新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法:名詞

字號(hào):

名詞:
    (一)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)
    1.規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式:
    在單數(shù)名詞后加“s” day → days week → weeks
    2.在以 o, s, x, ch, sh 結(jié)尾的名詞后加“es”。
    hero → heroes box → boxes class → classes
    bush → bushes watch → watches
    3.黃金重點(diǎn):
    I.有些以o結(jié)尾的外來詞或縮略詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加“s”。
    II.以元音字母加o結(jié)尾的單詞只加“s”。(不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞,請(qǐng)你查詞典,懶惰是學(xué)英語(yǔ)的大忌。)
    piano,photo,zero,radio,bamboo,tobacco,solo,cuckoo,dynamo,cameo,soprano教你一招 ☆
    如果以O(shè)結(jié)尾的名詞有生命力,則該詞匯一般加-es。
    hero,tomato,potato,Negro(黑人)[ 簡(jiǎn)記:黑人英雄吃西紅柿馬鈴薯。]
    4.以輔音加y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i再加“es”
    family → families city → cities
    5.y前面是元音字母只加“s”
    key → keys boy → boys play → plays toy → toys
    6.以f、fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變 f / fe為 v加 es。
    calf → calves knife → knives
    ۩ 當(dāng)心當(dāng)心:
    I.下列名詞直接加“s”。(請(qǐng)大聲朗讀三遍,然后背下。注意讀音?。?BR>    roof(房頂),reef(暗礁),chief(首領(lǐng)),cliff(懸崖),grief(悲痛),turf(草皮), belief(信仰),gulf(港灣),dwarf(侏儒),safe(保險(xiǎn)箱),sheriff(長(zhǎng)官),tariff(關(guān)稅)
    II.scarf(頭巾),wharf(碼頭),staff(全體職員),handkerchief(手帕)和 hoof(蹄)既可直接加“s”,又可變 f為 v加 es.
    (二)不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式
    1. foot → feet mouse → mice goose → geese child → children ox → oxen louse → lice woman → women man → men
    2.單復(fù)數(shù)同形:
    sheep, deer, fish, means, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, works,
    barracks(兵營(yíng)) bellows(風(fēng)箱) kennels(狗窩)
    3.一些英語(yǔ)外來詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:
    crisis→crises 危機(jī)
    analysis→analyses 分析
    oasis→oases 綠洲
    parenthesis→parentheses 括號(hào)
    axis→axes 軸心
    ellipsis→ellipses 日蝕
    hypothesis→hypotheses 假定
    synopsis→synopses 內(nèi)容提要
    erratum→errata 勘誤誤表
    addendum→addenda 補(bǔ)遺、附錄
    medium→media 媒體
    (以上單詞熟悉即可)
    (三)復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式
    1.中間沒有連字符的合成名詞在詞尾變復(fù)數(shù):
    bookshelf→bookshelves handful→handfuls
    2.man和 woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞,二者均變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。
    man servant → men servants
    woman teache r→ women teachers
    3.中間有連字符的合成次,在主體詞(中心意義的詞)末尾變復(fù)數(shù):
    sister-in-law → sisters-in-law
    looker-on → lookers-on
    editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief
    4.下列合成名詞在后一個(gè)詞上變化:
    sit-in→sit-ins, grown-up→grown-ups
    stand-by→stand-bys touch-me-not→touch-me-nots
    go-between→go-betweens
    (四)名詞所有格
    1.在大多數(shù)名詞末加“'s”
    the boy's toy, men's work
    2.以 s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞直接加“'”
    the students' reading room
    3.以 s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞加“'”
    Dickens' novels the actress' performance
    4.合成名詞在最后一個(gè)詞上加“s”
    her brother-in-law's piano.
    Somebody else's books. (重要?。?BR>    【金牌重點(diǎn)】除用于有生命的人外,“'s”格還可用于度量衡、地域、天體及一些習(xí)語(yǔ)中:
    an hour's drive, a mile's journey
    ten pounds' weight, Beijing's weather
    the earth's surface
    a stone's throw 投石之距離
    at one's wits end 智窮計(jì)盡
    to one's heart's content 盡情地
    by a hair's breadth 千鈞一發(fā)
    at a snail's pace 緩慢地
    5.雙重所有格:
    如果被修飾的名詞前有不定冠詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞修飾。則要采用雙重所有格。
    a friend of mine (名詞性物主代詞)
    a child of hers
    the love poems of your sister's
    注意區(qū)別:
    ● a portrait of her mother 她母親的畫像(畫中人)
    ● a portrait of her mother's 她母親擁有的畫像中的一幅(不一定是她母親的畫像)
    測(cè)試精編
    1. Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.
    A. shoes store B. shoe's store C. shoe store D. shoes' store
    2. As a safety precaution, all city cab drivers carry only enough money to make change for a ________ bill.
    A. ten-dollar B. ten-dollars
    C. tens-dollar D. ten-dollar's
    3. Recently, he has lost all his ________ at cards.
    A. wage and saving B. wages and saving
    C. wage and savings D. wages and savings
    4. I want ________ .
    A. a dollar worth candy B. candy a dollar's worth
    C. a dollar's worth of candy D. a dollar worth's candy
    5.The surroundings a child grows up in usually ________ an effect on his development.
    A. have B. had C. do D. has
    KEYS
    1. C 2.A 3.D 4. C 5.A