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Lesson 6 The sporting spirit體育的精神
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題.
How does the writer describe sport at the international level?
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battle field. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.【參考譯文】
當我聽人們說體育運動可創(chuàng)造國家之間的友誼，還說各國民眾若在足球場或板球場上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場上殘殺的時候，我總是驚愕不已。一個人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運動會）了解到國際運動比賽會導致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結論。
現(xiàn)在開展的體育運動幾乎都是競爭性的。參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒有什么意義了。 在鄉(xiāng)間的草坪上，當你隨意組成兩個隊，并且不涉及任何地方情緒時，那才可能是單純的為了娛樂和鍛煉而進行比賽?？墒且涣可婕暗綐s譽問題，一旦你想到你和某一團體會因為你輸而丟臉時，那么野蠻的爭斗天性便會激發(fā)起來。即使是僅僅參加過學校足球賽的人也有種體會。在國際比賽中，體育簡直是一場模擬戰(zhàn)爭。但是，要緊的還不是運動員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度，以及觀眾身后各個國家的態(tài)度。面對著這些荒唐的比賽，參賽的各個國家會如癡如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信 -- 至少在短期內(nèi)如此 -- 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對一個民族品德素質的檢驗。1.goodwill n.友好
例句：He attended the meeting as a goodwill messenger.
他作為友好使者出席了會議。
2.cricket n.板球
3.inclination n.意愿
例句：I have a strong inclination for sports.
我很喜愛運動。
4.contest n.比賽
5.orgy n.無節(jié)制的，放蕩
6.deduce v.推斷
例句：He will deduce a conclusion from premises.
從前提推導出結論。
7.competitive adj.競爭性的
例句：Please offer your most competitive price.
請報你方具有競爭性的價格。
8.patriotism n.地方觀念，愛國主義
9.disgrace v.使丟臉
例句：I'm afraid poor Barbary will disgrace herself.
恐怕可憐的芭芭瑞將使自己蒙受恥辱。
10.savage adj.野性的
例句：He made a savage grab for the knife.
他惡狠狠地去抓刀子。
11.combative adj.好斗的
例句：The fox terrier has a combative disposition.
獵狐犬性好斗
12.mimic warfare模擬戰(zhàn)爭
13.behaviour n.行動，舉止
14.absurd adj.荒唐的
例句：His viewpoint was utterly absurd.
他的觀點荒謬絕倫。1.I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.
參考翻譯：當我聽人們說體育運動可創(chuàng)造國家之間的友誼，還說各國民眾若在足球場或板球場上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場上殘殺的時候，我總是驚愕不已。
講解：hear sb doing sth類似于see sb doing sth的結構
“see sb do sth ”表示看到某人做某事了，強調看見誰做過什么事。
如：I saw her clean the classroom.
是說我看到她打掃教室了。（強調做過這件事）
而在我們的文中用的是：“see sb doing sth ”
表示看到某人正在做某事強調“看見某人正在做某事”
如：I saw her cleaning the classroom.
我看到她正在掃打教室（強調正在做某事）
像see 這樣的感官動詞還有hear , feel , watch , notice （注意到）都可以跟do 或doing分別表不同的意思
如：I heard him play the piano.
我聽到他彈鋼琴了。
I heard him playing the piano.
我聽到他正在彈鋼琴。
if only
if only 與 I wish一樣，也用于表示與事實相反的愿望，其后所虛擬語氣的時態(tài)與 wish后所接時態(tài)的情況相同。如：
If only I were [was] better looking. 要是我長得漂亮些就好了。
If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是當時聽了父母的話就好了。
If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!
【注】if only 通常獨立使用，沒有主句。
2.Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
參考翻譯：一個人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運動會）了解到國際運動比賽會導致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結論。
講解：even if引導讓步狀語從句
although， though， even though， even if都表示“雖然， 即使， 盡管”之意， though 和although 語氣較弱(其中的though 比although 通俗, 不如although 正式)， even if和even though 帶有強調意味而顯得語氣更強。例如： Although they are poor, they are happy. 雖然他們很窮， 但很快樂。// Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat. 天氣雖然很冷, 但他沒有穿大衣就出去了。// Though they may not succeed, they will still try. 即使他們可能不會成功， 但他們?nèi)耘L試。 // The article is very important though it is short. 那篇文章雖然很短， 但很重要。// He is better, though not yet cured. 他好一點了， 雖仍未痊愈。//
Even though it was raining, she walked to work. 即使下雨， 她也是走著去工作的。// I’ll visit him this evening even if I can stay only a few minutes. 今晚我將去拜訪他， 即使我只能停留一小會兒。
注意： though 引導的讓步狀語從句的用法比較特殊， 它可以倒裝， 也可以不倒裝， 具體用法參見as引導讓步狀語從句的用法。
lead to導致,引起;通往
And that would lead to disaster on a world scale.
這就會是世界性的災難。
3.You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
參考翻譯：參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒有什么意義了。
講解：unless
unless的基本用法 連詞unless意為“除非……如果不……”，“除了……”，多引導一個否定意義的真實條件句，有時也可引導非真實條件旬。unless引導條件句時，主要用于下列情況。 (1)主句為肯定句。如： Unless I visit every bookstore in town．I shall not know whether I can get what l want．如果我不到城里每一家書店去看看，我就不知道是否能買到我想要的書。 You will miss the bus unless you hurry up．你要不快點就會錯過班車。 You’ll fail in chemistry again unless you work harder．如果你不再加把勁，你化學考試還會不及格。 (2)主句為否定句。如： Unless you oil the motor regularly．it won’t run smoothly．要不是你經(jīng)常給發(fā)動機上油。它就不會轉得那么順暢。 I wouldn't be saying this unless I were sure of the facts．要是我對這些事情沒有把握，我就不說這話了。 You will never get anywhere unless you have set your goal．如果你不設定目標，你哪兒也去不了。
do one's utmost竭盡全力,盡大努力
We are resolved to do our utmost.
我們下定決心要盡大的努力。
We should do our utmost to expand exports.
今年要千方百計擴大出口。
4.but as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.
參考翻譯：可是一量涉及到榮譽問題，一旦你想到你和某一團體會因為你輸而丟臉時，那么野蠻的爭斗天性便會激發(fā)起來。
講解：arise arouse
arise（arose，arisen）vi.
1) occur“發(fā)生”，例：Problems arose from the outset.一開始就產(chǎn)生了很多問題。
2) arise from“起源于”，例：Accidents always arise from the carelessness.許多事故都源于粗心。derive from=originate from“起
因于，追本溯源”，例：Many English words derive from Latin.許多英語都來自于拉丁語。
3) 向上；上升
move upword; ascend
· When I started off, the sun was arising.
我出發(fā)時太陽正在升起。
arouse“喚起”，如，arouse one’s interest/sympathy“喚起某人的興趣/同情心”1.I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations,
我總是驚愕不已。當我聽人們說體育運動可創(chuàng)造國家之間的友誼。
2.Even if one didn't know from concrete examples(the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance)that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
一個人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運動會）了解到國際運動比賽會導致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結論。
3.You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒有什么意義了。
4.But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators.
但是，要緊的還不是運動員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度。
5.and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
甚至煞有介事地相信 -- 至少在短期內(nèi)如此 -- 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對一個民族品德素質的檢驗。
Lesson 6 The sporting spirit體育的精神
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題.
How does the writer describe sport at the international level?
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battle field. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.【參考譯文】
當我聽人們說體育運動可創(chuàng)造國家之間的友誼，還說各國民眾若在足球場或板球場上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場上殘殺的時候，我總是驚愕不已。一個人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運動會）了解到國際運動比賽會導致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結論。
現(xiàn)在開展的體育運動幾乎都是競爭性的。參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒有什么意義了。 在鄉(xiāng)間的草坪上，當你隨意組成兩個隊，并且不涉及任何地方情緒時，那才可能是單純的為了娛樂和鍛煉而進行比賽?？墒且涣可婕暗綐s譽問題，一旦你想到你和某一團體會因為你輸而丟臉時，那么野蠻的爭斗天性便會激發(fā)起來。即使是僅僅參加過學校足球賽的人也有種體會。在國際比賽中，體育簡直是一場模擬戰(zhàn)爭。但是，要緊的還不是運動員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度，以及觀眾身后各個國家的態(tài)度。面對著這些荒唐的比賽，參賽的各個國家會如癡如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信 -- 至少在短期內(nèi)如此 -- 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對一個民族品德素質的檢驗。1.goodwill n.友好
例句：He attended the meeting as a goodwill messenger.
他作為友好使者出席了會議。
2.cricket n.板球
3.inclination n.意愿
例句：I have a strong inclination for sports.
我很喜愛運動。
4.contest n.比賽
5.orgy n.無節(jié)制的，放蕩
6.deduce v.推斷
例句：He will deduce a conclusion from premises.
從前提推導出結論。
7.competitive adj.競爭性的
例句：Please offer your most competitive price.
請報你方具有競爭性的價格。
8.patriotism n.地方觀念，愛國主義
9.disgrace v.使丟臉
例句：I'm afraid poor Barbary will disgrace herself.
恐怕可憐的芭芭瑞將使自己蒙受恥辱。
10.savage adj.野性的
例句：He made a savage grab for the knife.
他惡狠狠地去抓刀子。
11.combative adj.好斗的
例句：The fox terrier has a combative disposition.
獵狐犬性好斗
12.mimic warfare模擬戰(zhàn)爭
13.behaviour n.行動，舉止
14.absurd adj.荒唐的
例句：His viewpoint was utterly absurd.
他的觀點荒謬絕倫。1.I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.
參考翻譯：當我聽人們說體育運動可創(chuàng)造國家之間的友誼，還說各國民眾若在足球場或板球場上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場上殘殺的時候，我總是驚愕不已。
講解：hear sb doing sth類似于see sb doing sth的結構
“see sb do sth ”表示看到某人做某事了，強調看見誰做過什么事。
如：I saw her clean the classroom.
是說我看到她打掃教室了。（強調做過這件事）
而在我們的文中用的是：“see sb doing sth ”
表示看到某人正在做某事強調“看見某人正在做某事”
如：I saw her cleaning the classroom.
我看到她正在掃打教室（強調正在做某事）
像see 這樣的感官動詞還有hear , feel , watch , notice （注意到）都可以跟do 或doing分別表不同的意思
如：I heard him play the piano.
我聽到他彈鋼琴了。
I heard him playing the piano.
我聽到他正在彈鋼琴。
if only
if only 與 I wish一樣，也用于表示與事實相反的愿望，其后所虛擬語氣的時態(tài)與 wish后所接時態(tài)的情況相同。如：
If only I were [was] better looking. 要是我長得漂亮些就好了。
If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是當時聽了父母的話就好了。
If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!
【注】if only 通常獨立使用，沒有主句。
2.Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
參考翻譯：一個人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運動會）了解到國際運動比賽會導致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結論。
講解：even if引導讓步狀語從句
although， though， even though， even if都表示“雖然， 即使， 盡管”之意， though 和although 語氣較弱(其中的though 比although 通俗, 不如although 正式)， even if和even though 帶有強調意味而顯得語氣更強。例如： Although they are poor, they are happy. 雖然他們很窮， 但很快樂。// Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat. 天氣雖然很冷, 但他沒有穿大衣就出去了。// Though they may not succeed, they will still try. 即使他們可能不會成功， 但他們?nèi)耘L試。 // The article is very important though it is short. 那篇文章雖然很短， 但很重要。// He is better, though not yet cured. 他好一點了， 雖仍未痊愈。//
Even though it was raining, she walked to work. 即使下雨， 她也是走著去工作的。// I’ll visit him this evening even if I can stay only a few minutes. 今晚我將去拜訪他， 即使我只能停留一小會兒。
注意： though 引導的讓步狀語從句的用法比較特殊， 它可以倒裝， 也可以不倒裝， 具體用法參見as引導讓步狀語從句的用法。
lead to導致,引起;通往
And that would lead to disaster on a world scale.
這就會是世界性的災難。
3.You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
參考翻譯：參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒有什么意義了。
講解：unless
unless的基本用法 連詞unless意為“除非……如果不……”，“除了……”，多引導一個否定意義的真實條件句，有時也可引導非真實條件旬。unless引導條件句時，主要用于下列情況。 (1)主句為肯定句。如： Unless I visit every bookstore in town．I shall not know whether I can get what l want．如果我不到城里每一家書店去看看，我就不知道是否能買到我想要的書。 You will miss the bus unless you hurry up．你要不快點就會錯過班車。 You’ll fail in chemistry again unless you work harder．如果你不再加把勁，你化學考試還會不及格。 (2)主句為否定句。如： Unless you oil the motor regularly．it won’t run smoothly．要不是你經(jīng)常給發(fā)動機上油。它就不會轉得那么順暢。 I wouldn't be saying this unless I were sure of the facts．要是我對這些事情沒有把握，我就不說這話了。 You will never get anywhere unless you have set your goal．如果你不設定目標，你哪兒也去不了。
do one's utmost竭盡全力,盡大努力
We are resolved to do our utmost.
我們下定決心要盡大的努力。
We should do our utmost to expand exports.
今年要千方百計擴大出口。
4.but as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.
參考翻譯：可是一量涉及到榮譽問題，一旦你想到你和某一團體會因為你輸而丟臉時，那么野蠻的爭斗天性便會激發(fā)起來。
講解：arise arouse
arise（arose，arisen）vi.
1) occur“發(fā)生”，例：Problems arose from the outset.一開始就產(chǎn)生了很多問題。
2) arise from“起源于”，例：Accidents always arise from the carelessness.許多事故都源于粗心。derive from=originate from“起
因于，追本溯源”，例：Many English words derive from Latin.許多英語都來自于拉丁語。
3) 向上；上升
move upword; ascend
· When I started off, the sun was arising.
我出發(fā)時太陽正在升起。
arouse“喚起”，如，arouse one’s interest/sympathy“喚起某人的興趣/同情心”1.I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations,
我總是驚愕不已。當我聽人們說體育運動可創(chuàng)造國家之間的友誼。
2.Even if one didn't know from concrete examples(the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance)that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
一個人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運動會）了解到國際運動比賽會導致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結論。
3.You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒有什么意義了。
4.But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators.
但是，要緊的還不是運動員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度。
5.and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
甚至煞有介事地相信 -- 至少在短期內(nèi)如此 -- 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對一個民族品德素質的檢驗。