A folk culture is a small isolated1, cohesive2, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan3 structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount4, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively5 little division of labor6 into specialized7 duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming sect8 that largely renounces9 the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn10 buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles11. The Amish’s central religious concept of Demut “humility”, clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism12 for maintaining order.
By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous13 group often highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular14 institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, “popular” may be viewed as clearly different from “folk”. The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner.
民間文化民間文化是小型的、孤立的、緊密的、保守的、近乎自給自足的群體，具有同樣的習俗、同樣的人種和強有力的家庭或部族結構以及高度發(fā)展的宗教儀式。
秩序由宗教或家庭的約束來維持，成員間的關系非常緊密，傳統(tǒng)至高無上，很少有變動且變動緩慢。勞動專業(yè)分工相對較少。
每個人都要做各類活計，盡管男女兩性分工不同。絕大多數(shù)物品是手工制造的，經(jīng)濟一般為自給自足型。個人主義和社會階層在民間文化群體中的發(fā)展十分
薄弱。在象美國和加拿大這樣的工業(yè)化國家里，一成不變的民間文化群體已不復存在了。在當代美洲的英語區(qū)，與民間文化最相似的群體也許算是Amish。
Amish是美國的德裔農(nóng)耕部落，他們基本上拒絕接受工業(yè)時代的大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品和節(jié)省勞力的設施。在Amish地區(qū)，輕
便馬車仍是當?shù)氐慕煌üぞ撸磐絺儾辉试S擁有汽車。Amish宗教中的核心觀念Demut即謙卑典型地反映了在民間文化群中個人主義和階級的不發(fā)達。
而與此同時，Amish對群體的認同性卻十分強。Amish人很少和他們宗派以外的人通婚。其宗教，作為Mennonite信
仰的一種，提供了維護秩序的主要機制。相反，大眾文化是包含不同種族的大群體，通常高度個性化而且不斷在變化。
人際關系冷漠，勞動分工明確，由此產(chǎn)生了許多專門的職業(yè)。世俗的控制機構，比如警察和軍隊，取代了宗教和家庭來維持秩序，而且實行的是貨幣經(jīng)濟。
由于存在著這些差異，"大眾的"與"民間的"可謂大相徑庭。在工業(yè)化國家以及許多發(fā)展中國家里，大眾文化正在取代民間文化。
民間制造的物品正讓位于大眾化產(chǎn)品，這通常是因為大眾化的物品制造起來更快、更便宜，用起來更容易、更方便或者是能給其所有者帶來更多的威望。
1 isolated
adj.與世隔絕的
參考例句：
His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行為只是個別事件。
Patients with the disease should be isolated. 這種病的患者應予以隔離。
2 cohesive
adj.有粘著力的；有結合力的；凝聚性的
參考例句：
She sealed the parcel with cohesive tape.她用粘膠帶把包裹封起來。
The author skillfully fuses these fragments into a cohesive whole.作者將這些片斷巧妙地結合成一個連貫的整體。
3 clan
n.氏族，部落，宗族，家族，宗派
參考例句：
She ranks as my junior in the clan.她的輩分比我小。
The Chinese Christians,therefore,practically excommunicate themselves from their own clan.所以，中國的基督徒簡直是被逐出了自己的家族了。
4 paramount
a.最重要的，權力的
參考例句：
My paramount object is to save the Union and destroy slavery.我的目標是拯救美國，摧毀奴隸制度。
Nitrogen is of paramount importance to life on earth.氮對地球上的生命至關重要。
5 relatively
adv.比較...地，相對地
參考例句：
The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相對較新引入澳大利亞的物種。
The operation was relatively painless.手術相對來說不痛。
6 labor
n.勞動，努力，工作，勞工；分娩；vi.勞動，努力，苦干；vt.詳細分析；麻煩
參考例句：
We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我們從不延誤付給他勞動報酬。
He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艱苦勞動兩周后，他已經(jīng)疲憊不堪了。
7 specialized
adj.專門的，專業(yè)化的
參考例句：
There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations.聯(lián)合國有許多專門機構。
These tools are very specialized.這些是專用工具。
8 sect
n.派別，宗教，學派，派系
參考例句：
When he was sixteen he joined a religious sect.他16歲的時候加入了一個宗教教派。
Each religious sect in the town had its own church.該城每一個宗教教派都有自己的教堂。
9 renounces
v.聲明放棄( renounce的第三人稱單數(shù) )；宣布放棄；宣布與…決裂；宣布摒棄
參考例句：
Japan renounces all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores. 日本放棄對福爾摩沙（臺灣）及澎湖的一切權利，主張（名稱）及所有權。 來自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)
He renounces Christianity, temporarily straining his relationship with his parents. 他放棄了基督教信仰，從而與父母的關系暫時變得緊張。 來自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)
10 drawn
v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，緊張的
參考例句：
All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的風景所吸引。
11 automobiles
n.汽車( automobile的名詞復數(shù) )
參考例句：
When automobiles become popular,the use of the horse and buggy passed away. 汽車普及后，就不再使用馬和馬車了。 來自《簡明英漢詞典》
Automobiles speed in an endless stream along the boulevard. 寬闊的林蔭道上，汽車川流不息。 來自《現(xiàn)代漢英綜合大詞典》
12 mechanism
n.機械裝置；機構，結構
參考例句：
The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人體的組成部件。
The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.這臺機器的結構是非常復雜的。
13 heterogeneous
adj.龐雜的；異類的
參考例句：
There is a heterogeneous mass of papers in the teacher's office.老師的辦公室里堆滿了大批不同的論文。
America has a very heterogeneous population.美國人口是由不同種族組成的。
14 secular
n.牧師，凡人；adj.世俗的，現(xiàn)世的，不朽的
參考例句：
We live in an increasingly secular society.我們生活在一個日益非宗教的社會。
Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英國是個世俗主導的多元社會。
By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous13 group often highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular14 institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, “popular” may be viewed as clearly different from “folk”. The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner.
民間文化民間文化是小型的、孤立的、緊密的、保守的、近乎自給自足的群體，具有同樣的習俗、同樣的人種和強有力的家庭或部族結構以及高度發(fā)展的宗教儀式。
秩序由宗教或家庭的約束來維持，成員間的關系非常緊密，傳統(tǒng)至高無上，很少有變動且變動緩慢。勞動專業(yè)分工相對較少。
每個人都要做各類活計，盡管男女兩性分工不同。絕大多數(shù)物品是手工制造的，經(jīng)濟一般為自給自足型。個人主義和社會階層在民間文化群體中的發(fā)展十分
薄弱。在象美國和加拿大這樣的工業(yè)化國家里，一成不變的民間文化群體已不復存在了。在當代美洲的英語區(qū)，與民間文化最相似的群體也許算是Amish。
Amish是美國的德裔農(nóng)耕部落，他們基本上拒絕接受工業(yè)時代的大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品和節(jié)省勞力的設施。在Amish地區(qū)，輕
便馬車仍是當?shù)氐慕煌üぞ撸磐絺儾辉试S擁有汽車。Amish宗教中的核心觀念Demut即謙卑典型地反映了在民間文化群中個人主義和階級的不發(fā)達。
而與此同時，Amish對群體的認同性卻十分強。Amish人很少和他們宗派以外的人通婚。其宗教，作為Mennonite信
仰的一種，提供了維護秩序的主要機制。相反，大眾文化是包含不同種族的大群體，通常高度個性化而且不斷在變化。
人際關系冷漠，勞動分工明確，由此產(chǎn)生了許多專門的職業(yè)。世俗的控制機構，比如警察和軍隊，取代了宗教和家庭來維持秩序，而且實行的是貨幣經(jīng)濟。
由于存在著這些差異，"大眾的"與"民間的"可謂大相徑庭。在工業(yè)化國家以及許多發(fā)展中國家里，大眾文化正在取代民間文化。
民間制造的物品正讓位于大眾化產(chǎn)品，這通常是因為大眾化的物品制造起來更快、更便宜，用起來更容易、更方便或者是能給其所有者帶來更多的威望。
1 isolated
adj.與世隔絕的
參考例句：
His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行為只是個別事件。
Patients with the disease should be isolated. 這種病的患者應予以隔離。
2 cohesive
adj.有粘著力的；有結合力的；凝聚性的
參考例句：
She sealed the parcel with cohesive tape.她用粘膠帶把包裹封起來。
The author skillfully fuses these fragments into a cohesive whole.作者將這些片斷巧妙地結合成一個連貫的整體。
3 clan
n.氏族，部落，宗族，家族，宗派
參考例句：
She ranks as my junior in the clan.她的輩分比我小。
The Chinese Christians,therefore,practically excommunicate themselves from their own clan.所以，中國的基督徒簡直是被逐出了自己的家族了。
4 paramount
a.最重要的，權力的
參考例句：
My paramount object is to save the Union and destroy slavery.我的目標是拯救美國，摧毀奴隸制度。
Nitrogen is of paramount importance to life on earth.氮對地球上的生命至關重要。
5 relatively
adv.比較...地，相對地
參考例句：
The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相對較新引入澳大利亞的物種。
The operation was relatively painless.手術相對來說不痛。
6 labor
n.勞動，努力，工作，勞工；分娩；vi.勞動，努力，苦干；vt.詳細分析；麻煩
參考例句：
We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我們從不延誤付給他勞動報酬。
He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艱苦勞動兩周后，他已經(jīng)疲憊不堪了。
7 specialized
adj.專門的，專業(yè)化的
參考例句：
There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations.聯(lián)合國有許多專門機構。
These tools are very specialized.這些是專用工具。
8 sect
n.派別，宗教，學派，派系
參考例句：
When he was sixteen he joined a religious sect.他16歲的時候加入了一個宗教教派。
Each religious sect in the town had its own church.該城每一個宗教教派都有自己的教堂。
9 renounces
v.聲明放棄( renounce的第三人稱單數(shù) )；宣布放棄；宣布與…決裂；宣布摒棄
參考例句：
Japan renounces all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores. 日本放棄對福爾摩沙（臺灣）及澎湖的一切權利，主張（名稱）及所有權。 來自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)
He renounces Christianity, temporarily straining his relationship with his parents. 他放棄了基督教信仰，從而與父母的關系暫時變得緊張。 來自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)
10 drawn
v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，緊張的
參考例句：
All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的風景所吸引。
11 automobiles
n.汽車( automobile的名詞復數(shù) )
參考例句：
When automobiles become popular,the use of the horse and buggy passed away. 汽車普及后，就不再使用馬和馬車了。 來自《簡明英漢詞典》
Automobiles speed in an endless stream along the boulevard. 寬闊的林蔭道上，汽車川流不息。 來自《現(xiàn)代漢英綜合大詞典》
12 mechanism
n.機械裝置；機構，結構
參考例句：
The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人體的組成部件。
The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.這臺機器的結構是非常復雜的。
13 heterogeneous
adj.龐雜的；異類的
參考例句：
There is a heterogeneous mass of papers in the teacher's office.老師的辦公室里堆滿了大批不同的論文。
America has a very heterogeneous population.美國人口是由不同種族組成的。
14 secular
n.牧師，凡人；adj.世俗的，現(xiàn)世的，不朽的
參考例句：
We live in an increasingly secular society.我們生活在一個日益非宗教的社會。
Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英國是個世俗主導的多元社會。