關(guān)系，即聽力材料和閱讀材料觀點一致或相反：
當聽力材料和閱讀材料觀點一致時，寫作中需要總結(jié)聽力要點并具體解釋它們怎樣支持閱讀文章或是怎樣加強閱讀文章里面的具體要點的;
當兩者相反時，寫作中需要解釋它們怎樣對閱讀文章中的具體要點提出質(zhì)疑、駁斥或具體解釋它們怎樣回答閱讀文章中提出的問題。
閱讀部分的結(jié)構(gòu)一般為：主旨——根據(jù)1(例證1)——根據(jù)2(例證2)——根據(jù)3(例證3)。在閱讀時，考生可以根據(jù)這一結(jié)構(gòu)進行簡單記錄。記錄時，考生不必記錄具體細節(jié)，避免抄寫文章句子，而需要弄清主旨和論點分別是什么。
由于聽力部分是針對閱讀部分進行陳述的，因此，閱讀筆記能夠幫助我們預判聽力中可能出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。在聽力過程中，首先考生們需要確定聽力是對閱讀部分的支持還是反對，再根據(jù)閱讀筆記一一對應(yīng)記錄聽力內(nèi)容。
聽力筆記需要包括說話者的觀點、論點及例證。考生需要多注意表示連接關(guān)系的詞語以便分清論點和論據(jù)以及論點間的轉(zhuǎn)換，也可以使用自己熟悉的符號幫助快速記錄。
下面就以具體題目為例來看看如何記錄閱讀和聽力部分的內(nèi)容。Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals.Unselfish acts among human beings range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members，and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another，yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life to assist other members of their group.The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa，is often cited as an example.In groups of meerkats，an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained.If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group，it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter.By standing guard，the sentinel meerkat gains nothing--it goes without food while the others eat，and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator，since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator.So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat’s group. 整篇文章用事例說明了人以及動物中存在所謂的“altruism”。第一段：altruism的定義第二段：altruism in humans：share food, donate body organs, little reward第三段：altruism in animals：sentinel， goes without food;sentinel， grave danger---flee alone
You know，often in science，new findings force us to re-examine earlier beliefs and assumptions.And a recent study of meerkats is having exactly this effect.The study examined the meerkat’s behavior quite closely，much more closely than had ever been done before.And some interesting things were found...like about eating habits.. it showed that typically meerkats eat before they stand guard---so the ones standing guard had a full stomach! And the study also found that since the sentinel is the first to see a predator coming，it’s the most likely to escape…because it often stands guard near a burrow，so it can run immediately into the burrow after giving the alarm.The other meerkats，the ones scattered about looking for food，are actually in greater danger.And in fact, other studies have suggested that when an animal creates an alarm, the alarm call might cause the other group members either to gather together or else to move about very quickly, behaviors that might actually draw the predator’s attention away from the caller, increasing that animal's own chances of survival.And what about people--what about some human acts that might be considered altruistic? Let's take an extreme case，uh，suppose a person donates a kidney to a relative, or even to a complete stranger.A selfless act，right? But…doesn’t the donor receive appreciation and approval from the stranger and from society? Doesn't the donor gain an increased sense of self worth? Couldn’t such non-material rewards be considered very valuable to some people?聽力筆記如下所示：sentinel: eat before, full stomachsentinel: first to see a predator---most likely to escape，near a burrow---run into itothers scattered--looking for food-- greater danger，move---draw predator's attention
people: appreciation and approval, sense of self worth↑----non-material rewards---valuable.
其中多數(shù)考生比較熟悉的獨立寫作部分需要考生根據(jù)題目要求表達自己的觀點，分論點闡述并提供佐證的論據(jù);
而綜合寫作則包括閱讀部分、聽力部分和最后需要完成的寫作部分。綜合寫作不要求學生表達自己的觀點，考生們只需要綜合所讀和所聽內(nèi)容，正確陳述兩者關(guān)系并給出詳細例證即可。因此，綜合寫作需要理解閱讀和聽力材料內(nèi)容和關(guān)系，這時就需要筆記的輔助。
綜合寫作中，閱讀和聽力材料一般有兩種關(guān)系，即聽力材料和閱讀材料觀點一致或相反：
當聽力材料和閱讀材料觀點一致時，寫作中需要總結(jié)聽力要點并具體解釋它們怎樣支持閱讀文章或是怎樣加強閱讀文章里面的具體要點的;
當兩者相反時，寫作中需要解釋它們怎樣對閱讀文章中的具體要點提出質(zhì)疑、駁斥或具體解釋它們怎樣回答閱讀文章中提出的問題。
閱讀部分的結(jié)構(gòu)一般為：主旨——根據(jù)1(例證1)——根據(jù)2(例證2)——根據(jù)3(例證3)。在閱讀時，考生可以根據(jù)這一結(jié)構(gòu)進行簡單記錄。記錄時，考生不必記錄具體細節(jié)，避免抄寫文章句子，而需要弄清主旨和論點分別是什么。
由于聽力部分是針對閱讀部分進行陳述的，因此，閱讀筆記能夠幫助我們預判聽力中可能出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。在聽力過程中，首先考生們需要確定聽力是對閱讀部分的支持還是反對，再根據(jù)閱讀筆記一一對應(yīng)記錄聽力內(nèi)容。
聽力筆記需要包括說話者的觀點、論點及例證。考生需要多注意表示連接關(guān)系的詞語以便分清論點和論據(jù)以及論點間的轉(zhuǎn)換，也可以使用自己熟悉的符號幫助快速記錄。
下面就以具體題目為例來看看如何記錄閱讀和聽力部分的內(nèi)容。Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals.Unselfish acts among human beings range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members，and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another，yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life to assist other members of their group.The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa，is often cited as an example.In groups of meerkats，an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained.If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group，it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter.By standing guard，the sentinel meerkat gains nothing--it goes without food while the others eat，and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator，since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator.So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat’s group. 整篇文章用事例說明了人以及動物中存在所謂的“altruism”。第一段：altruism的定義第二段：altruism in humans：share food, donate body organs, little reward第三段：altruism in animals：sentinel， goes without food;sentinel， grave danger---flee alone
You know，often in science，new findings force us to re-examine earlier beliefs and assumptions.And a recent study of meerkats is having exactly this effect.The study examined the meerkat’s behavior quite closely，much more closely than had ever been done before.And some interesting things were found...like about eating habits.. it showed that typically meerkats eat before they stand guard---so the ones standing guard had a full stomach! And the study also found that since the sentinel is the first to see a predator coming，it’s the most likely to escape…because it often stands guard near a burrow，so it can run immediately into the burrow after giving the alarm.The other meerkats，the ones scattered about looking for food，are actually in greater danger.And in fact, other studies have suggested that when an animal creates an alarm, the alarm call might cause the other group members either to gather together or else to move about very quickly, behaviors that might actually draw the predator’s attention away from the caller, increasing that animal's own chances of survival.And what about people--what about some human acts that might be considered altruistic? Let's take an extreme case，uh，suppose a person donates a kidney to a relative, or even to a complete stranger.A selfless act，right? But…doesn’t the donor receive appreciation and approval from the stranger and from society? Doesn't the donor gain an increased sense of self worth? Couldn’t such non-material rewards be considered very valuable to some people?聽力筆記如下所示：sentinel: eat before, full stomachsentinel: first to see a predator---most likely to escape，near a burrow---run into itothers scattered--looking for food-- greater danger，move---draw predator's attention
people: appreciation and approval, sense of self worth↑----non-material rewards---valuable.