Valeta Young， 81， a retiree from Lodi， Calif.， suffers from congestive heart failure and requires almost constant monitoring. But she doesn't have to drive anywhere to get it. Twice a day she steps onto a special electronic scale， answers a few yes or no questions via push buttons on a small attached monitor and presses a button that sends the information to a nurse's station in San Antonio， Texas. “It's almost a direct link to my doctor，” says Young， who describes herself as computer illiterate but says she has no problems using the equipment.
Young is not the only patient who is dealing with her doctor from a distance. Remote monitoring is a rapidly growing field in medical technology， with more than 25 firms competing to measure remotely——and transmit by phone， Internet or through the airwaves——everything from patients' heart rates to how often they cough.
Prompted both by the rise in health-care costs and the increasing computerization of health-care equipment， doctors are using remote monitoring to track a widening variety of chronic diseases. In March， St. Francis University in Pittsburgh， Pa.， partnered with a company called BodyMedia on a study in which rural diabetes patients use wireless glucose meters and armband sensors to monitor their disease. And last fall， Yahoo began offering subscribers the ability to chart their asthma conditions online， using a PDA-size respiratory monitor that measures lung functions in real time and e-mails the data directly to doctors.
Such home monitoring， says Dr. George Dailey， a physician at the Scripps Clinic in San Diego， “could someday replace less productive ways that patients track changes in their heart rate， blood sugar， lipid levels， kidney functions and even vision.”
Dr. Timothy Moore， executive vice president of Alere Medical， which produces the smart scales that Young and more than 10，000 other patients are using， says that almost any vital sign could， in theory， be monitored from home. But， he warns， that might not always make good medical sense. He advises against performing electrocardiograms remotely， for example， and although he acknowledges that remote monitoring of blood-sugar levels and diabetic ulcers on the skin may have real value， he points out that there are no truly independent studies that establish the value of home testing for diabetes or asthma.
Such studies are needed because the technology is still in its infancy and medical experts are divided about its value. But on one thing they all agree： you should never rely on any remote testing system without clearing it with your doctor.
注(1)：本文選自Time;8/9/2004， p101-101， 1/2p， 2c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題text 1;
1. How does Young monitor her health conditions?
[A] By stepping on an electronic scale.
[B] By answering a few yes or no questions.
[C] By using remote monitoring service.
[D] By establishing a direct link to her doctor.
2. Which of the following is not used in remote monitoring?
[A] car
[B] telephone
[C] Internet
[D] the airwaves
3. The word “prompted” (Line 1， Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.
[A] made
[B] reminded
[C] aroused
[D] driven
4. Why is Dr. Timothy Moore against performing electrocardiograms remotely?
[A] Because it is a less productive way of monitoring.
[B] Because it doesn‘t make good medical sense.
[C] Because it‘s value has not been proved by scientific study
[D] Because it is not allowed by doctors
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Computer illiterate is advised not to use remote monitoring.
[B] The development of remote monitoring market is rather sluggish.
[C] Remote monitoring is mainly used to track chronic diseases.
[D] Medical experts agree on the value of remote monitoring.
答案：CADBC Dr. Wise Young has never met the hundreds of thousands of people he has helped in the past 10 years， and most of them have never heard of Wise Young. If they did meet him， however， they'd want to shake his hand——and the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could. All the people Young has helped were victims of spinal injuries， and they owe much of the mobility they have today to his landmark work.
Young， 51， head of the W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience at Rutgers University in New Brunswick， N.J.， was born on New Year's Day at the precise midpoint of the 20th century. Back then， the thinking about spinal-cord injury was straightforward： When a cord is damaged， it's damaged. There's nothing that can be done after an injury to restore the function that was so suddenly lost. As a medical student at Stanford University and a neurosurgeon at New York University Medical Center， Young never had much reason to question that received wisdom， but in 1980 he began to have his doubts. Spinal cords， he knew， experience progressive damage after they're injured， including swelling and inflammation， which may worsen the condition of the already damaged tissue. If that secondary insult could be relieved with drugs， might some function be preserved?
Young spent a decade looking into the question， and in 1990 he co-led a landmark study showing that when high doses of a steroid known as methylprednisolone are administered within eight hours of an injury， about 20% of function can be saved. Twenty percent is hardly everything， but it can often be the difference between breathing unassisted or relying on a respirator， walking or spending one's life in a wheelchair. “This discovery led to a revolution in neuroprotective therapy，” Young says.
A global revolution， actually. More than 50，000 people around the world suffer spinal injuries each year， and these days， methylprednisolone is the standard treatment in the U.S. and many other countries. But Young is still not satisfied. The drug is an elixir for people who are newly injured， but the relief it offers is only partial， and many spinal-injury victims were hurt before it became available. Young's dream is to help those people too——to restore function already lost——and to that end he is studying drugs and growth factors that could improve conduction in damaged nerves or even prod the development of new ones. To ensure that all the neural researchers around the world pull together， he has created the International Neurotrauma Society， founded the Journal of Neural Trauma and established a website (carecure.rutgers.edu) that receives thousands of hits each day.
“The cure for spinal injury is going to be a combination of therapies，” Young says. “It's the most collaborative field I know.” Perhaps. But increasingly it seems that if the collaborators had a field general， his name would be Wise Young.
注(1)：本文選自Time;8/20/2001， p54;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題text 3;
1. By “the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could”(Line three， Paragraph 1)， the author means_______________.
[A] The remarkable thing is actually the simple fact.
[B] Many people could do the remarkable things.
[C] When meeting him， many people could do the simple but remarkable thing.
[D] The remarkable thing lies in the simple fact that so many people could shake hands with him.
2. How did people think of the spinal-cord injury at the middle of 20th century?
[A] pessimistic
[B] optimistic
[C] confused
[D] carefree
3. By saying “Twenty percent is hardly everything”(Line 3， Paragraph 3)， the author is talking about_____________.
[A] the drug
[B] the function of the injured body
[C] the function of the drug
[D] the injury
4. Why was Young unsatisfied with his achievement?
[A] The drug cannot help the people who had spinal injury in the past.
[B] His treatment is standard.
[C] The drug only offers help to a small number of people.
[D] The drug only treats some parts of the injury.
5. To which of the following statements is the author likely to agree?
[A] Wise Young does not meet many people.
[B] When Young was young， he did not have much reason to ask questions.
[C] If there needs a head of the spinal-injured field， Young might be the right person.
[D] Young‘s dream is only to help the persons who were injured at early times.
答案：D A B A C Scientists have known for more than two decades that cancer is a disease of the genes. Something scrambles the Dna inside a nucleus， and suddenly， instead of dividing in a measured fashion， a cell begins to copy itself furiously. Unlike an ordinary cell， it never stops. But describing the process isn't the same as figuring it out. Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that it's almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way. So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking normal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerous——always without success.
Until now. According to a report in the current issue of Nature， a team of scientists based at M.I.T.'s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant——a feat they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA. While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and won't lead to any immediate treatment， they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease. This is a “l(fā)andmark paper，” wrote Jonathan Weitzman and Moshe Yaniv of the Pasteur Institute in Paris， in an accompanying commentary.
The dramatic new result traces back to a breakthrough in 1983， when the Whitehead's Robert Weinberg and colleagues showed that mouse cells would become cancerous when spiked with two altered genes. But when they tried such alterations on human cells， they didn't work. Since then， scientists have learned that mouse cells differ from human cells in an important respect： they have higher levels of an enzyme called telomerase. That enzyme keeps caplike structures called telomeres on the ends of chromosomes from getting shorter with each round of cell division. Such shortening is part of a cell's aging process， and since cancer cells keep dividing forever， the Whitehead group reasoned that making human cells more mouselike might also make them cancerous.
The strategy worked. The scientists took connective-tissue and kidney cells and introduced three mutated genes——one that makes cells divide rapidly; another that disables two substances meant to rein in excessive division; and a third that promotes the production of telomerase， which made the cells essentially immortal. They'd created a tumor in a test tube. “Some people believed that telomerase wasn't that important，” says the Whitehead's William Hahn， the study's lead author. “This allows us to say with some certainty that it is.”
Understanding cancer cells in the lab isn't the same as understanding how it behaves in a living body， of course. But by teasing out the key differences between normal and malignant cells， doctors may someday be able to design tests to pick up cancer in its earliest stages. The finding could also lead to drugs tailored to attack specific types of cancer， thereby lessening our dependence on tissue-destroying chemotherapy and radiation. Beyond that， the Whitehead research suggests that this stubbornly complex disease may have a simple origin， and the identification of that origin may turn out to be the most important step of all.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 08/09/99， p60， 3/5p， 2c
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2002年真題text 4
1. From the first paragraph， we learn that ________________.
[A] scientists had understood what happened to normal cells that made them behave strangely
[B] when a cell begins to copy itself without stopping， it becomes cancerous
[C] normal cells do no copy themselves
[D] the DNA inside a nucleus divides regularly
2. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] The scientists traced the source of cancers by figuring out their DNA order.
[B] A treatment to cancers will be available within a year or two.
[C] The finding paves way for tackling cancer.
[D] The scientists successfully turned cancerous cells into healthy cells.
3. According to the author， one of the problems in previous cancer research is ________.
[A] enzyme kept telomeres from getting shorter
[B] scientists didn‘t know there existed different levels of telomerase between mouse cells and human cells
[C] scientists failed to understand the connection between a cell‘s aging process and cell division.
[D] human cells are mouselike
4. Which of the following best defines the word “tailored” (Line 4， Paragraph 5)?
[A] made specifically
[B] used mainly
[C] targeted
[D] aimed
5. The Whitehead research will probably result in ___________.
[A] a thorough understanding of the disease
[B] beating out cancers
[C] solving the cancer mystery
[D] drugs that leave patients less painful
答案：B C B A D When Ellen M. Roche， 24， volunteered for the asthma experiment， she didn't expect to benefit from it——except for the $365 she'd be paid. Unlike clinical trials， in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them， this study was designed just to answer a basic question： how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds? To find out， scientists led by Dr. Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium. Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath. Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down. On June 2 Roche died——a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable. Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins's system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its U.S.-supported research had to stop.
The worst part is that Hopkins， one of the nation's premier medical institutions， is not alone. Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown. The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened， understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest. Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess)， how many are hurt or how many die. “Thousands of deaths are never reported， and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported，” says Adil Shamoo， a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland. Greg Koski， head of OHRP， has called the clinical-trials system “dysfunctional.”
The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating. After a three-day inspection last week， OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity， even though data were available via “routine” Internet searches and in textbooks. The drug is not approved for use in humans; the hexa-methonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY. The review board， OHRP charges， never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people. The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a “medication”) and didn't warn about possible lung toxicity.
Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers， and suspended all 10 of Togias's studies. Still， the university——whose $301 million in federal grants for 2，000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething. “Hopkins has had over 100 years of doing clinical trials，” says Dr. Edward Miller， CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. “We have had one death in all of those years. We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death， but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion.” Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments “unwarranted， unnecessary， paralyzing and precipitous.” OHRP is letting trials continue “where it is in the best interests” of subjects. The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects. How quickly that happens， says a government spokesman， depends on Hopkins.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 7/30/2001， p36;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2005年真題Text 1;
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A]explaining a phenomenon
[B]justifying an assumption
[C]stating an incident
[D]making a comparison
2. The statement “The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating.”(Line
1， Paragraph 3) implies that
[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive.
[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking.
[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing.
[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking.
3. The main reasons for Roche‘s death are as following， except that _______.
[A]the protecting system hasn‘t been set up
[B]the review board has neglected their duty
[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers
[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked
4. The OHRP has found that
[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment.
[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment.
[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment.
[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system.
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident.
[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP
[C]Togias's studies shouldn‘t be suspended.
[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible.
答案：CBACB You hop into your car， but， wait， where are the keys? You meet someone new， but her name is gone before the handshake's over. Those are failures of your short-term， or “working，” memory——the place you file information for immediate， everyday retrieval. It isn't perfect. But researchers are increasingly convinced that the hormone estrogen could play a key role in maintaining and perhaps even improving memory. Last week a team of Yale scientists provided dramatic new evidence that bolsters the theory. Using MRIs——detailed snapshots of the brain——researchers found that women taking estrogen show significantly more activity in brain areas associated with memory than women on a placebo. “This is very exciting，” says Yale's Dr. Sally Shaywitz. “It means that the brain circuitry for memory had altered.”
After menopause， when estrogen levels plummet， some women become forgetful. Past research has demonstrated that those who take estrogen do better on memory tests than their nonmedicated peers do. The hormone may even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's. The new study， published in last week's Journal of the American Medical Association， is the first to visually compare the neurocircuitry of memory both on and off estrogen. The drug made a big difference to participant Bernadette Settelmeyer： “All of a sudden I was remembering things.”
The women (whose average age was 51) lay down in a brain-imaging machine where they were shown two types of information： nonsense words (“BAZ” or “DOB”) to test verbal memory and geometric patterns to assess visual memory. After a 20-second “storage” period， participants saw a mix of old and new and were asked if anything looked familiar. During each stage of the test——as the women encoded， stored and retrieved data——researchers took pictures of their brains. The 46 women underwent the test twice——once while taking a standard daily dose of estrogen and again while taking a placebo. Beyond the power of estrogen， the difference in MRIs suggests that the adult brain maintains “plasticity”——the ability to rewire itself——even as it ages.
There is still plenty of research to be done. Scientists can't yet be sure estrogen is directly responsible for better memory performance. Despite the difference in brain activity on and off estrogen， participants' scores did not change. Researchers say that is probably because the tasks were so simple (the women got more than 90 percent correct overall)。 Other studies on estrogen and cognition are short term——and their findings have been inconsistent. And scientists still can't answer the question facing millions of women： should I take hormone-replacement therapy? The new study may make estrogen more appealing， but it should be just “one part of the equation，” says Shaywitz. Still， it's a memorable one.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 04/19/99， p50;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2002年真題Text 3;
1. The following are the examples of the failures of short-term memory， except that ___________.
[A]you are not sure whether you‘ve locked the door or not
[B]you cannot recall all your previous experience
[C]you cannot find the key to your car when starting it
[D]you forget the name of a stranger before the greeting is over
2. It can be inferred from the text that women‘s working memory could probably be improved if _________.
[A]they overuse estrogen
[B]they participate in the experiment
[C]their minds are kept active
[D]the estrogen level is raised
3. The experiment involving 46 ladies shows that _______.
[A]the women should take a normal dose of estrogen
[B]the women‘s brains still have the ability of creation
[C]the estrogen level determines their memory bad or good
[D]the estrogen makes the brain work more actively
4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.
[A]the connection between estrogen and memory is still an open study
[B]the hormone estrogen plays a key role in improving memory.
[C]the low level estrogen makes a woman forgetful
[D]raising the estrogen level can improve the women‘s short-term memory
5. From the text we can see the writer seems ________.
[A]objective
[B]optimistic
[C]sensitive
[D]gloomy
答案：BDDAA At 18， Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the “bubble-boy disease，” named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent)， she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source， in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992， she is completely healthy with normal immune function， according to one of the doctors who treated her， W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. “There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease，” Anderson says， “within 50 years.”
It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005， and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. “The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse，” says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. “The cargo is the gene.”
At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center， immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University， researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children's brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia， researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.
But somehow， things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment， patients show a response at first， but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999， when Jesse Gelsinger， an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder， died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer， researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a “marathon mouse” by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already， officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of “gene doping.” But the principle is the same， whether you're trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. “Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea，” says Crystal. “And eventually it's going to work.”
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek;12/6/2004， p55-55， 2/3p， 1c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象： 第1、2題分別模仿2003年真題text1的第2題和第1題;第3、4題分別模仿2004年真題text1的第5 題和第3題;第5題模仿2002年真題text3的第5題;
1. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ____________.
[A] show the promise of gene-therapy
[B] give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases
[C] introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team
[D] explain how gene-based treatment works
2. Anderson‘s early success has ________________.
[A] greatly speeded the development of medicine
[B] brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy
[C] promised a cure to every disease
[D] made him a national hero
3. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.
[B] Despite the huge funding， gene researches have shown few promises.
[C] Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses.
[D] Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.
4. The word “tarnish” (line 5， paragraph 4) most probably means ____________.
[A] affect
[B] warn
[C] trouble
[D] stain
5. From the text we can see that the author seems ___________.
[A] optimistic
[B] pessimistic
[C] troubled
[D] uncertain
答案：A B C D A Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America， but this year's is a whopper. Until last week， it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities， concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool， barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight， the U.S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half——and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated， they're now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. “This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply，” says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information， “and the lack of redundancy in our system.”
Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine， a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg， then crack the egg， harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow， demand is fickle and， because each year's flu virus is different， any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result， the United States now has only two major suppliers (Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)——and when one of them runs into trouble， there isn't much the other can do about it. “A vaccine maker can't just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs，” says Manon Cox， of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. “There's a whole industry that's scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time.”
Sleeker technologies are now in the works， and experts are hoping that this year's fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures——a medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way， but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy， and one culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals' Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe.
For America， the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week. That's nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand， but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact， many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign——encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 10/18/2004， p57-57， 2/3p， 1c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象1—4題模仿1997年真題text 3，第5題模仿1997年真題text 4的第四小題;
1. Shortages of flue vaccine show that ____.
[A] America relies too much on foreign suppliers
[B] the demand of flue vaccines is high this year
[C] quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production
[D] the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up
2. The word “cleared” (Line 5， Paragraph 3) might mean ____.
[A]permitted
[B]removed
[C]proved
[D]produced
3. Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ____.
[A]complicated process， high cost， low profit and high risk
[B]shortages of fertilized chicken eggs
[C]difficulty in growing live virus
[D]fast changing of flu virus
4. From the last paragraph we can infer that ____.
[A] the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions
[B] more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year
[C] America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year
[D] normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year
5. According to the passage， which of the following is TRUE?
[A] All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year.
[B] The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way.
[C] More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more.
[D] Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures.
答案：D A A B B It was a big week for Alzheimer's disease， and not just because PBS aired The Forgetting， a first-rate documentary about Alzheimer's worth catching in reruns if you missed it the first time. There was also a flurry of scientific news that offered hope to the families already struggling with Alzheimer's， as well as to the baby-boom generation that's up next. Unless something dramatic happens， the number of Americans living with this terrifying brain disease could triple， to about 16 million， over the next 50 years. There's still no cure in sight， but there is progress on several fronts. Among them：
MEGADOSE VITAMINS Doctors knew vitamins E and C， both antioxidants， help stave off Alzheimer's， at least in folks who haven't already developed the disorder. What they didn't know——but a big study involving 4，740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed——was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses (at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C) could reduce the risk of Alzheimer's a remarkable 78%.
COMBINATION THERAPY A yearlong study of more than 400 Alzheimer's patients showed that two drugs that work differently on the brain's chemistry act well together to help slow down the disease. Patients who were being treated with donepezil (sold as Aricept)， an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine， were also given memantine (Namenda)， a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate. The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone， providing substantial benefit for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's， according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
BRAIN IMAGING Finally， scientists at the University of Pittsburgh announced that they had successfully developed a procedure that allows them to peer into the brains of Alzheimer's patients with positron emission tomography (PET) scans to see telltale plaque deposits. Before now， doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died， when the brain could be autopsied. Using the new technique， doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear.
None of these advances is a magic bullet for Alzheimer's disease. If you or your loved ones are concerned， the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor. Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer's， and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early. Also， remember the old adage “use it or lose it.” Mental exercise——reading， doing crossword puzzles， playing chess or Scrabble——is as good for preserving your mind as physical exercise is for your body.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 2/2/2004， p78-78， 2/3p， 2c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象第1題模仿2002年text 4第1題;第2題模仿1994年真題text 2 第3題;第3模仿2002年真題text 3 第3題，第4—5題模仿2004年text 3第4，5題;
1. From the first paragraph， we learn that_________.
[A] the baby-boom generation will not suffer from Alzhemer‘s disease
[B] recent progress brings hope for Alzheimer victims
[C] the week was very important for Alzheimer‘s because a documentary about it was shown on PBS
[D] the new achievements made on several fronts show that Alzheimer‘s disease can be cured
2. The phrase “stave off” (line 1， paragraph 2) most probably means “________”。
[A] getting
[B] treating
[C] curing
[D] preventing
3. The report in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that ____________.
[A] combination therapy refers to combining two different ways of treatment
[B] donepezil helps blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate
[C] combination therapy is of great benefit to all patients with Alzheimer‘s
[D] Aricept and Namenda have better effect when used together than used separately
4. Why is brain imaging considered progress in treating Alzhemer‘s?
[A] Because it helps doctors diagnose and treat the disease in an early phase by tracking the progress of plaques in the brain.
[B] Because it helps doctors autopsy the brains of the patients after they died.
[C] Because it helps doctors see the plaque desposits clearly so that they can operate on the brain.
[D] Because it helps doctors develop a new procedure of tracking the progress of the disease.
5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A] Alzhemer‘s disease can be cured thanks to the new advances.
[B] Forgetfulness can be cured by doing mental exercise.
[C] Careful evaluation is important because it can tell Alzheimer‘s from curable memory lapses， which can be treated if found in an early phase.
[D] Mental exercises do good only to forgetfulness caused by reversible causes.
答案：B D D A C The countdown goes something like this： 3) IRS auditor， 2) ex-husband's new 20-year-old girlfriend， 1) dentist. The top three people we most hate to see.
“Let's face it，” says Dr. Lorin Berland， a dentist in Dallas. “Dentistry can suck.” A third of Americans， according to the National Center for Health Statistics， haven't even set foot in the dentist's office in the past year. Berland， along with an increasing number of dentists all over the country， is trying to change that. He wants dental appointments to be less about pain and drilling and more about relaxation， foot massage and soothing aromatherapy.
Spa dentistry， as it's called， means you can enjoy a hot paraffin-wax hand treatment while getting your teeth cleaned. Or you can slip on some virtual-reality glasses and watch your favorite movie. Or you might just lie back and let the scent of lavender and the sound of falling water quiet your anxiety， while a licensed massage therapist eases the crick in your neck. Most vacations aren't this good. In response to spa dentistry's growing popularity， the Chicago Dental Society will teach its first course on the practice at its annual midwinter meeting in February， expected to attract 35，000 industry professionals.
“Some people are born to cater to people， and others have to be taught，” says Dr. Grace Sun， a dentist in Los Angeles who， without benefit of a lecture， offers massage， fruit smoothies and movies. In addition， she provides luxury hotel-style concierge services： while you're in the (vibrating， of course) chair， her staff makes dinner reservations， takes your cell-phone calls， baby-sits， dog-sits， orders in food or does just about anything else you ask.
Dr. Debra Gray King of the Atlanta Center for Cosmetic Dentistry calls her practice “the Ritz-Carlton of dentistry” and in fact sends her “dental concierges” to the Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center for training in client relations. They're taught to squire each patient as he or she navigates the various rooms of the center's luxe 8，400-sq.-ft. Twelve Oaks——esque mansion. Once in the dentist's chair， King's patients can use the attached flat-panel monitor to watch TV， play a DVD or surf the Web. Can't see the screen? No worries， there's one wired to the ceiling too. Noise-reduction headphones block the screech of the drill and play a CD of your choice， and the specially constructed dental chair channels the sound waves from the music into a full-body massage. “The more relaxed the patient is，” says King， “the easier our job.”
Patients are responding. Martha Dickey， a magazine publisher in Atlanta， says a hot paraffin-wax treatment can “change your whole feeling about going to the dentist. You feel like you're there to get nurtured and pampered. It's fabulous. Every one of your senses is taken care of.” If only the offices of the IRS were as pleasant.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 12/30/2002-1/6/2003， p155， 3/4p， 1c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年text 1;
1. How do Dr. Berland and some other American dentists try to change the image of
dentistry?
[A] They try to change it by facing it bravely.
[B] They try to change it by teaching patients how to take good care of their teeth.
[C] They try to change it by providing new services to help patients feel relaxed and at home.
[D] They try to change it by relieving patients‘ pain with new pills.
2. Which of the following is not a service provided by spa dentistry?
[A] a vacation
[B] spa
[C] massage
[D] dental treatment
3. The expression “cater to” (Line 1， Paragraph 4) most probably means _______.
[A] meet the requirements of sb.
[B] be to sb‘s liking
[C] take sb. seriously
[D] serve sb. well
4. Why does Dr. Debra Gray King call her practice “the Ritz-Carlton of dentistry”?
[A] Because her “dental concierges” are trained at the Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center.
[B] Because her cosmetic dentistry center provides the kind of concierge services luxury hotels like Ritz-Carlton provide.
[C] Because her Center is located in a mansion as large as Ritz-Carlton.
[D] Because her patients are also guests at Ritz-Carlton.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Dr. Grace Sun learned her new practice from the course offered by the Chicago Dental Society.
[B] The author hopes that dentist‘s offices can be as comfortable the offices of the IRS.
[C] The patients like the new services provided by the dentists mentioned in the text very much.
[D] Dental appointments are often associated with relaxation.
答案：C A D B C WHAT do you do when everyone hates you? That is the problem faced by America's pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity， soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative， and regarded almost as unfavourably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart)。 Last week， at a conference organised by The Economist in Philadelphia， the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source： a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria， the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris， gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image.
Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd， or even offensive. “Their products kill people. Our products save people's lives，” says Alan Holmer， the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America， an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny; industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994.
Mr Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past， he said， it is better to move on， and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges， for example， that cigarettes are addictive and deadly， and is trying to develop less harmful products.) Not everyone is open to persuasion， so focus on those who are， he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words： “This is not about spin， this is about change.”
The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics， Mr Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive， since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising， he said， can actually antagonise people further.
The audience was generally receptive， claims Mr Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year， he offered America's State Department advice on improving America's image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work? There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms， if only a small one. But at least， for once， a tobacco firm is peddling a cure， rather than a disease.
GRAPH： Unpopularity contest
Economist; 11/27/2004， Vol. 373 Issue 8403， p64-64， 1/3p， 1 graph
注(1)：本文選自Economist; 11/27/2004， p64-64， 1/3p， 1 graph;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象第1題2004年真題text 4第1題，第2題模仿1994年真題text 3第1題，第3題模仿1996年真題text 3第3題，第4題模仿1997年真題text 3第2題，第5題2004年真題text 4第5題;
1. Why is America‘s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular?
[A] Because it， like tobacco and oil firms， does harm to people‘s health and environment.
[B] Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer.
[C] Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide.
[D] Because it exploits its employees.
2. Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________.
[A] the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous， or even insulting
[B] the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry
[C] tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products
[D] pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems
3. According to the text， Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except ______.
[A] To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images.
[B] Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association.
[C] Not to care about the past.
[D] To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open to persuasion.
4. The word “mollify” (Line 1， Paragraph 4) might mean?
[A] placate.
[B] enrage.
[C] fight.
[D] relieve.
5. What does the author imply by saying “This is not the first time he has offered his
thoughts on dealing with implacable critics.“?
[A] Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times.
[B] Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself.
[C] Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms.
[D] Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments.
答案：C A C A C Sleep is a funny thing. We're taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night， but a lot of us get by just fine on less， and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke——probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.
Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon， it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride， confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn't have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness， a person's motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously， surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don't think twice about operating without enough sleep.
“I could tell you horror stories，” says Jaya Agrawal， president of the American Medical Student Association， which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours，” one writes. “I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.”
“Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work，” writes another. “I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a 'Jersey barrier' on the New Jersey Turnpike， going 65 m.p.h.” “Your own patients have become the enemy，” writes a third， because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep.”
Agrawal's organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001， introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions， modeled on New York State's regulations， include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit.Most doctors， however， resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley， a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan， agrees that something needs to be done but believes “doctors should be bound by their conscience， not by the government.”
The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors， patients are on their own. If you're worried about the people treating you or a loved one， you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors， for their part， have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.
注(1)：本文選自Time;3/11/2002， p73， 3/4p， 1c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象：第1、2題分別模仿1999年真題text4的第1題和text2的第2題;第3題模仿1998年真題text3的第2題;第4、5題分別模仿2004年真題text2的第3題和text3的第5題;
1. We can learn from the first paragraph that ____________.
[A] people who sleep less than 8 hours a day are more prone to illness
[B] poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorder
[C] stroke is often associated with sleep
[D] too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep
2. Speaking of the sleep problems doctors face， the author implies that ________________.
[A] doctors often need little sleep to keep them energetic
[B] doctors‘ sleep is deprived by residents
[C] doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problems
[D] sleep-deprived doctors are intoxicated
3. Paragraph 3 and 4 are written to ____________.
[A] entertain the audience with some anecdotes
[B] discuss the cause of doctors‘ sleep problems
[C] show the hostility doctors harbor against their patients
[D] exemplify the danger doctors face caused by lack of sleep
4. By “doctors should be bound by their conscience， not by the government” (line 6， paragraph 5)， Dr. Charles Binkley means that ____________.
[A] doctors should not abide by government‘s regulations
[B] the government is interfering too much
[C] the regulations about workweek and work shift are too specific
[D] law can not force a doctor to sleep while his conscience can
5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A] Patients should control the hours of their doctors.
[B] Pilots and truck drivers work in safer environments than that of doctors‘。
[C] Patients are facing more risks if their doctors are not adequately-rested.
[D] People concerned have the right to remove their doctors from their positions.
答案：B C D B C Watching a child struggle to breathe during an asthma attack is frightening for any parent. So it is only natural that most moms and dads will try just about anything——including spending a lot of money——to keep an attack at bay. Trouble is， more than half of parents are trying strategies that simply don't work and wasting hundreds of dollars in the process， according to a study published last week in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
The report， based on interviews with the parents of 896 asthmatic children in 10 different cities， contained some good news. Eighty percent of parents had a handle on at least one of the triggers that worsened their children's asthma. After that， however， many parents seemed to go astray， taking precautions that weren't helpful “and made little sense，” according to Dr. Michael Cabana， a pediatrician at the University of Michigan's C.S. Mott Children's Hospital， who led the study.
One of the most common mistakes was to buy a mattress cover to protect against dust mites for a child whose asthma was exacerbated instead by plant pollen. Many of those parents then neglected to do what would have helped a lot more： shut the windows to keep pollen out. Another was using a humidifier for a child who was allergic to dust mites; a humidifier tends to be a place where dust mites like to breed. With those allergies， a dehumidifier works better.
Worst of all was the number of smokers with asthmatic children who didn't even try to quit or at least limit themselves to smoking outdoors rather than just moving to another room or the garage. Second-hand smoke has been proved， over and over again， to be a major trigger of asthma attacks. Many smoking parents purchased expensive air filters that have what Cabana called “questionable utility.”
Part of the problem， Dr. Cabana and his colleagues believe， is that parents are bombarded by television ads that encourage them to buy products such as air and carpet fresheners， ionizers and other remedies that are often expensive but medically unnecessary. And doctors may not always take the time， or have the time， to explain to parents what will and won't work in their child's particular case. For example， allergies are usually a problem for older children with asthma， while kids 5 and younger more frequently have trouble with viral respiratory infections. So make sure you understand what's really triggering your child's asthma. And remember， the best solutions are not always the most expensive ones.
注(1)：本文選自Time，8/30/2004，p67;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題Text 1
1. What does the study by Dr. Michael Cabana indicate?
[A]Parents are eager to cure of their children‘s disease.
[B]Many parents are wasting money for their children‘s frightening disease.
[C] Many parents fail to find the effective way for their children‘s disease.
[D]Parents feel worried about their children‘s disease.
2. Which of the following is not the trigger of asthma attacks?
[A]Humidifier.
[B]Second-hand smoke.
[C]Plant pollen.
[D]Dust mites.
3. The expression “to keep an attack at bay” (Line 3， Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.
[A]to ease the attack
[B]to lessen the attack
[C]to continue the attack
[D]to prevent the attack
4. Why are the parents in such a dilemma?
[A]The doctors are not responsible enough.
[B]Parents are influenced much by ads.
[C]Parents are ignorant of the disease.
[D]The quality of medical products is not good.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Parents shouldn‘t spend too much money on the children.
[B]The expensive products are not always good.
[C]To know the real trigger of the disease is very important.
[D]Parents often make mistakes.
答案：CADBC IF YOU'RE CONFUSED BY ALL the news about the health effects of eating fish， you're not alone. On one hand， the omega-3 fatty acids in fish are known to reduce the risk of heart disease， as the American Heart Association reminded us two weeks ago when it restated its recommendation that everybody eat at least two fish servings a week. On the other hand， fish that feed in contaminated waterways contain high levels of mercury， which can lead to cognitive problems in developing brains. That's why pregnant women and nursing mothers are advised to limit their consumption.
As if that weren't confusing enough， two new studies published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine investigated the possible effects of mercury on the heart， and they seem to have reached contradictory conclusions. One found no clear link between mercury levels and heart disease; the other found that men with high levels of mercury in their toenails were more likely to suffer a heart attack than those with low levels. What are we to make of this? The first thing to remember is that this is how science proceeds， by fits and starts and seemingly contradictory results that get resolved only by further study. The second is that not all fish are created equal.
Compared with all the other things you might eat， fish are an excellent source of protein. They tend to eat algae as part of their natural life cycle， converting it into omega-3 fatty acids that can improve your cholesterol profile. But it's also true that our waterways have become increasingly contaminated with all sorts of pollutants， including mercury， and that these pollutants tend to accumulate at different levels in different species. The fish most at risk are predators high in the pelagic food chain， such as swordfish and sharks (see chart)。
It was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared the mercury levels in clippings from toenails， where heavy metals tend to be deposited. In one study， researchers led by Dr. Eliseo Guallar at Johns Hopkins found that European and Israeli men with the highest mercury levels were nearly 2.2 times as likely to have a heart attack as those with the lowest levels. The other study， led by Dr. Walter Willett at the Harvard School of Public Health， looked at a selection of American men and found no connection between mercury exposure and risk of heart disease， although Willett told me a “weak association” cannot be ruled out.
For most of us， eating two servings of fish a week should not pose any problems. Guallar， who hails from coastal Spain， continues to flavor his paella with salmon， which has negligible mercury levels. Willett eats swordfish only about twice a month——because of its expense， not any fear of mercury. Fish-oil supplements are high in omega3 fatty acids and probably don't contain as much mercury as whole fish. But they don't taste nearly as good.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 12/9/2002， p99;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2005真題Text 1;
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A]making a comparison
[B]justifying an assumption
[C]posing a contrast
[D]explaining a phenomenon
2. The phrase “by fits and starts”(Line 6， Paragraph 2) most probably means _______.
[A]something happens smoothly
[B]something keeps starting and then stopping again
[C]something deserves a lot of effort
[D]something is troublesome
3. Clippings from toenails were chosen for the research most probably because _______.
[A]they are more likely to contain mercury
[B]they influence a person‘s heart
[C]they can be easily obtained
[D]they are connected with the heart
4. The views of Dr. Eliseo Guallar and Dr. Walter Willett are ______.
[A]identical
[B]similar
[C]opposite
[D]complementary
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]Fish is no threat to Man.
[B]Do not be frightened by some fish.
[C]Eat Fish-oil supplements instead of fish.
[D]Taste is more important than the safety of the food.
答案：CBACB A widely heralded but still experimental cancer-fighting compound may be used someday to prevent two other major killers of Americans： heart disease and stroke. That was the implication of a remarkable report published last week in the journal Circulation by a team of researchers from Dr. Judah Folkman's laboratory at the Children's Hospital in Boston.
The versatile compound is endostatin， a human protein that inhibits angiogenesis， the growth of new blood vessels in the body. In tests reported in 1997 by Folkman， a prominent cancer researcher who pioneered the study of angiogenesis， the drug had reduced and even eradicated tumors in laboratory mice. How? By stunting the growth of capillaries necessary for nourishing the burgeoning mouse tumors.
When news of Folkman's achievement became widely known last year， it led to wildly exaggerated predictions of imminent cancer cures. When other scientists were initially unable to duplicate those results， questions arose about the validity of Folkman's research. Then in February scientists at the National Cancer Institute， with guidance from Folkman， finally matched his results. Reassured， the N.C.I. gave the go-ahead for clinical trials of endostatin later this year on patients with advanced tumors.
How can a drug that is apparently effective against tumors also reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke? The answer lies in the composition of plaque， the fatty deposit that builds up in arteries and can eventually clog them. Plaque consists of a mix of cholesterol， white blood cells and smooth muscle cells， and as it accumulates， a network of capillaries sprouts from the artery walls to nourish the cells. Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque?
A Folkman lab team led by Dr. Karen Moulton decided to find out. The scientists put baby lab mice on a 16-week “Western diet” that was high in fat and cholesterol， then measured the plaque buildup on the walls of each aorta， the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Meanwhile， they injected one group of mice with endostatin， another with a different blood-vessel inhibitor called TNP-470 and a control group with an inert saline solution. Twenty weeks later the researchers again measured plaque in the mouse aortas. The results were startling： the endostatin group averaged 85% less plaque buildup and the TNP-470 group 70% less than those in the control group.
All too aware of the premature hopes raised last year after Folkman's tumor report， the researchers have been careful not to oversell the new results. “If this finding is supported in future studies，” says Moulton， “[it could open the way for] treatments that could delay the progression of heart disease and possibly reduce the incidence of heart attacks and strokes.” But any such treatments， she stresses， are probably five to 10 years away.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 04/19/99， p48;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題Text 1;
1. What did the report indicate?
[A]A very important drug is now at experimental stage.
[B]Heart disease and stroke are the most serious threats to Americans.
[C]The tumor drug can be used for the heart disease in the future.
[D]Many Americans suffer from heart disease and stroke.
2. Why did the N.C.I. agree to have clinical trials of endostatin on the patients?
[A]They were convinced of the Folkman's research.
[B]They can do such a research as well as Folkman.
[C]The patients with advanced tumors need the drug.
[D]The drug should be proved effective on humans.
3. The expression “stunting the growth of capillaries”(Line 8， Paragraph 2) most probably
means _______.
[A]help the growth of capillaries
[B]limit the growth of capillaries
[C]improve the growth of capillaries
[D]prevent the growth of capillaries
4. Why can the tumor drug be used for the heart?
[A]It can accumulate a network of capillaries and nourish the cells.
[B]It can stop the growth of capillaries and provide no nourishment for plaque.
[C]The curing method of tumor and heart disease is the same.
[D]The tumor and heart disease are made up of the same substance.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Folkman's tumor report had been exaggerated.
[B]The tumor drug is not as effective as what has been expected.
[C]The new results of the research are far more encouraging.
[D]Researchers still have a long way to go to make another successful experiment.
答案：CADBC Depending on whom you ask， the experiment announced at a Texas medical conference last week was a potential breakthrough for infertile women， a tragic failure or a dangerous step closer to the nightmare scenario of human cloning.
There's truth to all these points of view. Infertility was clearly the motivation when Chinese doctors used a new technique to help one of their countrywomen get pregnant. Unlike some infertile women， the 30-year-old patient produced eggs just fine， and those eggs could be fertilized by sperm. But they never developed properly， largely because of defects in parts of the egg outside the fertilized nucleus. So using a technique developed by Dr. James Grifo at New York University， Dr. Zhuang Guanglun of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou took the patient's fertilized egg， scooped out the chromosome-bearing nuclear material and put it in a donated egg whose nucleus had been removed. In this more benign environment， development proceeded normally， and the woman became pregnant with triplets who carried a mix of her DNA and her husband's——pretty much like any normal baby.
What has some doctors and ethicists upset is that this so-called nuclear-transfer technique has also been used to produce clones， starting with Dolly the sheep. The only significant difference is that with cloning， the inserted nucleus comes from a single， usually adult， cell， and the resulting offspring is genetically identical to the parent. Doing that with humans is ethically repugnant to many. Besides， for reasons that aren't yet well understood， cloned animals often abort spontaneously or are born with defects; Dolly died very young， though she had seemed healthy. And because the Chinese woman's twins were born prematurely and died (the third triplet was removed early on to improve chances for the remaining two)， critics have suggested that cloning and nuclear transfer are equally risky for humans.
Not likely， says Grifo. “The obstetric outcome was a disaster，” he admits， “but the embryos were chromosomally normal. We have no evidence that it had anything to do with the procedure.” Even so， concern over potential risks is why the Food and Drug Administration created a stringent approval process for such research in 2001——a process that Grifo found so onerous that he stopped working on the technique and gave it to the researchers in China， where it was subsequently banned (but only this month， long after Zhuang's patient became pregnant)。
The bottom line， say critics， is that perfecting a technique that could be used for human cloning， even if it were developed for another purpose， is just a bad idea——an assertion Zhuang rejects. “I agree that it makes sense to control these experiments，” he says. “But we've developed an effective technology to help people. We understand how to do it. We need it.”
注(1)：本文選自Time; 10/27/2003， p47;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2003年真題Text 4;
1. What is implied in the first paragraph?
[A]Some people regard it as a tragic failure.
[B]The new experiment means a breakthrough for some people.
[C]People have different reactions to the new experiment.
[D]The new experiment means a step further to the dangerous human cloning.
2. The author uses the case of Dolly and the Chinese pregnant woman to show that _________.
[A]both nuclear-transfer and cloning are dangerous for humans and animals
[B]both of them benefit from the new technique
[C]both of them are the examples of technical failure
[D]both of them are the fruits of the new technology
3. Zhuang‘s attitude toward the critics’ conclusion is one of __________.
[A]reserved consent
[B]strong disapproval
[C]slight contempt
[D]enthusiastic support
4. The only difference existing between nuclear-transfer and cloning technique is ________.
[A]whether it is used for research or for helping the infertile
[B]whether the offspring looks like the parent
[C]whether it is used in animals or human beings
[D]whether the inserted nucleus comes from a single and usually adult cell
5. The text intends to express the idea that _________.
[A]research of cloning has potential risks
[B]the research of cloning should be stopped totally
[C]ethics and research of cloning are in contradiction
[D]researchers should have the right to continue the study of cloning
答案：CABDC I had two routine checkups last week， and both the eye doctor and the dentist asked me to update my health history for their records. Their requests made sense. Health-care providers should know what problems their patients have had and what medications they're taking to be on the lookout for potential trouble or complications.
On each history， however， the section labeled FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY gave me pause. Few diseases are purely genetic， but plenty have genetic components. If my father suffered from elevated LDL， or bad cholesterol， my doctor should know that， because I'm probably at higher risk. If my mother had breast cancer， my sister (if I had one) would want her physician to be especially vigilant.
While I know something about the history of my parents' health-my father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson's disease， and my mother died of lung cancer-there's plenty I don't know. What were my parents' cholesterol numbers and blood pressures? I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes， but I can't swear to that. And when it comes to my grandparents， whose genes I also have， I'm even more in the dark.
That makes me fairly typical. According to Dr. Richard Carmona， the U.S. Surgeon General， only about a third of Americans have even tried to put together a family-health history. That's why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day. Sitting around the turkey talking about cancer and heart disease may seem like a grim thing to do when you're supposed to be giving thanks for everything that's going right. But since many families will be gathering for the holiday anyway， it's a perfect time to create a medical family tree.
And the Surgeon General is making it easy： if you go to hhs.gov/familyhistory， you can use the Frequently Asked Questions link to find out which diseases tend to run in families， which ones you should be most and least worried about， and what to do if， like me， your parents and grandparents have passed away. You can also download a free piece of software called My Family Health Portrait， which helps you organize the information. The program prints that out in a easy-to-read form you can give to your doctors.
The website insists the software is “fun”， but that may be going a bit far. In any case， it's available only for Windows machines， so Mac users and people without computers have to use a printed version of the tree. It's worth it， though， since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 11/22/2004， p100;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象為2005年真題Text 1;
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast.
[B] justifying an assumption.
[C] explaining a phenomenon.
[D] making a comparison.
2. The statement “I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes， but I can't swear to that.” (Line 4， Paragraph 3) implies that
[A] only one of them suffered from diabetes.
[B] neither of them suffered from diabetes.
[C] both of them suffered from diabetes.
[D] it's uncertain whether they suffered from diabetes or not.
3. Family health report is very important because
[A] you can be careful about some disease and keep fit.
[B] you are connected with your parents and your grandparents.
[C] many diseases are genetic and should be noticed.
[D] you should be considerate and care about your parents.
4. Dr. Richard Carmona suggests that
[A] you should present your doctor with a medical history.
[B] you should print out your family's medical history.
[C] you should gather your family's medical history.
[D] you should give thanks for everything that is going right.
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] The software is fun enough.
[B] Family medical tree shouldn't be neglected.
[C] The software is not available anywhere.
[D] It is worthwhile to draw a family tree.
答案：C B A C B William Shakespeare described old age as “second childishness”—— sans teeth， sans eyes， sans taste. In the case of taste he may， musically speaking， have been even more perceptive than he realized. A paper in Neurology by Giovanni Frisoni and his colleagues at the National Centre for Research and Care of Alzheimer's Disease in Brescia， Italy， shows that one form of senile dementia can affect musical desires in ways that suggest a regression， if not to infancy， then at least to a patient's teens.
Frontotemporal dementia is caused， as its name suggests， by damage to the front and sides of the brain. These regions are concerned with speech， and with such “higher” functions as abstract thinking and judgment. Frontotemporal damage therefore produces different symptoms from the loss of memory associated with Alzheimer's disease， a more familiar dementia that affects the hippocampus and amygdala in the middle of the brain. Frontotemporal dementia is also rarer than Alzheimer's. In the past five years the centre in Brescia has treated some 1，500 Alzheimer's patients; it has seen only 46 with frontotemporal dementia.
Two of those patients interested Dr Frisoni. One was a 68-year-old lawyer， the other a 73-year-old housewife. Both had undamaged memories， but displayed the sorts of defect associated with frontotemporal dementia-a diagnosis that was confirmed by brain scanning. About two years after he was first diagnosed the lawyer， once a classical music lover whoreferred to pop music as “mere noise”， started listening to the Italian pop band “883”。 As his command of language and his emotional attachments to friends and family deteriorated， he
continued to listen to the band at full volume for many hours a day. The housewife had not even had the lawyer's love of classical music， having never enjoyed music of any sort in the past. But about a year after her diagnosis she became very interested in the songs that her 11-year-old granddaughter was listening to.
This kind of change in musical taste was not seen in any of the Alzheimer's patients， and thus appears to be specific to those with frontotemporal dementia. And other studies have remarked on how frontotemporal-dementia patients sometimes gain new talents. Five sufferers who developed artistic abilities are known. And in another lapse of musical taste， one woman with the disease suddenly started composing and singing country and western songs.
Dr Frisoni speculates that the illness is causing people to develop a new attitude towards novel experiences. Previous studies of novelty-seeking behavior suggest that it is managed by the brain's right frontal lobe. A predominance of the right over the left frontal lobe， caused by damage to the latter， might thus lead to a quest for new experience. Alternatively， the damage may have affected some specific neural circuit that is needed to appreciate certain kinds of music. Whether that is a gain or a loss is a different matter. As Dr Frisoni puts it in his article， de gustibus non disputandum est. Or， in plainer words， there is no accounting for taste.
11. For Shakespeare， old age as “second childishness” for they have the same
A favorite.
B memory.
C experience.
D sense.
12. Which one is not a symptom of Frototemporal dementia?
A the loss of memory.
B the loss of judgment.
C the loss of abstract thinking .
D the loss of speech.
13. From the two patients mentioned in the passage， it can be concluded that
A their command of language has deteriorated.
B their emotional attachments to friends and family are being lost.
C the Frontotemporal dementia can bring new gifts.
D Frontotemporal dementia can cause patients to change their musical tastes.
14.The “novel” in the last paragraph means
A historical.
B special.
C story-like.
D strange.
15. From the passage， it can be inferred that
A the damage of the left frontal lobe may affect some specific neural circuit.
B the lawyer patient has the left frontal lobe damaged.
C the damage of the left frontal lobe decreased the appreciation certain kinds of music.
D every patient has the same taste.
答案：DADDB Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient，the doctor，and nature in these situations.
Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain，those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies，for example，nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces.
What role should the doctor have? Doctors，when taking the Hippocratic oath，swear to preserve life at all costs，and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick，and in the cases when healing is not possible，then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime，and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also，by virtue of their humanness，capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say，for instance，that a cancer patient was terminal，and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs.
The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another‘s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws，but to break divine 1aws as well.
These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance，patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain clouds judgment，and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment，so they shouldn‘t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible，and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life，they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide.
I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service.If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery，and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine，that seems merciful rather than criminal.If we can agree to this，then I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable request.Without the doctor‘s previous treatment，the person would have surely been dead already.Doctors have intervened for months or even years，so why not sanction this final，merciful intervention?
Life is indeed precious，but an inevitable part of life is death，and it should be precious，too.If life has become an intolerable pain and intense suffering，then it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beauty，one should have the right to end her or his suffering quietly，surely，and with family and friends nearby.
1. In this passage“doctor-assisted suicide”actually refers to the practice that doctors____.
[A]kill their patients by intentional inducement
[B]unconsciously help their patients to commit suicide
[c]propose euthanasia(安樂死)to the terminally ill patient
[D]kill their patients with improper prescription
2. People may object to doctor-assisted suicide on the ground that____.
[A]patients should determine when they want to end their lives
[B]doctors should be punished if they fail to save their patients
[C]doctors may make mistakes in their diagnosis
[D]doctors should wait until their patients‘ death is certain
3. Who has the power to decide when a person should die according to those who argue against assisted suicide?
[A]The patient. [B]The doctor.
[C]Nature. [D]None of the above.
4. When speaking of the role patients play in assisted suicide，the author admits that____.
[A]it is not up to them to make the choice
[B]science is a better arbiter than their personal preference
[C]personal preference should not be taken too seriously
[D]they are unable to make the choice in some cases
5. The author makes it clear that____.
[A]he is opposed to doctor-assisted suicide
[B]he is in favor of doctor-assisted suicide
[C]he neither objects to nor favors doctor-assisted suicide
[D]he thinks it better to leave the issue undiscussed at present
參考答案：
1. [C] 第一段第二句實際上是doctor-assisted suicide的定義。
2. [C] 參閱第三段第六、七、八句。
3. [C] 參閱第四段第三、四、五句。
4. [D] 參閱第五段，尤其是本段第一句。
5. [B] 參閱最后一段，尤其是該段第二句。 The term“genetically modified”(G-M)is an offspring of another term：biotechnology，a word that‘s been around for about 30 years.Biotechnology was coined in the shadow of new techniques that allowed scientists to modify the genetic material in living cells.Roughly，that means imitating biological processes to produce substances that，arguably，benefit things like agriculture，medicine and the environment.
Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits：it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics;can be used to introduce traits that a product wouldn‘t traditionally have;can improve the nutritional value of products;and can produce cheaper and more environmentally-friendly fertilizers.And，say the supporters，a11 of this is done safely.Bart Bilmer，an officer of biotechnology at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency，reinforces this.He says before being put on the shelves，all foods go through rigorous tests to ensure they’re up to snuff.The standard for“safe”is the food that‘s already being sold in grocery stores.It’s called the principle of substantial equivalence.And there‘s no doubt in Bilmer’s mind that it‘s a system that’s working and working well.
Advocacy groups，like the Council of Canadians and Greenpeace，don‘t see things quite the same way.They cite studies done by groups such as the British Medical Association which argue G-M foods could have disastrous consequences to our health.1)To the groups on this side of the issue，that“could”provides more than enough reason to proceed with extreme caution，something they say isn’t being done at present.Those on this side of the debate say there are a number of problems with the current approach to G-M foods.To begin with，they argue the notion of substantial equivalence is not a standard they trust.They want a new testing system independent from the industry.As well，G-M critics say enough time hasn‘t passed to study the long-term effects of the foods.Without knowing，argues Jennifer Story of the Council of Canadians，Canadians are“part of this giant experiment involving a radical and frontier science”。
One side says the foods on the shelves of Canada‘s grocery stores are safe.The other side says they’re not so sure.Both sides agree consumers may be confused with the information out there but don‘t agree on how to address that confusion.One side says the answer lies’in voluntary labels，the other says mandatory ones are the bare minimum.2) Whatever the case， it's a debate that makes us consider the role technology has in our lives.What makes this debate unique is that every meal we eat is at its very core.And that fact means one thing：it‘s an issue to be discussed not only around policy tables，but dinner tables.
1. The expression“are up to snuff”(Para.2 )probably means____.
[A]be healthy [B]be pleasant to taste
[C]meet the standard [D] be nutritious
2. The“principle of substantial equivalence”(Para.2 )is one by which____.
[A]G-M foods can be produced and processed
[B]one can define the safety of G-M foods
[C]foods can be genetically modified up to standard
[D]foods can be tested before they are sold at grocery stores
3. Those who advise taking a cautious attitude toward G-M foods warn that____.
[A]G-M foods will have disastrous consequences to people‘s health
[B]the long-term effects of G-M foods remain largely unknown
[C]most G-M foods do not meet the principle of substantial equivalence
[D]most fertilizers used in raising G-M foods are harmful to the environment
4. What Jennifer Story says implies____.
[A]she considers genetic food modification desirable
[B]she believes G-M food will have disastrous consequences to our health
[C]she predicts more and more Canadians will like G-M foods
[D]she takes a cautious attitude towards food modification
5. The author‘s attitude towards the issue of G-M food is____.
[A]positive [B]negative
[C]radical [D]impartial
參考答案：
1. [C] 這是一個俚語，意為“符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的”。第二段中該句的下一句實際上解釋了該詞組的意思。
2. [B] 該句的上一句實際上說明了其意思。
3. [B] 在第三段，認(rèn)為應(yīng)該慎重對待這種新型食物的人提到了兩點理由：一是他們認(rèn)為目前測試其安全與否的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不可靠;二是認(rèn)為這種食物投放市場的時間尚短，還沒辦法研究其長期效應(yīng)(long-term effects)。
4. [D] 在第三段最后一句她說，加拿大人毫無意識地成為一種全新的前沿科學(xué)的試驗品。她說的這一句話與上一句話的意思應(yīng)該是一致的。由此推斷，在她看來，人們應(yīng)該謹(jǐn)慎做事，因為人們還不了解新型食物的長期效應(yīng)。
5. [D]意為：客觀的。作者列舉了擁護者和反對者的意見，對于孰是孰非并沒有提出自己的看法，所以在最后一句作者指出，問題還將繼續(xù)爭論下去。 I am a neuroscientist.I make a living by studying how the brain works.Although neuroscience has taken huge strides forward in the past decade，it is a long way from being able to address the problems dealt with by psychotherapy.3) Neuroscience cannot yet explain how we feel，and it is a long way from being able to prescribe what a miserable person must do to feel better.So，as a neuroscientist，I feel I should have a conclusion about the alternative approach.
The first question I must answer is：“What do psychotherapies have to offer?”First，let us deal with the scientific angle.The best way to start is by assessing a claim that has cropped up several times over the year.It was first made of psychoanalysis，but it has been extended to other psychotherapies.It is the claim that psychoanalysis is the successor to religion，that it gives a scientific，rather than a superstitious，answer to the question of how best to lead a happy，fulfilled life.
1 would say this claim is at best half right.Psychoanalysis may indeed answer the question of how best to lead a happy life，but it has a lot more in common with religion than it has with science.In fact，psychoanalysis is not the successor to religion，it is just another religion.
This assessment is based on the way religions and sciences deal with fundamental truths.In religions，truths are laid down by God and revealed to the prophets who，in their turn，pass them on to the faithful.They are sacred mysteries that cannot be questioned.In science，on the other hand，truths are nothing if not questionable.The laws of science are deduced from the results of experiments and can be used to predict new experimental results.If new results go against the prediction，they show the law to be false.A new experimental result，or a new theory for deriving predictions from the results，can change the accepted truths.If a scientific statement cannot，in principle，be proved wrong then it tells us nothing.
Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem.4)It is a maxim that our psychological problems are rooted in past conflicts，and that the repressed memories of these conflicts emerge from the unconscious in coded forms that can be interpreted by the analyst.But the codes are so obscure and so flexible that they defy rational explanation.There is no way the maxims could be disproved.They may not be sacred，but they are definitely mysteries.
Many other therapies are based on untestable theories.Of course，that doesn‘t necessarily prevent them from working.There is no doubt thousands of people feel that psychoanalysis has helped them to lead fuller and happier lives.But the number of satisfied customers is no guide to scientific validity;if it were，religion would come out way ahead.
1. The author considers his role as a neuroscientist____.
[A]irrelevant to that of a psychoanalyst
[B]different from that of a psychoanalyst
[C]of the same importance as that of a psychotherapeutist
[D]purely imaginary and impractical
2. According to the author，psychoanalysis is another religion in that____.
[A]it does nothing towards revealing fundamental truth
[B]its conclusions are seldom capable of being tested
[C]it has too many prophets and blind believers
[D]it takes over many doctrines from religious beliefs
3. By saying that“Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem”(Para.5)the author means that____.
[A]psychoanalysis deals with problems or conflicts inside the unconscious
[B]the assertions in psychoanalysis cannot be disproved
[C]psychoanalysis attaches no importance to doing experiments
[D]psychoanalysts can not explain psychological problems to patients
4. Which of the following is a science according to the author?
[A]Neuroscience.
[B]Psychoanalysis.
[C]Psychotherapy.
[D]None of the above.
5. The main purpose of the passage is____.
[A]to refute the practical value of psychoanalysis
[B]to propose neuroscience as an alternative to psychoanalysis
[C]to compare the theories of psychoanalysis with religious doctrines
[D]to explain why psychoanalysis is not a science
參考答案：
1. [B] 在第一段作者指出，自己是一個神經(jīng)科學(xué)家，隨后說明了這門科學(xué)目前存在的局限性。最后一句指出，作為一個神經(jīng)學(xué)方面的科學(xué)家，他覺得有必要談一下另外一種方法究竟是個什么東西。這里所謂the alternative approach指上文提到的心理療法(psychotherapy)。根據(jù)第二段的論述，心理分析是心理療法的一個分支。而在第三段，作者將心理分析稱為一種宗教，認(rèn)為它不是科學(xué)。
2. [B] 第四段說明了為什么心理分析是一種宗教而不是一門科學(xué)。由本段可以看出，科學(xué)與宗教的根本區(qū)別在于：科學(xué)是能被實驗證明真?zhèn)蔚?，而宗教則不能。第五、六段接著列舉了心理分析與宗教的相似性。
3. [B] 句中this problem即指上一段最后一句提到的不能被證明真?zhèn)巍?BR> 4. [A] 意為：神經(jīng)科學(xué)。在第一段，作者稱自己為神經(jīng)學(xué)科學(xué)家。由此看來，在他心目中，神經(jīng)科學(xué)是一門科學(xué)，雖然它現(xiàn)在尚有許多問題解決不了。實際上，敢于承認(rèn)其局限性，才是研究一門科學(xué)應(yīng)有的態(tài)度。而自稱什么問題都能解決的心理分析學(xué)被作者稱為一種宗教。另外，在第二段第四句，作者使用了other psychotherapies這樣的措辭，說明作者將心理分析看做是心理療法的一個分支，二者都不是科學(xué)。
5. [D] 第一段最后一句提出本文旨在說明的主要問題，文章最后一段是文章的結(jié)論，其中尤其是該段最后一句。 For three decades we‘ve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic (increasing oxygen consumption)exercise.Medical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good health，and millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill to reap the rewards.But the story is changing.Everyone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon general’S office has recently embraced strength training as a complement to aerobics.And as weight lifting has gone mainstream，SO has the once obscure practice known as“Super Slow”training.Enthusiasts claim that by pumping iron at a snail‘s pace——making each“rep”(repeat)last 1 4 seconds instead of the usual 7—you can safely place extraordinary demands on your muscles，and call forth an extraordinary response.Slow lifting may not be the only exercise you need，as some advocates believe，but the benefits are often dramatic.
Almost anyone can handle this routine.The only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance for deep muscular burn.For each exercise——leg press，bench press，shoulder press and SO On—70u set the machine to provide only moderate resistance.But as you draw out each repeat，depriving yourself of impetus，the weight soon feels unbearable.Defying the impulse to stop，you ke印going until you can‘t complete a repeat.Then you sustain your vain effort for 1 0 more seconds while the weight sinks gradually toward its cradle.Intense? Uncomfortable? Totally.But once you embrace muscle failure as the goal of the workout，it can become almost pleasure.
The goal is not to bunr calories while you're exercising but to make your body burn them all the time.Running a few miles may make you sweat，but it expends only 1 00 calories per mile，and it doesn‘t stimulate much bone or muscle development.Strength training doesn’t burn many calories，either.But when you push a muscle to failure，you set off a pour of physiological changes.As the muscle recovers over several days，it will thicken——and the new muscle tissue will demand sustenance.By the time you add three pounds of muscle，your body requires an extra 9，000 calories a month just to break even.Hold your diet steady and，very quickly，you are vaporizing body fat.
One might have benefited from any strength—training program.But advocates insist the slowtechnique is safer and more effective than traditional methods.
1. Many Americans have taken to treadmill for years
[A]its inherent awards to their health
[B]its greater consumption of oxygen
[C] the compliment paid by authorities
[D]the actual benefits from the exercise
2. According to the author，“Super Slow‘’training
[A]has been misunderstood for decades
[B]has been widely accepted recently
[C]has been the basis ofweight lifting
[D]has become the nucleus of aerobics
3. In practicing slow lifting，one has
[A]complete each rep with great
[B]tryhisbesttodothetraining
[C]sufferthe bitter effect called forth by the exercise
[D]exert extraordinary pressure on his legs and shoulders
4.While making each rep，one may suffer from
[A]impetus loss
[B]weight loss
[C]bearable iron weights
[D]the feeling of successful workout
5.The phrase“to break even”(Line 6，Para.3)most
[A]to upset the physical energy balance
[B]to disturb the calmness ofthe body
[C]to gain a greater profit than a loss
[D]to make neither a profit nor a loss
閱讀小幫手
核心詞匯
authority n.權(quán)威 complement n.補足物 pace n.步調(diào)
tolerance兒容忍 sustain vt保持 embrace v信奉 benefit vi.受益
probably means association n.協(xié)會 obscureadj.不出名的
dramatic adj.引人注目的 moderate adj.適度的 cradle n.發(fā)源地
stimulate vt.刺激 effective adj.有效的 surgeon n.外科醫(yī)生 claim Vt.聲稱
handle yr.操作 impetus n.推動力，動量 intense adj.強烈的 tissue n.[生]組織
三十年來我們不停地聽到關(guān)于有氧(增加氧氣消耗量)運動的種種優(yōu)點。醫(yī)學(xué)權(quán)威們都曾稱贊，跑步和跳躍是獲得健康的關(guān)鍵，于是數(shù)百萬美國人選擇靠跑步機獲得健康。但這一情形正在改變。近來，從美國心臟協(xié)會到外科主任的辦公室，每個人都信奉力量練習(xí)是有氧運動的一項補充。同舉重運動一樣，一度默默無聞的“超慢速‘’運動成了主流?？駸嵴邆兎Q，以極其緩慢的速度——使每個動作重復(fù)持續(xù)14秒而不是通常的7秒——提升重物，你就肯定會給肌肉施加巨大的負(fù)荷，并產(chǎn)生特別的效果。正如一些倡導(dǎo)者所說，慢速舉重也許不是你需要的惟一練習(xí)，但它的益處卻往往是顯著的。
幾乎每個人都可以操作這套步驟，僅僅需要高度集中的注意力和對肌肉灼傷的忍耐力。在你每一次練習(xí)中——腿部伸展、仰臥舉重、肩膊推舉等等——將機器設(shè)定為提供最適度的阻力。但是由于你每次重復(fù)動作時動量逐漸減少，重量很快就會顯得無法承受。你要忍住想要停下來的沖動，直到你無法堅持再重復(fù)一次。接著，你要保持住自己徒然的用力達(dá)10秒以上，直到力量全部用盡。太劇烈?不舒服?當(dāng)然。即便這樣的健身運動沒能幫你塑造出理想的肌肉，它也能讓你獲得一種享受。 你的目的不是只在做練習(xí)時燃燒卡路里，而是要使你的身體時時刻刻燃燒卡路里。跑幾英里會使你出汗，但是I英里僅僅消耗100卡路里，而且它不能刺激骨頭和肌肉的發(fā)展。力量訓(xùn)練同樣不能燃燒很多卡路里?？墒钱?dāng)你將肌肉拉伸到無力時，就引發(fā)了大量生理學(xué)上的變化。肌肉的恢復(fù)需要若干天時間，它會變相——而新的肌肉組織將需要消耗能量。當(dāng)你增加了3磅肌肉的時候，身體為了收支平衡，每個月就需要額外的9，000卡路里。保特穩(wěn)定的飲食，你就會很快消耗掉體內(nèi)脂肪。
人們可以從任何方式的力量訓(xùn)練項目中得到益處。但是倡導(dǎo)者們堅持認(rèn)為慢速技巧要比傳統(tǒng)方法更加安全和有效。
參考答案：
1. D細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞仃eadmiu定位文章第一段，第二句提到美國人喜歡練腳踏車是為了reaDthe rewards(得到報償)，由此可知D“從運動中獲得實際的好處”最符合題意。其余三項A “與生俱來地對他們健康有好處”，人在跑步機上運動才會對身體有益，而不是跑步機本身對健康有益，可排除;B“由于跑步機耗氧量大”，跑步機耗氧是為了鍛煉身體，但并非最終目的，排除;c“由于受到權(quán)威的贊美”屬于偷換概念，因為文中提到受稱贊的是running and jumping，也排除。
2. B推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞super slOW定位文章第一段，其中提到“同舉重運動一樣，一度默默無聞的‘超慢速’運動也已成為了主流”，可知B說法最恰當(dāng)。A中的misunderstood是對 obscure(模糊的，不引人注意的)的有意曲解;c的內(nèi)容在文中并未提到;D言過其實，文中只說strength training(力量鍛煉)是a complement to aerobics(有氧健身運動的一個補充)，但沒有說“Super.S10w”training成為有氧運動的核心，故排除。
3. c推斷題。題干關(guān)鍵詞slowli塒ng(慢速舉重)最先出現(xiàn)在第一段最后一句，隨后第二段進(jìn)一步描述該運動要求高度集中的注意力和對肌肉灼傷的忍耐力。選項A中所說的“給肌肉施加巨大的負(fù)荷”，不同于文中的“對肌肉灼傷的忍耐力”，二者程度不同;選項B在文中并未提及， D說的是舉重鍛煉的不同部位而非slowl確ng的要求，因此C“忍受由于練習(xí)所致的肌肉疼痛”符合文意。
4. A細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干中的信息詞make each rep定位第二段第四句“但由于你每次重復(fù)動作時動量 逐漸減少，重量很快就會顯得無法承受”。由此可推知，慢速舉重者可能會面臨動量損失的情況，故選項A最符合題意。B文中未提;C與文中提到feel unbearable相反、D與文意相反。
5. D語義題。由題干定位第三段“當(dāng)你增加了3磅肌肉的時候，身體為了 ，每個月就需要額外的9，00()卡路里”。結(jié)合選項，A和B均指“打亂身體能量平衡”，實際上大量的運動已經(jīng)使身體能量不平衡了，無需再打亂平衡，故兩者均可排除;c“盈余”，結(jié)合常識可知，這根本不利于健康，可排除;D“收支平衡”即保持身體能量平衡，符合題意。 It is a startling claim， but one that Congresswoman Deborah Pryce uses to good effects： the equivalent of two classrooms full of children are diagnosed with cancer every day. Mrs. Pryce lost her own 9-year-old daughter to cancer in 1999. Pediatric cancer remains a little-understood issue in America， where the health-care debate is consumed with the ills， pills and medical bills of the elderly.
Cancer kills more children than any other disease in MERICA. 1) although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades， the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001.
2) Grisly though these statistics are， they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer (41，000 each year) and lung cancer (164，000)。 Adbocates foor more money for child cancer prefer to look at life-years lost， the average age for cancer diagnosis in a young child is six， while the average adult is diagnosed in their late 60s. Robert Arceci， a pediatric cancer export at Johns Hopkins， points out that in terms of total life-years saved， the benefit from curing pediatric cancer victims is roughly the same as curing adults with breast cancer.
There is an obvious element of special pleading in such calculations， all the same， breast cancer has attracted a flurry of publicity， private fund-raising and money from government. Childhood cancer has received less attention and cash. Pediatric cancer， a term which covers people up to 20 years old， receives one-twentieth of the federal research money doled out by the National Cancer Institute. Funding， moan pediatric researchers， has not kept pace with rising costs in the field， and NCI money for collaborative research will actually be cut by 3% this year.
There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult suffers， a pilot childhood-cancer registry is in the works. Groups like Mr. Reaman‘s now get cash directly from Congress， but it is plainly a problem most politicians don’t know much about.
The biggest problem could lie with 15-19-year-olds. Those diagnosed with cancer have not seen the same improvement in their chances as younger children and older adults have done. There are some physiology explanations for this： teenagers who have passed adolescence are more vulnerable to different sorts of cancer， but Arehie Bleyer， a pediatric oncologist at the M.D Anderson Cancer Centre in Texas， has produced some data implying that lack of health insurance plays a role. Older teenagers and young adults are less likely to be covered and checked regularly. (445 words)
1. The author cites the examples of Mrs. Pryce to show that
[A] child cancer is no longer a rare case.
[B ] nowadays Americans care little about child cancer.
[C] the current health-care debate is rather time-consuming.
[D] school kids are more likely to be diagnoses with cancer.
2. According to Robert Arceci， child cancer research is also worth funding because
[A] the statistics of child cancer is rather scary.
[B] a saved child may enjoy a longer life span.
[C] adults with caner do not deserve that much funding.
[D] funding on child cancer is economical and effective.
3. Those 15-19-year-olds diagnosed with cancer
[A] were born with defects in immune systems.
[B] are more likely to recover from a cancer.
[C] can not get enough medical care.
[D]suffer a lot during adolescence.
4. The author writes this text to
[A] inspire greater concern for the well being of children.
[B] warn people of the harms caused by cancer.
[C] interpret the possible cause of child cancer.
[D] change the public‘s indifference to kids with cancer.
5. The author‘s attitude towards the current state of childhood cancer may be
[A] concerned
[B] desperate
[C] carefree
[D] indignant
詞匯注釋
pediatric 小兒的，兒科的
grisly 令人恐怖的
a flurry of 大量的
dole out 發(fā)放
registry 官方記錄
oncologist 腫瘤學(xué)家
難句講解
1. Although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades， the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001.
[簡析] 本句主干是“the propotion … increased …”。引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句;diagnosed with … 短語修飾children and teens.
2. Grisly though these statistics are， they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer (41，000 each year) and lung cancer (164，000)。
[簡析] 本句主干是“they are still tiny …”。Grisly though …是倒裝句式;they指的是these statistics;when 引導(dǎo)的是一個省略條件狀語從句，省略了主語，其中的lost to…短語修飾lives.
3. There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult suffers.
[簡析] 本句主干是“There is no national pediatric cancer registry …”。That 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾cancer registry;their指的是child and teenage patients;as 引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，修飾前面的句子，其中的they 指的是researchers.
答案與解析
1. A 結(jié)構(gòu)題。本題的問題是“作者引用普瑞斯夫人的例子，是為了說明 ”。題干中的“Pryce，出自文章第一段第一句話中，表明本題與第一段有關(guān)。第一段首先指出，這是一個令人吃驚的說法，隨后提到了普瑞斯夫人的話——每天都有相當(dāng)于兩個教室的孩子被診斷患有癌癥，接著提到了她女兒死于癌癥的事情，隨后的段落介紹了癌癥導(dǎo)致的兒童死亡人數(shù)增加的問題。這說明，作者提到普瑞斯夫人的例子，是為了說明，兒童患癌征的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)不再罕見。[A]”小兒癌癥不再是一種罕見的疾病“是對作者意圖的恰當(dāng)概括，為正確答案。[B]”如今的美國人很少關(guān)心小兒癌癥“是針對該段第三句話設(shè)置的干擾項，是作者提出問題的原因，不是目的;[C]”目前有關(guān)醫(yī)療保健的討論相當(dāng)費時“是針對該段第三句話設(shè)置的干擾項，是曲解了is consumed with (關(guān)注……)這個短語在本文的意思，與文意不符;[D]”在校的孩子更可能被診斷患有癌癥“是針對該段第一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，這是舉的例子，不是作者的目的。
2. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)羅伯特。阿賽西的觀點，小兒癌癥研究也值得投資，因為 ”。題干中的“Robert Arceci”出自文章第三段最后一句話中，表明本題與第三段有關(guān)。第三段提到，主張為兒童癌癥患者投入更多資金的人們更注重失去的壽命，隨后提到了羅伯特。阿賽西的觀點——從被挽救的總體壽命來看，治愈兒童癌癥患者帶來的價值幾乎與治愈成年乳腺癌患者的價值一樣。這說明，原因是可以延長兒重的生命。[B]“被挽救的孩子可能享有更長的壽命”是對其觀點的改寫，為正確答案。[A]“有關(guān)小兒癌癥的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)非常令人驚恐”是事實，并不是羅伯特。阿賽西的觀點;[C]“患癌癥的成年人不值得那么多的資助”是針對該段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，文中并沒有說羅伯特。阿賽西反對資助成年癌癥患者，所以C與文意不符;[D]“對小兒癌癥的投資既經(jīng)濟又有效”屬于無中生有。
3.C 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“那些15歲至19歲的被診斷患有癌癥的青少年 ”。題干中的“15—19 year-olds”出自文章最后一段第一句話中，表明本題與最后一段有關(guān)。最后一段首先提到了15歲到19歲的青少年的問題，接著分析指出，一些數(shù)據(jù)顯示，缺少醫(yī)療保險是一個原因，醫(yī)療保險不大可能覆蓋更多的青少年和年輕的成年人，這些人也不大可能進(jìn)行定期體檢。這說明，這些青少年沒有得到醫(yī)療方面的關(guān)注。[C]“沒能得到足夠的醫(yī)療護理”是對文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“生來就有免疫系統(tǒng)的缺陷”和[D]“在青春期受了很多苦”屬于無中生有;[B]“更可能從癌癥中恢復(fù)”與文意相反。
4. D 主旨題。本題的問題是“作者寫本文是為了 ”。作者首先指出，小兒癌癥仍然是一個鮮為人知的問題，接著利用數(shù)據(jù)說明，癌癥導(dǎo)致的兒童死亡人數(shù)比其他疾病多，隨后指出，兒童癌癥沒有引起足夠的關(guān)注，沒有得到足夠的資金，并分析了原因。這說明，作者寫本文是為了提請人們關(guān)注兒童癌癥問題。[D]“改變公眾對兒童癌癥患者的冷漠態(tài)度”是對作者目的的恰當(dāng)概括，可以表達(dá)作者的主要目的，為正確答案。[A]“鼓勵人們更關(guān)注兒童的幸?！辈粶?zhǔn)確，沒有提到兒童的癌癥問題;本文主要討論的是兒童癌癥問題，所以[B]“警告人們癌癥造成的危害”太廣泛，不能表達(dá)作者的主要目的;[C]“解釋小兒癌癥可能的原因”只是文中部分段落的內(nèi)容，不能表達(dá)作者的主要目的。
5. A 態(tài)度題。本題的問題是“作者對于小兒癌癥現(xiàn)狀的態(tài)度可能是 ”。作者在文中指出，小兒癌癥在美國仍然是一個鮮為人知的問題，兒童癌癥沒有引起足夠的關(guān)注，沒有得到足夠的資金，并引用專家的觀點指出，應(yīng)該多投資兒童癌癥問題的研究。這說明，作者關(guān)注小兒癌癥問題。[A]“關(guān)心的”是對作者態(tài)度的恰當(dāng)概括，為正確答案。第五段提到，登記兒童癌癥患者人數(shù)的試點工作正在計劃之中，并且像瑞曼先生這樣的研究小組直接從國會獲得資金，這說明[B]“絕望的”與作者的態(tài)度不符;[C]“不負(fù)責(zé)任的”是美國人的態(tài)度，不是作者的態(tài)度;作者并沒有指責(zé)誰，所以[D]“憤慨的”與作者的態(tài)度不符。 The widely held assumption that people would volunteer for AIDS-tests in droves once treatment became available was wrong. 61) And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS， and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.
To combat this， the whole basis of AIDS testing in Botswana has just been changed. The idea is to“downgrade” the process into something low-key， routine and stigma-free. 62)Until now， a potential test subject had to opt in， by asking for a test; having asked， he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out. The new policy is to test people routinely when they visit the doctor. That way， having a test cannot be seen as an indication that an individual believes he may be infected. The test is not compulsory， but objectors must actively opt out. Silence is assumed to be consent， and no counseling is offered—just as would be the case for any other infectious disease.
This policy shift is probably just the first of many that will take place in Botswana， South Africa and other African countries that are planning the mass provision of anti-AIDS drugs in public hospitals. Dwain Ndwapi， a doctor at Botswana‘s largest AIDS clinic， thinks that there are circumstances in which testing should be compulsory. 63) In particular， he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth.
Another controversial change in the air is to reduce the frequency of two costly tests of patients‘ blood. Viral-load tests and CD4-cell counts both measure how acute an individual’s infection has become. That helps a patient‘s doctor to decide when to prescribe anti-retroviral. 64) But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country. Less frequent testing of each individual would allow more individuals to be given at least some tests.
But that must be balanced against the need to treat more people faster. Doctors in Botswana are staggered at how desperately sick many patients are when they first arrive. They had expected people to walk into clinics for AIDS tests. Instead， many come in on stretchers on the verge of death. 65) Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people， and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer. If routine tests persuade more patients to get help before they slump on a stretcher， all the better.
1. Why few people would volunteer for AIDS-test if treatment is readily prepared?
[A] Because people do not know whether they need the treatment.
[B] Because people could not afford to pay the expensive drugs.
[C] Because people are afraid to find out that they are infected.
[D] Because people cannot bear the shame the tests bring.
2. According to the text， how to “downgrade” the test process?
[A] By forcing those potential AIDS patient to take the test.
[B] by going down to the patients‘ homes to take the test.
[C] by testing patients as a regular thing in their hospital visits.
[D] by asking them whether they would like to have a test.
3. it can be inferred from the text that
[A] the new policy will be able to include every patient who visits the doctor.
[B] more policy like the new one will be carried out in a lot of African countries.
[C] the old policy is better than the new one in that it provides patients with counseling.
[D] the silence of the patient indicates his consent to any treatment that is available.
4. the purpose of reducing the frequency of two expensive blood tests is to
[A] help the patients save some money for treatments.
[B] enable more people to take tests of some kind.
[C] make sure that patients can receive in-time treatment.
[D] prevent patients from possible further infection.
5. persuading patients to get treatment early will have the following advatages except
[A] saving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people.
[B] cutting down the costs in the treatment.
[C] avoiding transmitting the virus to more people.
[D] shortening doctors‘ treatment time.
詞匯注釋
in droves 成群結(jié)隊
stigma 恥辱
downgrade 降級
low-key 低調(diào)的
expectant mother 孕婦
anti-retroviral 抗病毒
staggered 吃驚的
inadvertently 無意中地
slump 躺
難句講解
1. And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS， and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.
[簡析] 本句話的主干是“the reason for that appears to be that…”。第一個that指的是前面句子的內(nèi)容;第二個that引導(dǎo)的是表語從句;and thus…引導(dǎo)的段與作伴隨狀語，其中的it指的是sigma，if 引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句。
2. Having asked， he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out.
[簡析] 本句話的主干是“he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure…”。Having asked 短語作時間狀語;he指的是前面句子中提到的a potential test subject;he really knew…是一個省略了引導(dǎo)次的賓語從句，其中的what引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，before引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句。
3. In particular， he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth.
[簡析] 本句話的主干是“he believes that…”。he 指的是Dwain Ndwapi;that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句;from mothers to new-born children修飾transmission;if引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句;破折號里面的內(nèi)容是在進(jìn)一步介紹條件，其中的those指的是expectant mothers，who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾those;before引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句，其中的they指的也是expectant mothers.
4. But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country.
[簡析] 本句話的主干是“l(fā)aboratory capacity is inadequate for…”。That引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾people;破折號里面的內(nèi)容是在介紹條件，其中的as…as 引導(dǎo)的是比較狀語從句，其中的they指的是testes.
5. Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people， and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer.
[簡析] 本句話是一個并列句，其主干是“treating the very ill takes much more time and money…and it means that”。Than引導(dǎo)的是比較狀語;it指的是前面的句子;that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句。
答案與解析
1. D細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“如果治療很容易準(zhǔn)備的話，為什么幾乎沒有人自愿進(jìn)行愛滋病檢測?”文章第一段首先提到了人們的一種錯誤觀點，隨后解釋了原因，指出，政府沒有設(shè)法減少與愛滋病有關(guān)的恥辱，也沒有減少如果你懷疑你自己可能被感染了愛滋病而去尋求檢測的恥辱。這說明，原因是人們覺得，與愛滋病有關(guān)的東西是恥辱。[D]“因為人們不能忍受檢測帶來的羞恥”是對文中相關(guān)信息的改寫，為正確答案。[A]“因為人們不知道他們是否需要治療”和[B]“因為人們負(fù)擔(dān)不起昂貴的藥物”屬于無中生有;[C]“因為人們擔(dān)心查出他們受到了感染”是針對該段中“with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected”設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符。
2. C細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，如何‘降級’檢測的過程?”題干中的“downgrade”出自文章第二段第二句話中，表明本題與第二段有關(guān)。第二段在介紹人們采取的應(yīng)對措施時提到，博茨瓦納愛滋病檢測的所有原則完全被改變了，人們把檢測過程“降級”為低調(diào)、常規(guī)并且沒有恥辱感的事情，也就是在人們看病時對他們進(jìn)行常規(guī)檢測。這說明，人們是通過把檢測看成是患者看病時的常規(guī)事情來“降級”檢測過程的。[C]“通過把檢測作為患者去醫(yī)院時進(jìn)行的常規(guī)事情”是對文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“通過迫使那些可能的愛滋病患者去檢測”明顯與文意不符;[B]“通過去患者的家庭進(jìn)行檢測”屬于無中生有;[D]“通過詢問他們是否愿意進(jìn)行檢測”是針對文中“…make sure he re.ally knew what he was doing before any test was carTied out”這句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符。
3. B推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，可以推知 ”。文章第二段介紹了人們采取的應(yīng)對措施，第三段指出，這種原則上的改變可能只是博茨瓦納、南非和其他非洲國家即將發(fā)生變化的第一步，這些國家正計劃在公立醫(yī)院大量供應(yīng)抗愛滋病的藥物，隨后介紹了一名博茨瓦納醫(yī)生的新觀點。由此可知，非洲一些國家將實施更多新措施。[B]“更多像新原則一樣的原則將在許多非洲國家得到實施”是對文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“新原則將能夠包含任何看病的患者”屬于無中生有;文中并沒有比較新舊原則的好壞，所以[C]“舊原則比新原則更好，因為它為患者提供咨詢”與文意不符;[D]“患者的沉默表示他同意進(jìn)行任何可能的治療”是針對文中“Silence is assummed to be consent， and no counseling is offered”這句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符。
4. B細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“減少兩種昂貴血檢次數(shù)的目的是為了 ”。題干中的“two expensive blood tests”出自文章第四段第一句話中(文中用的是two costly tests of patients‘ blood)，表明本題與第四段有關(guān)。第四段首先提到了減少兩種昂貴血檢的次數(shù)問題，并解釋了這兩種血檢的目的，隨后指出，非洲的實驗室沒有能力對數(shù)百萬需要這類藥物的人進(jìn)行常規(guī)檢測，每個人的檢測頻率越少，更多的人得到至少某些檢測的機會就越多。這說明，減少血檢次數(shù)的目的是為了讓更多的人可以接受檢測。[B]“使更多的人可以接受某些檢測”是對文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“幫助患者節(jié)省治療費用”明顯與文意不符;文中沒有提到及時治療的問題，也沒有提到進(jìn)一步感染的問題，所以[C]“確信患者可以得到及時的治療”和[D]“防止患者可能進(jìn)一步感染”屬于無中生有。
5. A細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“說服患者盡早治療將有下列好處，除了 ”。題干中的 “Persuading patients to get treatment”出自文章最后一段最后一句話中(文中用的是persuade more patients to get help)，表明本題與最后一段有關(guān)。最后一段提到，與給相對健康的人發(fā)放抗愛滋病藥物相比，治療非常嚴(yán)重的患者花費的時間和金錢多得多，并且這些人可能會在更長的時間內(nèi)無意中感染其他人，隨后提到了說服患者治療這個問題，指出，如果常規(guī)檢測可以說服更多患者尋求幫助的話，那么一切都會更好了。這說明，[B]“削減治療費用”、[C]“避免把病毒傳染給更多的人”和[D]“縮短醫(yī)生的治療時間”都是說服患者盡早治療的好處。只有[A]“給相對健康的人節(jié)省抗愛滋病藥物”不是文中提到的好處。 There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment， they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician， but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced， not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation， but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result， and in other people does result， in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. They exhibit what is known as a “negative therapeutic reaction”。
There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery， and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyse this resistance in the usual way — then， even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness， the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery， more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic(admiring one‘s own self too much) inaccessibility， a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness.
In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a “moral” factor， a sense of guilt， which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disencouraging explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty， he feels ill. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which it is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case.
1. According to the author， some unusual patients would
[A] openly resist the treatment of the physician.
[B] intentionally hold the physician in contempt.
[C] respond against the physician‘s expectation.
[D] disregard the appreciation by the physician.
2. For the patients the author describes，
[A] a hopeful treatment often leads to a reverse result.
[B] a local treatment improves temporarily their symptoms.
[C] a partial solution betters rather than worsens their illness.
[D] a right solution cures them partially of their illness.
3. The author‘s study of this syndrome leads him to think that
[A] patients must be convinced of the treatment by analysis.
[B] patients‘ sense of guilt may hinder them from getting well.
[C] patients need to know the final explanations of their illness.
[D] patients should give up the punishment of suffering from their illness.
4. It can be inferred from the text that
[A] certain people behave in a particularly fashionable way.
[B] the need for illness has overcome the desire for recovery.
[C] the patients who are content with their illness are guilty.
[D] the syndrome of inverse reaction to therapy is curious.
5. The root cause of the resistance to recovery lies in the fact that the patients
[A] are apt to refuse the recognization of the physician‘s authority.
[B] can hardly put up with being praised or appreciated by their doctors.
[C] cling to the unconscious belief in their deserved penalty by sickness.
[D] suffer from a chronic mental disease that offers them a feeling of guilt.
詞匯注釋
defiance 蔑視
therapeutic 治療的
dreaded 令人擔(dān)心的
narcissistic 自我陶醉的
inaccessibility 不易接近的
難句講解
1. Every partial solution that ought to result， and in other people does result， in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better.
[簡析] 本句話的主干是“Every partial solution produces in them an intensification， they get worse…”。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾solution;them 和they都是指前面句子中的such people.
2. If we analyse this resistance in the usual way — then， even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness， the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery， more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic (admiring one‘s own self too much) inaccessibility， a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness.
[簡析]本句話是一個并列句，其主干是“the greater part of it is still left over…and this reveals itself as…”。If引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句，even after引導(dǎo)的短語是插入語;it 之得失this resistance;后面句子中的this 指的是前面的句子;a negative attitude…短語是在解釋inaccessibility.
3. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case.
[簡析]本句話是一個并列句，其主干是“It is also difficult to convince the patient…h(huán)e holds fast to…”。It是形式主語，真正的主語是后面的to conceive…短語，其中的that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句;he指的是the patient;第二個that引導(dǎo)的是explanation的同位語從句。
答案與解析
1. C細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)作者的觀點，有些異常的患者可能 ”。題干中的 “Some unusual patients”出自文章第一段第一句話中(文中用的是people who behave in aquite peculiar fashion)，表明本題與第一段有關(guān)。第一段在提到這些人時指出，如果你充滿希望地與他們交談，或者對治療的進(jìn)展表示滿意，他們就表現(xiàn)出不滿的樣子，并且他們的狀況總是會變壞;隨后指出，你不僅確信這類人不能容忍任何贊揚或評價，你還深信他們會反向回應(yīng)治療取得的進(jìn)展。這說明，這些人可能對醫(yī)生的希望做出逆向反應(yīng)。[C] “對醫(yī)生的期望做出相反的回應(yīng)”與此意符合，為正確答案。[A]“公開抵制醫(yī)生的治療”、[B]“故意鄙視醫(yī)生”和[D]“漠視醫(yī)生的評價”都不準(zhǔn)確，與文意不符。
2. A細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“對于患者，作者描述到 ”。第一段前半部分分析了異常患者之后，在后半部分提到，任何局部治療方法對他們會導(dǎo)致病情的惡化，他們的病情惡化，而不是好轉(zhuǎn)，他們的表現(xiàn)就是人們所知的“消極治療反應(yīng)”。這說明，有效的治療方法對這些人會起反作用。[A]“一個有希望的治療通常導(dǎo)致相反的結(jié)果”與此意符合，為正確答案。[B]“局部治療暫時改善了他們的癥狀”和[D]“正確的治療方法部分治愈他們的疾病”是針對第一段中“…that ought to result，and in other people does result，in an improvement…”這句話設(shè)置的干擾項，明顯是誤解了該句話的意思;[C]“局部治療方法使他們的病情好轉(zhuǎn)而不是惡化他們的病情”與第一段中“they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better”這句話的意思相反。
3. 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“作者對這種綜合病癥的研究導(dǎo)致他認(rèn)為 ”。作者在第一段介紹了那些患者的異常表現(xiàn)，在第二段提到了患者的抗病性因素，最后一段分析了這種抗病性的原因，指出，我們面對的是一種可能被稱做的“道德”因素，一種罪惡感，也就是在疾病中尋求滿足，拒絕放棄受難的懲罰。這說明，作者認(rèn)為，患者的罪惡感導(dǎo)致他拒絕治療、康復(fù)。[B]“病人的罪惡感可能阻礙他們康復(fù)”與此意符合，為正確答案。[A] “病人應(yīng)該相信分析治療法”是針對最后一段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符：[C]“病人需要了解對他們疾病的最終解釋”是針對最后一段第二句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符;[D]“病人應(yīng)該放棄患病的懲罰”屬于無中生有。
4. D推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，可以推知 ”。第一段提到，在分析治療過程中，有些人的表現(xiàn)方式非常特別，接著介紹了這些人的異常表現(xiàn);第二段提到了抗病性表現(xiàn)，最后一段提到，我們面對的是一種罪惡感，也就是在疾病中尋求滿足，拒絕放棄受難的懲罰;就患者來說，這種罪惡感是無意的，這并沒有向他表明他有罪、他患病了。由此可知，患者的異常反應(yīng)令人費解。[D]“對治療的反向回應(yīng)綜合癥是難以理解的”與此意符合，為正確答案。[A]“有些人以一種特別時髦的方式表現(xiàn)”是誤解了第一段第一句話中fashion(方式)一詞的意思;第二段第二句話提到了[B]“患病的需要超過了恢復(fù)的渴望”，但隨后的句子說明這種觀點不對;[C]“那些滿足于患病的患者是有罪的”是誤解了最后一段的內(nèi)容。
5. C細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“抵制恢復(fù)的根本原因在于這樣的事實：患者 ”。題干的“the resistance to recovery”出自文章最后一段第四句話中，表明本題與最后一段有關(guān)。最后一段首先提到了罪惡感，接著解釋說，他們拒絕放棄受難的懲罰，這種罪惡感是無意的，它只是表現(xiàn)為抵制非常難以克服的恢復(fù)，患者深信，通過分析治療不是治療他疾病的好方法。這說明，事實是，患者認(rèn)為他應(yīng)該受到患病的懲罰。[C ]“堅持‘他們該受疾病懲罰’這種無意識的觀點”與此意符合，為正確答案。文中只是說“人們非常難以使患者相信這種動機隱藏于他繼續(xù)患病的因素之中”，并沒有說他們不相信醫(yī)生的權(quán)威，所以[A]“傾向于拒絕承認(rèn)醫(yī)生的權(quán)威”不對;[B]“難以忍受醫(yī)生的表揚或評價”與患者的罪惡感沒有關(guān)系;[D]“患有慢性精神病，這種疾病使得他們有罪惡感”屬于無中生有。 One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory， which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord， loss of job， and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is， alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern， therefore， favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker， while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism. The discomfort， pain， and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact， the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization： conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear， the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus， thus triggering another time of drinking.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response， experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment， either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.
1. The main purpose of the text is to
A. introduce some existing theories about alcoholism.
B. show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism.
C. explain the application of a approach to alcoholism.
D. help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism.
2. The description of Conger‘s experiment with two groups of rats was intended to
A. show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite.
B. confirm the findings of other academic researchers.
C. show people that alcohol can minimize fear.
D. disprove the learning and reinforcement theory.
3. We can learn from paragraph 3 that
A. the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields.
B. drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord.
C. tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol.
D. alcoholics can‘t recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism.
4. The author provides enough information to answer the question of
A. why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences.
B. how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy.
C. under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks.
D. which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now.
5. It can be inferred from the text that
A. the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.
B. the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory.
C. punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking.
D.frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment.
答案B C C A C One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory， which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord， loss of job， and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is， alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern， therefore， favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker， while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism. The discomfort， pain， and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact， the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization： conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear， the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus， thus triggering another time of drinking.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response， experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment， either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.
1. The main purpose of the text is to
A. introduce some existing theories about alcoholism.
B. show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism.
C. explain the application of a approach to alcoholism.
D. help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism.
2. The description of Conger‘s experiment with two groups of rats was intended to
A. show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite.
B. confirm the findings of other academic researchers.
C. show people that alcohol can minimize fear.
D. disprove the learning and reinforcement theory.
3. We can learn from paragraph 3 that
A. the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields.
B. drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord.
C. tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol.
D. alcoholics can‘t recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism.
4. The author provides enough information to answer the question of
A. why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences.
B. how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy.
C. under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks.
D. which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now.
5. It can be inferred from the text that
A. the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.
B. the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory.
C. punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking.
D.frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment.
答案與解析
1. B 主旨題。本題的問題是“本文的主要目的是 ”。文章首先提到了有關(guān)酗酒的諸多理論，隨后具體介紹了學(xué)習(xí)和強化理論對酗酒的解釋，指出，該理論認(rèn)為，人們往往被吸引到令人愉快的場所，或者厭惡不愉快的場所;事實上，過度飲酒所導(dǎo)致的憂慮與負(fù)疚感可能本身就成為另一次酗酒的導(dǎo)火線。這說明，本文主要是在解釋酗酒的原因。[B] “幫助酗酒者和其他人了解酗酒的原因”是對本文的概括，為正確答案。文章雖然在第一段提到了有關(guān)酗酒的諸多理論這一點，但是著重介紹的是學(xué)習(xí)和強化理論，并沒有介紹其他理論，所以[A]“介紹一些有關(guān)酗酒的理論”不是本文的主要目的;本文并沒有提到適用于酗酒的心理方法和治療酗酒的新方法，所以[C]“解釋適用于酗酒的一種
心理方法“和[D]”證實治療酗酒的新方法“屬于無中生有。
2. C 結(jié)構(gòu)題。本題的問題是“對康爾用兩組老鼠做實驗的描述是為了 ”。題干中的 “Conger”出自文章第二段二句話中，表明本題與第二段有關(guān)。第二段首先提到，一些實驗證據(jù)表明，酒精減輕了恐懼，接著列舉了康爾所做的實驗，指出，給老鼠注射酒精后，它們遠(yuǎn)離電擊的動力明顯減弱，而接近食物的動力卻保持不變。這說明，描述康爾用老鼠所做的實驗是想表明，酒精可以降低恐懼。[C]“證實酒精將恐懼降低到最低點”是對該段中“alcoh01 reduces fear in an approach.avoidance situation”這句話的改寫，為正確答案。酒精沒有影響食欲是實驗的結(jié)果，并不是提到實驗的目的，所以[A]“證實飲酒不影響食欲”與題目的要求不符;文中并沒有介紹有關(guān)酗酒的其他理論，所以[B]“證實其他理論研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)”不是描述康爾用老鼠所做實驗的目的;第三段提到，飲酒者經(jīng)受的明顯問題似乎與學(xué)習(xí)理論解釋的酗酒相矛盾，但文中并沒有說這種觀點不對，所以[D]“反駁學(xué)習(xí)和強化理論”與文意不符。
3. C 歸納題。本題的問題是“從第三段我們可以了解到 ”。第三段提到，酒精對減緩壓力有立竿見影的效果，而酗酒行為導(dǎo)致的不愉快后果只是隨后才發(fā)生。[C]“壓力減緩在飲酒后首先出現(xiàn)”是對文中這句話的改寫，為正確答案。該段第一句話說，飲酒者經(jīng) 受的明顯問題似乎與學(xué)習(xí)理論解釋的酗酒相矛盾，但隨后的解釋并沒有說該理論互相矛盾，所以[A]“學(xué)習(xí)理論在某些方面自相矛盾”與文意不符;文中是說“飲酒者在面臨家庭不和、失業(yè)以及疾病時繼續(xù)飲酒”，并沒有說飲酒可以解決家庭不和，所以[B]“飲酒‘可以解決家庭不和問題”屬于無中生有;文中只是說“酗酒行為導(dǎo)致的不愉快后果只是隨后才發(fā)生”，并沒有提到酗酒者是否記住不愉快后果這個問題，所以[D]“酗酒者記不住酗酒的不愉快后果”屬于偷換概念。
4. A 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“作者提供的信息回答了——問題”。文章前面兩段介紹了有關(guān)酗酒的學(xué)習(xí)理論，隨后的段落解釋了酗酒者繼續(xù)飲酒的原因，指出，飲酒者在面臨家庭不和、失業(yè)以及疾病時繼續(xù)飲酒，過度飲酒所導(dǎo)致的憂慮與負(fù)疚感可能本身就成為另一次酗酒的導(dǎo)火線，如果飲酒者學(xué)會了在獎賞和懲罰這兩種情況下飲酒，那么任何一種情況都可能引發(fā)反復(fù)飲酒。這說明，作者在本文回答了“酗酒者為什么繼續(xù)飲酒”這個問題。[A]“雖然有令人不愉快的后果，但酗酒者為什么繼續(xù)飲酒”是對作者觀點的概括，為正確答案。文中雖然提到了康爾，但并沒有提到休克療法，所以[B]“康爾如何利用休克療法解釋酗酒者的行為”與文意不符;文中只是說“渴望再次飲酒可能是由憂慮導(dǎo)致的”，并沒有提到憂慮可以帶來好處，所以[C]“酗酒者在什么樣的情況下會從憂慮打擊中獲益”與文意不符;文中沒有提到治療酗酒的方法，所以[D]“哪種方法是治療酗酒的方法”屬于無中生有。
5. C推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，可以推知——”。文章前面的段落解釋了酗酒者繼續(xù)飲酒的原因，最后一段提到，雖然懲罰可以用來抑制反應(yīng)，但是，懲罰可以當(dāng)作一種獎賞，并且強化飲酒這種行為。由此可知，獎賞和懲罰都可能引發(fā)反復(fù)飲酒。[C]“懲罰可能成為另一次飲酒的刺激因素”是對文中“either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking'‘這句話的改寫，為正確答案。獎賞和懲罰就是文中所謂的接近與回避，而文中的信息表明，酗酒者的行為符合這種理論，所以[A]”酗酒者的行為與’接近與回避‘理論矛盾“與文意相反;根據(jù)文中的信息不能推出[B]”大多數(shù)酗酒者的行為證明了學(xué)習(xí)理論“;最后一段提到，在解釋酗酒原因時，懲罰的作用越來越重要了，懲罰可以用來抑制反應(yīng)，說明[D]”經(jīng)常過度飲酒使得酗酒者不。關(guān)心懲罰“與文意不符。
Young is not the only patient who is dealing with her doctor from a distance. Remote monitoring is a rapidly growing field in medical technology， with more than 25 firms competing to measure remotely——and transmit by phone， Internet or through the airwaves——everything from patients' heart rates to how often they cough.
Prompted both by the rise in health-care costs and the increasing computerization of health-care equipment， doctors are using remote monitoring to track a widening variety of chronic diseases. In March， St. Francis University in Pittsburgh， Pa.， partnered with a company called BodyMedia on a study in which rural diabetes patients use wireless glucose meters and armband sensors to monitor their disease. And last fall， Yahoo began offering subscribers the ability to chart their asthma conditions online， using a PDA-size respiratory monitor that measures lung functions in real time and e-mails the data directly to doctors.
Such home monitoring， says Dr. George Dailey， a physician at the Scripps Clinic in San Diego， “could someday replace less productive ways that patients track changes in their heart rate， blood sugar， lipid levels， kidney functions and even vision.”
Dr. Timothy Moore， executive vice president of Alere Medical， which produces the smart scales that Young and more than 10，000 other patients are using， says that almost any vital sign could， in theory， be monitored from home. But， he warns， that might not always make good medical sense. He advises against performing electrocardiograms remotely， for example， and although he acknowledges that remote monitoring of blood-sugar levels and diabetic ulcers on the skin may have real value， he points out that there are no truly independent studies that establish the value of home testing for diabetes or asthma.
Such studies are needed because the technology is still in its infancy and medical experts are divided about its value. But on one thing they all agree： you should never rely on any remote testing system without clearing it with your doctor.
注(1)：本文選自Time;8/9/2004， p101-101， 1/2p， 2c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題text 1;
1. How does Young monitor her health conditions?
[A] By stepping on an electronic scale.
[B] By answering a few yes or no questions.
[C] By using remote monitoring service.
[D] By establishing a direct link to her doctor.
2. Which of the following is not used in remote monitoring?
[A] car
[B] telephone
[C] Internet
[D] the airwaves
3. The word “prompted” (Line 1， Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.
[A] made
[B] reminded
[C] aroused
[D] driven
4. Why is Dr. Timothy Moore against performing electrocardiograms remotely?
[A] Because it is a less productive way of monitoring.
[B] Because it doesn‘t make good medical sense.
[C] Because it‘s value has not been proved by scientific study
[D] Because it is not allowed by doctors
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Computer illiterate is advised not to use remote monitoring.
[B] The development of remote monitoring market is rather sluggish.
[C] Remote monitoring is mainly used to track chronic diseases.
[D] Medical experts agree on the value of remote monitoring.
答案：CADBC Dr. Wise Young has never met the hundreds of thousands of people he has helped in the past 10 years， and most of them have never heard of Wise Young. If they did meet him， however， they'd want to shake his hand——and the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could. All the people Young has helped were victims of spinal injuries， and they owe much of the mobility they have today to his landmark work.
Young， 51， head of the W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience at Rutgers University in New Brunswick， N.J.， was born on New Year's Day at the precise midpoint of the 20th century. Back then， the thinking about spinal-cord injury was straightforward： When a cord is damaged， it's damaged. There's nothing that can be done after an injury to restore the function that was so suddenly lost. As a medical student at Stanford University and a neurosurgeon at New York University Medical Center， Young never had much reason to question that received wisdom， but in 1980 he began to have his doubts. Spinal cords， he knew， experience progressive damage after they're injured， including swelling and inflammation， which may worsen the condition of the already damaged tissue. If that secondary insult could be relieved with drugs， might some function be preserved?
Young spent a decade looking into the question， and in 1990 he co-led a landmark study showing that when high doses of a steroid known as methylprednisolone are administered within eight hours of an injury， about 20% of function can be saved. Twenty percent is hardly everything， but it can often be the difference between breathing unassisted or relying on a respirator， walking or spending one's life in a wheelchair. “This discovery led to a revolution in neuroprotective therapy，” Young says.
A global revolution， actually. More than 50，000 people around the world suffer spinal injuries each year， and these days， methylprednisolone is the standard treatment in the U.S. and many other countries. But Young is still not satisfied. The drug is an elixir for people who are newly injured， but the relief it offers is only partial， and many spinal-injury victims were hurt before it became available. Young's dream is to help those people too——to restore function already lost——and to that end he is studying drugs and growth factors that could improve conduction in damaged nerves or even prod the development of new ones. To ensure that all the neural researchers around the world pull together， he has created the International Neurotrauma Society， founded the Journal of Neural Trauma and established a website (carecure.rutgers.edu) that receives thousands of hits each day.
“The cure for spinal injury is going to be a combination of therapies，” Young says. “It's the most collaborative field I know.” Perhaps. But increasingly it seems that if the collaborators had a field general， his name would be Wise Young.
注(1)：本文選自Time;8/20/2001， p54;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題text 3;
1. By “the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could”(Line three， Paragraph 1)， the author means_______________.
[A] The remarkable thing is actually the simple fact.
[B] Many people could do the remarkable things.
[C] When meeting him， many people could do the simple but remarkable thing.
[D] The remarkable thing lies in the simple fact that so many people could shake hands with him.
2. How did people think of the spinal-cord injury at the middle of 20th century?
[A] pessimistic
[B] optimistic
[C] confused
[D] carefree
3. By saying “Twenty percent is hardly everything”(Line 3， Paragraph 3)， the author is talking about_____________.
[A] the drug
[B] the function of the injured body
[C] the function of the drug
[D] the injury
4. Why was Young unsatisfied with his achievement?
[A] The drug cannot help the people who had spinal injury in the past.
[B] His treatment is standard.
[C] The drug only offers help to a small number of people.
[D] The drug only treats some parts of the injury.
5. To which of the following statements is the author likely to agree?
[A] Wise Young does not meet many people.
[B] When Young was young， he did not have much reason to ask questions.
[C] If there needs a head of the spinal-injured field， Young might be the right person.
[D] Young‘s dream is only to help the persons who were injured at early times.
答案：D A B A C Scientists have known for more than two decades that cancer is a disease of the genes. Something scrambles the Dna inside a nucleus， and suddenly， instead of dividing in a measured fashion， a cell begins to copy itself furiously. Unlike an ordinary cell， it never stops. But describing the process isn't the same as figuring it out. Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that it's almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way. So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking normal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerous——always without success.
Until now. According to a report in the current issue of Nature， a team of scientists based at M.I.T.'s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant——a feat they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA. While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and won't lead to any immediate treatment， they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease. This is a “l(fā)andmark paper，” wrote Jonathan Weitzman and Moshe Yaniv of the Pasteur Institute in Paris， in an accompanying commentary.
The dramatic new result traces back to a breakthrough in 1983， when the Whitehead's Robert Weinberg and colleagues showed that mouse cells would become cancerous when spiked with two altered genes. But when they tried such alterations on human cells， they didn't work. Since then， scientists have learned that mouse cells differ from human cells in an important respect： they have higher levels of an enzyme called telomerase. That enzyme keeps caplike structures called telomeres on the ends of chromosomes from getting shorter with each round of cell division. Such shortening is part of a cell's aging process， and since cancer cells keep dividing forever， the Whitehead group reasoned that making human cells more mouselike might also make them cancerous.
The strategy worked. The scientists took connective-tissue and kidney cells and introduced three mutated genes——one that makes cells divide rapidly; another that disables two substances meant to rein in excessive division; and a third that promotes the production of telomerase， which made the cells essentially immortal. They'd created a tumor in a test tube. “Some people believed that telomerase wasn't that important，” says the Whitehead's William Hahn， the study's lead author. “This allows us to say with some certainty that it is.”
Understanding cancer cells in the lab isn't the same as understanding how it behaves in a living body， of course. But by teasing out the key differences between normal and malignant cells， doctors may someday be able to design tests to pick up cancer in its earliest stages. The finding could also lead to drugs tailored to attack specific types of cancer， thereby lessening our dependence on tissue-destroying chemotherapy and radiation. Beyond that， the Whitehead research suggests that this stubbornly complex disease may have a simple origin， and the identification of that origin may turn out to be the most important step of all.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 08/09/99， p60， 3/5p， 2c
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2002年真題text 4
1. From the first paragraph， we learn that ________________.
[A] scientists had understood what happened to normal cells that made them behave strangely
[B] when a cell begins to copy itself without stopping， it becomes cancerous
[C] normal cells do no copy themselves
[D] the DNA inside a nucleus divides regularly
2. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] The scientists traced the source of cancers by figuring out their DNA order.
[B] A treatment to cancers will be available within a year or two.
[C] The finding paves way for tackling cancer.
[D] The scientists successfully turned cancerous cells into healthy cells.
3. According to the author， one of the problems in previous cancer research is ________.
[A] enzyme kept telomeres from getting shorter
[B] scientists didn‘t know there existed different levels of telomerase between mouse cells and human cells
[C] scientists failed to understand the connection between a cell‘s aging process and cell division.
[D] human cells are mouselike
4. Which of the following best defines the word “tailored” (Line 4， Paragraph 5)?
[A] made specifically
[B] used mainly
[C] targeted
[D] aimed
5. The Whitehead research will probably result in ___________.
[A] a thorough understanding of the disease
[B] beating out cancers
[C] solving the cancer mystery
[D] drugs that leave patients less painful
答案：B C B A D When Ellen M. Roche， 24， volunteered for the asthma experiment， she didn't expect to benefit from it——except for the $365 she'd be paid. Unlike clinical trials， in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them， this study was designed just to answer a basic question： how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds? To find out， scientists led by Dr. Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium. Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath. Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down. On June 2 Roche died——a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable. Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins's system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its U.S.-supported research had to stop.
The worst part is that Hopkins， one of the nation's premier medical institutions， is not alone. Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown. The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened， understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest. Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess)， how many are hurt or how many die. “Thousands of deaths are never reported， and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported，” says Adil Shamoo， a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland. Greg Koski， head of OHRP， has called the clinical-trials system “dysfunctional.”
The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating. After a three-day inspection last week， OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity， even though data were available via “routine” Internet searches and in textbooks. The drug is not approved for use in humans; the hexa-methonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY. The review board， OHRP charges， never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people. The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a “medication”) and didn't warn about possible lung toxicity.
Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers， and suspended all 10 of Togias's studies. Still， the university——whose $301 million in federal grants for 2，000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething. “Hopkins has had over 100 years of doing clinical trials，” says Dr. Edward Miller， CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. “We have had one death in all of those years. We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death， but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion.” Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments “unwarranted， unnecessary， paralyzing and precipitous.” OHRP is letting trials continue “where it is in the best interests” of subjects. The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects. How quickly that happens， says a government spokesman， depends on Hopkins.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 7/30/2001， p36;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2005年真題Text 1;
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A]explaining a phenomenon
[B]justifying an assumption
[C]stating an incident
[D]making a comparison
2. The statement “The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating.”(Line
1， Paragraph 3) implies that
[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive.
[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking.
[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing.
[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking.
3. The main reasons for Roche‘s death are as following， except that _______.
[A]the protecting system hasn‘t been set up
[B]the review board has neglected their duty
[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers
[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked
4. The OHRP has found that
[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment.
[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment.
[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment.
[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system.
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident.
[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP
[C]Togias's studies shouldn‘t be suspended.
[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible.
答案：CBACB You hop into your car， but， wait， where are the keys? You meet someone new， but her name is gone before the handshake's over. Those are failures of your short-term， or “working，” memory——the place you file information for immediate， everyday retrieval. It isn't perfect. But researchers are increasingly convinced that the hormone estrogen could play a key role in maintaining and perhaps even improving memory. Last week a team of Yale scientists provided dramatic new evidence that bolsters the theory. Using MRIs——detailed snapshots of the brain——researchers found that women taking estrogen show significantly more activity in brain areas associated with memory than women on a placebo. “This is very exciting，” says Yale's Dr. Sally Shaywitz. “It means that the brain circuitry for memory had altered.”
After menopause， when estrogen levels plummet， some women become forgetful. Past research has demonstrated that those who take estrogen do better on memory tests than their nonmedicated peers do. The hormone may even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's. The new study， published in last week's Journal of the American Medical Association， is the first to visually compare the neurocircuitry of memory both on and off estrogen. The drug made a big difference to participant Bernadette Settelmeyer： “All of a sudden I was remembering things.”
The women (whose average age was 51) lay down in a brain-imaging machine where they were shown two types of information： nonsense words (“BAZ” or “DOB”) to test verbal memory and geometric patterns to assess visual memory. After a 20-second “storage” period， participants saw a mix of old and new and were asked if anything looked familiar. During each stage of the test——as the women encoded， stored and retrieved data——researchers took pictures of their brains. The 46 women underwent the test twice——once while taking a standard daily dose of estrogen and again while taking a placebo. Beyond the power of estrogen， the difference in MRIs suggests that the adult brain maintains “plasticity”——the ability to rewire itself——even as it ages.
There is still plenty of research to be done. Scientists can't yet be sure estrogen is directly responsible for better memory performance. Despite the difference in brain activity on and off estrogen， participants' scores did not change. Researchers say that is probably because the tasks were so simple (the women got more than 90 percent correct overall)。 Other studies on estrogen and cognition are short term——and their findings have been inconsistent. And scientists still can't answer the question facing millions of women： should I take hormone-replacement therapy? The new study may make estrogen more appealing， but it should be just “one part of the equation，” says Shaywitz. Still， it's a memorable one.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 04/19/99， p50;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2002年真題Text 3;
1. The following are the examples of the failures of short-term memory， except that ___________.
[A]you are not sure whether you‘ve locked the door or not
[B]you cannot recall all your previous experience
[C]you cannot find the key to your car when starting it
[D]you forget the name of a stranger before the greeting is over
2. It can be inferred from the text that women‘s working memory could probably be improved if _________.
[A]they overuse estrogen
[B]they participate in the experiment
[C]their minds are kept active
[D]the estrogen level is raised
3. The experiment involving 46 ladies shows that _______.
[A]the women should take a normal dose of estrogen
[B]the women‘s brains still have the ability of creation
[C]the estrogen level determines their memory bad or good
[D]the estrogen makes the brain work more actively
4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.
[A]the connection between estrogen and memory is still an open study
[B]the hormone estrogen plays a key role in improving memory.
[C]the low level estrogen makes a woman forgetful
[D]raising the estrogen level can improve the women‘s short-term memory
5. From the text we can see the writer seems ________.
[A]objective
[B]optimistic
[C]sensitive
[D]gloomy
答案：BDDAA At 18， Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the “bubble-boy disease，” named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent)， she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source， in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992， she is completely healthy with normal immune function， according to one of the doctors who treated her， W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. “There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease，” Anderson says， “within 50 years.”
It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005， and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. “The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse，” says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. “The cargo is the gene.”
At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center， immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University， researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children's brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia， researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.
But somehow， things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment， patients show a response at first， but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999， when Jesse Gelsinger， an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder， died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer， researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a “marathon mouse” by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already， officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of “gene doping.” But the principle is the same， whether you're trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. “Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea，” says Crystal. “And eventually it's going to work.”
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek;12/6/2004， p55-55， 2/3p， 1c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象： 第1、2題分別模仿2003年真題text1的第2題和第1題;第3、4題分別模仿2004年真題text1的第5 題和第3題;第5題模仿2002年真題text3的第5題;
1. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ____________.
[A] show the promise of gene-therapy
[B] give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases
[C] introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team
[D] explain how gene-based treatment works
2. Anderson‘s early success has ________________.
[A] greatly speeded the development of medicine
[B] brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy
[C] promised a cure to every disease
[D] made him a national hero
3. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.
[B] Despite the huge funding， gene researches have shown few promises.
[C] Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses.
[D] Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.
4. The word “tarnish” (line 5， paragraph 4) most probably means ____________.
[A] affect
[B] warn
[C] trouble
[D] stain
5. From the text we can see that the author seems ___________.
[A] optimistic
[B] pessimistic
[C] troubled
[D] uncertain
答案：A B C D A Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America， but this year's is a whopper. Until last week， it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities， concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool， barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight， the U.S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half——and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated， they're now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. “This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply，” says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information， “and the lack of redundancy in our system.”
Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine， a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg， then crack the egg， harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow， demand is fickle and， because each year's flu virus is different， any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result， the United States now has only two major suppliers (Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)——and when one of them runs into trouble， there isn't much the other can do about it. “A vaccine maker can't just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs，” says Manon Cox， of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. “There's a whole industry that's scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time.”
Sleeker technologies are now in the works， and experts are hoping that this year's fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures——a medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way， but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy， and one culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals' Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe.
For America， the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week. That's nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand， but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact， many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign——encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 10/18/2004， p57-57， 2/3p， 1c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象1—4題模仿1997年真題text 3，第5題模仿1997年真題text 4的第四小題;
1. Shortages of flue vaccine show that ____.
[A] America relies too much on foreign suppliers
[B] the demand of flue vaccines is high this year
[C] quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production
[D] the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up
2. The word “cleared” (Line 5， Paragraph 3) might mean ____.
[A]permitted
[B]removed
[C]proved
[D]produced
3. Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ____.
[A]complicated process， high cost， low profit and high risk
[B]shortages of fertilized chicken eggs
[C]difficulty in growing live virus
[D]fast changing of flu virus
4. From the last paragraph we can infer that ____.
[A] the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions
[B] more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year
[C] America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year
[D] normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year
5. According to the passage， which of the following is TRUE?
[A] All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year.
[B] The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way.
[C] More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more.
[D] Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures.
答案：D A A B B It was a big week for Alzheimer's disease， and not just because PBS aired The Forgetting， a first-rate documentary about Alzheimer's worth catching in reruns if you missed it the first time. There was also a flurry of scientific news that offered hope to the families already struggling with Alzheimer's， as well as to the baby-boom generation that's up next. Unless something dramatic happens， the number of Americans living with this terrifying brain disease could triple， to about 16 million， over the next 50 years. There's still no cure in sight， but there is progress on several fronts. Among them：
MEGADOSE VITAMINS Doctors knew vitamins E and C， both antioxidants， help stave off Alzheimer's， at least in folks who haven't already developed the disorder. What they didn't know——but a big study involving 4，740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed——was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses (at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C) could reduce the risk of Alzheimer's a remarkable 78%.
COMBINATION THERAPY A yearlong study of more than 400 Alzheimer's patients showed that two drugs that work differently on the brain's chemistry act well together to help slow down the disease. Patients who were being treated with donepezil (sold as Aricept)， an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine， were also given memantine (Namenda)， a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate. The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone， providing substantial benefit for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's， according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
BRAIN IMAGING Finally， scientists at the University of Pittsburgh announced that they had successfully developed a procedure that allows them to peer into the brains of Alzheimer's patients with positron emission tomography (PET) scans to see telltale plaque deposits. Before now， doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died， when the brain could be autopsied. Using the new technique， doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear.
None of these advances is a magic bullet for Alzheimer's disease. If you or your loved ones are concerned， the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor. Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer's， and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early. Also， remember the old adage “use it or lose it.” Mental exercise——reading， doing crossword puzzles， playing chess or Scrabble——is as good for preserving your mind as physical exercise is for your body.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 2/2/2004， p78-78， 2/3p， 2c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象第1題模仿2002年text 4第1題;第2題模仿1994年真題text 2 第3題;第3模仿2002年真題text 3 第3題，第4—5題模仿2004年text 3第4，5題;
1. From the first paragraph， we learn that_________.
[A] the baby-boom generation will not suffer from Alzhemer‘s disease
[B] recent progress brings hope for Alzheimer victims
[C] the week was very important for Alzheimer‘s because a documentary about it was shown on PBS
[D] the new achievements made on several fronts show that Alzheimer‘s disease can be cured
2. The phrase “stave off” (line 1， paragraph 2) most probably means “________”。
[A] getting
[B] treating
[C] curing
[D] preventing
3. The report in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that ____________.
[A] combination therapy refers to combining two different ways of treatment
[B] donepezil helps blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate
[C] combination therapy is of great benefit to all patients with Alzheimer‘s
[D] Aricept and Namenda have better effect when used together than used separately
4. Why is brain imaging considered progress in treating Alzhemer‘s?
[A] Because it helps doctors diagnose and treat the disease in an early phase by tracking the progress of plaques in the brain.
[B] Because it helps doctors autopsy the brains of the patients after they died.
[C] Because it helps doctors see the plaque desposits clearly so that they can operate on the brain.
[D] Because it helps doctors develop a new procedure of tracking the progress of the disease.
5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A] Alzhemer‘s disease can be cured thanks to the new advances.
[B] Forgetfulness can be cured by doing mental exercise.
[C] Careful evaluation is important because it can tell Alzheimer‘s from curable memory lapses， which can be treated if found in an early phase.
[D] Mental exercises do good only to forgetfulness caused by reversible causes.
答案：B D D A C The countdown goes something like this： 3) IRS auditor， 2) ex-husband's new 20-year-old girlfriend， 1) dentist. The top three people we most hate to see.
“Let's face it，” says Dr. Lorin Berland， a dentist in Dallas. “Dentistry can suck.” A third of Americans， according to the National Center for Health Statistics， haven't even set foot in the dentist's office in the past year. Berland， along with an increasing number of dentists all over the country， is trying to change that. He wants dental appointments to be less about pain and drilling and more about relaxation， foot massage and soothing aromatherapy.
Spa dentistry， as it's called， means you can enjoy a hot paraffin-wax hand treatment while getting your teeth cleaned. Or you can slip on some virtual-reality glasses and watch your favorite movie. Or you might just lie back and let the scent of lavender and the sound of falling water quiet your anxiety， while a licensed massage therapist eases the crick in your neck. Most vacations aren't this good. In response to spa dentistry's growing popularity， the Chicago Dental Society will teach its first course on the practice at its annual midwinter meeting in February， expected to attract 35，000 industry professionals.
“Some people are born to cater to people， and others have to be taught，” says Dr. Grace Sun， a dentist in Los Angeles who， without benefit of a lecture， offers massage， fruit smoothies and movies. In addition， she provides luxury hotel-style concierge services： while you're in the (vibrating， of course) chair， her staff makes dinner reservations， takes your cell-phone calls， baby-sits， dog-sits， orders in food or does just about anything else you ask.
Dr. Debra Gray King of the Atlanta Center for Cosmetic Dentistry calls her practice “the Ritz-Carlton of dentistry” and in fact sends her “dental concierges” to the Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center for training in client relations. They're taught to squire each patient as he or she navigates the various rooms of the center's luxe 8，400-sq.-ft. Twelve Oaks——esque mansion. Once in the dentist's chair， King's patients can use the attached flat-panel monitor to watch TV， play a DVD or surf the Web. Can't see the screen? No worries， there's one wired to the ceiling too. Noise-reduction headphones block the screech of the drill and play a CD of your choice， and the specially constructed dental chair channels the sound waves from the music into a full-body massage. “The more relaxed the patient is，” says King， “the easier our job.”
Patients are responding. Martha Dickey， a magazine publisher in Atlanta， says a hot paraffin-wax treatment can “change your whole feeling about going to the dentist. You feel like you're there to get nurtured and pampered. It's fabulous. Every one of your senses is taken care of.” If only the offices of the IRS were as pleasant.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 12/30/2002-1/6/2003， p155， 3/4p， 1c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年text 1;
1. How do Dr. Berland and some other American dentists try to change the image of
dentistry?
[A] They try to change it by facing it bravely.
[B] They try to change it by teaching patients how to take good care of their teeth.
[C] They try to change it by providing new services to help patients feel relaxed and at home.
[D] They try to change it by relieving patients‘ pain with new pills.
2. Which of the following is not a service provided by spa dentistry?
[A] a vacation
[B] spa
[C] massage
[D] dental treatment
3. The expression “cater to” (Line 1， Paragraph 4) most probably means _______.
[A] meet the requirements of sb.
[B] be to sb‘s liking
[C] take sb. seriously
[D] serve sb. well
4. Why does Dr. Debra Gray King call her practice “the Ritz-Carlton of dentistry”?
[A] Because her “dental concierges” are trained at the Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center.
[B] Because her cosmetic dentistry center provides the kind of concierge services luxury hotels like Ritz-Carlton provide.
[C] Because her Center is located in a mansion as large as Ritz-Carlton.
[D] Because her patients are also guests at Ritz-Carlton.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Dr. Grace Sun learned her new practice from the course offered by the Chicago Dental Society.
[B] The author hopes that dentist‘s offices can be as comfortable the offices of the IRS.
[C] The patients like the new services provided by the dentists mentioned in the text very much.
[D] Dental appointments are often associated with relaxation.
答案：C A D B C WHAT do you do when everyone hates you? That is the problem faced by America's pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity， soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative， and regarded almost as unfavourably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart)。 Last week， at a conference organised by The Economist in Philadelphia， the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source： a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria， the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris， gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image.
Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd， or even offensive. “Their products kill people. Our products save people's lives，” says Alan Holmer， the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America， an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny; industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994.
Mr Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past， he said， it is better to move on， and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges， for example， that cigarettes are addictive and deadly， and is trying to develop less harmful products.) Not everyone is open to persuasion， so focus on those who are， he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words： “This is not about spin， this is about change.”
The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics， Mr Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive， since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising， he said， can actually antagonise people further.
The audience was generally receptive， claims Mr Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year， he offered America's State Department advice on improving America's image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work? There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms， if only a small one. But at least， for once， a tobacco firm is peddling a cure， rather than a disease.
GRAPH： Unpopularity contest
Economist; 11/27/2004， Vol. 373 Issue 8403， p64-64， 1/3p， 1 graph
注(1)：本文選自Economist; 11/27/2004， p64-64， 1/3p， 1 graph;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象第1題2004年真題text 4第1題，第2題模仿1994年真題text 3第1題，第3題模仿1996年真題text 3第3題，第4題模仿1997年真題text 3第2題，第5題2004年真題text 4第5題;
1. Why is America‘s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular?
[A] Because it， like tobacco and oil firms， does harm to people‘s health and environment.
[B] Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer.
[C] Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide.
[D] Because it exploits its employees.
2. Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________.
[A] the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous， or even insulting
[B] the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry
[C] tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products
[D] pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems
3. According to the text， Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except ______.
[A] To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images.
[B] Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association.
[C] Not to care about the past.
[D] To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open to persuasion.
4. The word “mollify” (Line 1， Paragraph 4) might mean?
[A] placate.
[B] enrage.
[C] fight.
[D] relieve.
5. What does the author imply by saying “This is not the first time he has offered his
thoughts on dealing with implacable critics.“?
[A] Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times.
[B] Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself.
[C] Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms.
[D] Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments.
答案：C A C A C Sleep is a funny thing. We're taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night， but a lot of us get by just fine on less， and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke——probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.
Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon， it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride， confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn't have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness， a person's motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously， surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don't think twice about operating without enough sleep.
“I could tell you horror stories，” says Jaya Agrawal， president of the American Medical Student Association， which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours，” one writes. “I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.”
“Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work，” writes another. “I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a 'Jersey barrier' on the New Jersey Turnpike， going 65 m.p.h.” “Your own patients have become the enemy，” writes a third， because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep.”
Agrawal's organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001， introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions， modeled on New York State's regulations， include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit.Most doctors， however， resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley， a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan， agrees that something needs to be done but believes “doctors should be bound by their conscience， not by the government.”
The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors， patients are on their own. If you're worried about the people treating you or a loved one， you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors， for their part， have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.
注(1)：本文選自Time;3/11/2002， p73， 3/4p， 1c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象：第1、2題分別模仿1999年真題text4的第1題和text2的第2題;第3題模仿1998年真題text3的第2題;第4、5題分別模仿2004年真題text2的第3題和text3的第5題;
1. We can learn from the first paragraph that ____________.
[A] people who sleep less than 8 hours a day are more prone to illness
[B] poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorder
[C] stroke is often associated with sleep
[D] too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep
2. Speaking of the sleep problems doctors face， the author implies that ________________.
[A] doctors often need little sleep to keep them energetic
[B] doctors‘ sleep is deprived by residents
[C] doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problems
[D] sleep-deprived doctors are intoxicated
3. Paragraph 3 and 4 are written to ____________.
[A] entertain the audience with some anecdotes
[B] discuss the cause of doctors‘ sleep problems
[C] show the hostility doctors harbor against their patients
[D] exemplify the danger doctors face caused by lack of sleep
4. By “doctors should be bound by their conscience， not by the government” (line 6， paragraph 5)， Dr. Charles Binkley means that ____________.
[A] doctors should not abide by government‘s regulations
[B] the government is interfering too much
[C] the regulations about workweek and work shift are too specific
[D] law can not force a doctor to sleep while his conscience can
5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A] Patients should control the hours of their doctors.
[B] Pilots and truck drivers work in safer environments than that of doctors‘。
[C] Patients are facing more risks if their doctors are not adequately-rested.
[D] People concerned have the right to remove their doctors from their positions.
答案：B C D B C Watching a child struggle to breathe during an asthma attack is frightening for any parent. So it is only natural that most moms and dads will try just about anything——including spending a lot of money——to keep an attack at bay. Trouble is， more than half of parents are trying strategies that simply don't work and wasting hundreds of dollars in the process， according to a study published last week in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
The report， based on interviews with the parents of 896 asthmatic children in 10 different cities， contained some good news. Eighty percent of parents had a handle on at least one of the triggers that worsened their children's asthma. After that， however， many parents seemed to go astray， taking precautions that weren't helpful “and made little sense，” according to Dr. Michael Cabana， a pediatrician at the University of Michigan's C.S. Mott Children's Hospital， who led the study.
One of the most common mistakes was to buy a mattress cover to protect against dust mites for a child whose asthma was exacerbated instead by plant pollen. Many of those parents then neglected to do what would have helped a lot more： shut the windows to keep pollen out. Another was using a humidifier for a child who was allergic to dust mites; a humidifier tends to be a place where dust mites like to breed. With those allergies， a dehumidifier works better.
Worst of all was the number of smokers with asthmatic children who didn't even try to quit or at least limit themselves to smoking outdoors rather than just moving to another room or the garage. Second-hand smoke has been proved， over and over again， to be a major trigger of asthma attacks. Many smoking parents purchased expensive air filters that have what Cabana called “questionable utility.”
Part of the problem， Dr. Cabana and his colleagues believe， is that parents are bombarded by television ads that encourage them to buy products such as air and carpet fresheners， ionizers and other remedies that are often expensive but medically unnecessary. And doctors may not always take the time， or have the time， to explain to parents what will and won't work in their child's particular case. For example， allergies are usually a problem for older children with asthma， while kids 5 and younger more frequently have trouble with viral respiratory infections. So make sure you understand what's really triggering your child's asthma. And remember， the best solutions are not always the most expensive ones.
注(1)：本文選自Time，8/30/2004，p67;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題Text 1
1. What does the study by Dr. Michael Cabana indicate?
[A]Parents are eager to cure of their children‘s disease.
[B]Many parents are wasting money for their children‘s frightening disease.
[C] Many parents fail to find the effective way for their children‘s disease.
[D]Parents feel worried about their children‘s disease.
2. Which of the following is not the trigger of asthma attacks?
[A]Humidifier.
[B]Second-hand smoke.
[C]Plant pollen.
[D]Dust mites.
3. The expression “to keep an attack at bay” (Line 3， Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.
[A]to ease the attack
[B]to lessen the attack
[C]to continue the attack
[D]to prevent the attack
4. Why are the parents in such a dilemma?
[A]The doctors are not responsible enough.
[B]Parents are influenced much by ads.
[C]Parents are ignorant of the disease.
[D]The quality of medical products is not good.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Parents shouldn‘t spend too much money on the children.
[B]The expensive products are not always good.
[C]To know the real trigger of the disease is very important.
[D]Parents often make mistakes.
答案：CADBC IF YOU'RE CONFUSED BY ALL the news about the health effects of eating fish， you're not alone. On one hand， the omega-3 fatty acids in fish are known to reduce the risk of heart disease， as the American Heart Association reminded us two weeks ago when it restated its recommendation that everybody eat at least two fish servings a week. On the other hand， fish that feed in contaminated waterways contain high levels of mercury， which can lead to cognitive problems in developing brains. That's why pregnant women and nursing mothers are advised to limit their consumption.
As if that weren't confusing enough， two new studies published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine investigated the possible effects of mercury on the heart， and they seem to have reached contradictory conclusions. One found no clear link between mercury levels and heart disease; the other found that men with high levels of mercury in their toenails were more likely to suffer a heart attack than those with low levels. What are we to make of this? The first thing to remember is that this is how science proceeds， by fits and starts and seemingly contradictory results that get resolved only by further study. The second is that not all fish are created equal.
Compared with all the other things you might eat， fish are an excellent source of protein. They tend to eat algae as part of their natural life cycle， converting it into omega-3 fatty acids that can improve your cholesterol profile. But it's also true that our waterways have become increasingly contaminated with all sorts of pollutants， including mercury， and that these pollutants tend to accumulate at different levels in different species. The fish most at risk are predators high in the pelagic food chain， such as swordfish and sharks (see chart)。
It was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared the mercury levels in clippings from toenails， where heavy metals tend to be deposited. In one study， researchers led by Dr. Eliseo Guallar at Johns Hopkins found that European and Israeli men with the highest mercury levels were nearly 2.2 times as likely to have a heart attack as those with the lowest levels. The other study， led by Dr. Walter Willett at the Harvard School of Public Health， looked at a selection of American men and found no connection between mercury exposure and risk of heart disease， although Willett told me a “weak association” cannot be ruled out.
For most of us， eating two servings of fish a week should not pose any problems. Guallar， who hails from coastal Spain， continues to flavor his paella with salmon， which has negligible mercury levels. Willett eats swordfish only about twice a month——because of its expense， not any fear of mercury. Fish-oil supplements are high in omega3 fatty acids and probably don't contain as much mercury as whole fish. But they don't taste nearly as good.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 12/9/2002， p99;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2005真題Text 1;
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A]making a comparison
[B]justifying an assumption
[C]posing a contrast
[D]explaining a phenomenon
2. The phrase “by fits and starts”(Line 6， Paragraph 2) most probably means _______.
[A]something happens smoothly
[B]something keeps starting and then stopping again
[C]something deserves a lot of effort
[D]something is troublesome
3. Clippings from toenails were chosen for the research most probably because _______.
[A]they are more likely to contain mercury
[B]they influence a person‘s heart
[C]they can be easily obtained
[D]they are connected with the heart
4. The views of Dr. Eliseo Guallar and Dr. Walter Willett are ______.
[A]identical
[B]similar
[C]opposite
[D]complementary
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]Fish is no threat to Man.
[B]Do not be frightened by some fish.
[C]Eat Fish-oil supplements instead of fish.
[D]Taste is more important than the safety of the food.
答案：CBACB A widely heralded but still experimental cancer-fighting compound may be used someday to prevent two other major killers of Americans： heart disease and stroke. That was the implication of a remarkable report published last week in the journal Circulation by a team of researchers from Dr. Judah Folkman's laboratory at the Children's Hospital in Boston.
The versatile compound is endostatin， a human protein that inhibits angiogenesis， the growth of new blood vessels in the body. In tests reported in 1997 by Folkman， a prominent cancer researcher who pioneered the study of angiogenesis， the drug had reduced and even eradicated tumors in laboratory mice. How? By stunting the growth of capillaries necessary for nourishing the burgeoning mouse tumors.
When news of Folkman's achievement became widely known last year， it led to wildly exaggerated predictions of imminent cancer cures. When other scientists were initially unable to duplicate those results， questions arose about the validity of Folkman's research. Then in February scientists at the National Cancer Institute， with guidance from Folkman， finally matched his results. Reassured， the N.C.I. gave the go-ahead for clinical trials of endostatin later this year on patients with advanced tumors.
How can a drug that is apparently effective against tumors also reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke? The answer lies in the composition of plaque， the fatty deposit that builds up in arteries and can eventually clog them. Plaque consists of a mix of cholesterol， white blood cells and smooth muscle cells， and as it accumulates， a network of capillaries sprouts from the artery walls to nourish the cells. Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque?
A Folkman lab team led by Dr. Karen Moulton decided to find out. The scientists put baby lab mice on a 16-week “Western diet” that was high in fat and cholesterol， then measured the plaque buildup on the walls of each aorta， the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Meanwhile， they injected one group of mice with endostatin， another with a different blood-vessel inhibitor called TNP-470 and a control group with an inert saline solution. Twenty weeks later the researchers again measured plaque in the mouse aortas. The results were startling： the endostatin group averaged 85% less plaque buildup and the TNP-470 group 70% less than those in the control group.
All too aware of the premature hopes raised last year after Folkman's tumor report， the researchers have been careful not to oversell the new results. “If this finding is supported in future studies，” says Moulton， “[it could open the way for] treatments that could delay the progression of heart disease and possibly reduce the incidence of heart attacks and strokes.” But any such treatments， she stresses， are probably five to 10 years away.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 04/19/99， p48;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題Text 1;
1. What did the report indicate?
[A]A very important drug is now at experimental stage.
[B]Heart disease and stroke are the most serious threats to Americans.
[C]The tumor drug can be used for the heart disease in the future.
[D]Many Americans suffer from heart disease and stroke.
2. Why did the N.C.I. agree to have clinical trials of endostatin on the patients?
[A]They were convinced of the Folkman's research.
[B]They can do such a research as well as Folkman.
[C]The patients with advanced tumors need the drug.
[D]The drug should be proved effective on humans.
3. The expression “stunting the growth of capillaries”(Line 8， Paragraph 2) most probably
means _______.
[A]help the growth of capillaries
[B]limit the growth of capillaries
[C]improve the growth of capillaries
[D]prevent the growth of capillaries
4. Why can the tumor drug be used for the heart?
[A]It can accumulate a network of capillaries and nourish the cells.
[B]It can stop the growth of capillaries and provide no nourishment for plaque.
[C]The curing method of tumor and heart disease is the same.
[D]The tumor and heart disease are made up of the same substance.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Folkman's tumor report had been exaggerated.
[B]The tumor drug is not as effective as what has been expected.
[C]The new results of the research are far more encouraging.
[D]Researchers still have a long way to go to make another successful experiment.
答案：CADBC Depending on whom you ask， the experiment announced at a Texas medical conference last week was a potential breakthrough for infertile women， a tragic failure or a dangerous step closer to the nightmare scenario of human cloning.
There's truth to all these points of view. Infertility was clearly the motivation when Chinese doctors used a new technique to help one of their countrywomen get pregnant. Unlike some infertile women， the 30-year-old patient produced eggs just fine， and those eggs could be fertilized by sperm. But they never developed properly， largely because of defects in parts of the egg outside the fertilized nucleus. So using a technique developed by Dr. James Grifo at New York University， Dr. Zhuang Guanglun of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou took the patient's fertilized egg， scooped out the chromosome-bearing nuclear material and put it in a donated egg whose nucleus had been removed. In this more benign environment， development proceeded normally， and the woman became pregnant with triplets who carried a mix of her DNA and her husband's——pretty much like any normal baby.
What has some doctors and ethicists upset is that this so-called nuclear-transfer technique has also been used to produce clones， starting with Dolly the sheep. The only significant difference is that with cloning， the inserted nucleus comes from a single， usually adult， cell， and the resulting offspring is genetically identical to the parent. Doing that with humans is ethically repugnant to many. Besides， for reasons that aren't yet well understood， cloned animals often abort spontaneously or are born with defects; Dolly died very young， though she had seemed healthy. And because the Chinese woman's twins were born prematurely and died (the third triplet was removed early on to improve chances for the remaining two)， critics have suggested that cloning and nuclear transfer are equally risky for humans.
Not likely， says Grifo. “The obstetric outcome was a disaster，” he admits， “but the embryos were chromosomally normal. We have no evidence that it had anything to do with the procedure.” Even so， concern over potential risks is why the Food and Drug Administration created a stringent approval process for such research in 2001——a process that Grifo found so onerous that he stopped working on the technique and gave it to the researchers in China， where it was subsequently banned (but only this month， long after Zhuang's patient became pregnant)。
The bottom line， say critics， is that perfecting a technique that could be used for human cloning， even if it were developed for another purpose， is just a bad idea——an assertion Zhuang rejects. “I agree that it makes sense to control these experiments，” he says. “But we've developed an effective technology to help people. We understand how to do it. We need it.”
注(1)：本文選自Time; 10/27/2003， p47;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2003年真題Text 4;
1. What is implied in the first paragraph?
[A]Some people regard it as a tragic failure.
[B]The new experiment means a breakthrough for some people.
[C]People have different reactions to the new experiment.
[D]The new experiment means a step further to the dangerous human cloning.
2. The author uses the case of Dolly and the Chinese pregnant woman to show that _________.
[A]both nuclear-transfer and cloning are dangerous for humans and animals
[B]both of them benefit from the new technique
[C]both of them are the examples of technical failure
[D]both of them are the fruits of the new technology
3. Zhuang‘s attitude toward the critics’ conclusion is one of __________.
[A]reserved consent
[B]strong disapproval
[C]slight contempt
[D]enthusiastic support
4. The only difference existing between nuclear-transfer and cloning technique is ________.
[A]whether it is used for research or for helping the infertile
[B]whether the offspring looks like the parent
[C]whether it is used in animals or human beings
[D]whether the inserted nucleus comes from a single and usually adult cell
5. The text intends to express the idea that _________.
[A]research of cloning has potential risks
[B]the research of cloning should be stopped totally
[C]ethics and research of cloning are in contradiction
[D]researchers should have the right to continue the study of cloning
答案：CABDC I had two routine checkups last week， and both the eye doctor and the dentist asked me to update my health history for their records. Their requests made sense. Health-care providers should know what problems their patients have had and what medications they're taking to be on the lookout for potential trouble or complications.
On each history， however， the section labeled FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY gave me pause. Few diseases are purely genetic， but plenty have genetic components. If my father suffered from elevated LDL， or bad cholesterol， my doctor should know that， because I'm probably at higher risk. If my mother had breast cancer， my sister (if I had one) would want her physician to be especially vigilant.
While I know something about the history of my parents' health-my father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson's disease， and my mother died of lung cancer-there's plenty I don't know. What were my parents' cholesterol numbers and blood pressures? I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes， but I can't swear to that. And when it comes to my grandparents， whose genes I also have， I'm even more in the dark.
That makes me fairly typical. According to Dr. Richard Carmona， the U.S. Surgeon General， only about a third of Americans have even tried to put together a family-health history. That's why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day. Sitting around the turkey talking about cancer and heart disease may seem like a grim thing to do when you're supposed to be giving thanks for everything that's going right. But since many families will be gathering for the holiday anyway， it's a perfect time to create a medical family tree.
And the Surgeon General is making it easy： if you go to hhs.gov/familyhistory， you can use the Frequently Asked Questions link to find out which diseases tend to run in families， which ones you should be most and least worried about， and what to do if， like me， your parents and grandparents have passed away. You can also download a free piece of software called My Family Health Portrait， which helps you organize the information. The program prints that out in a easy-to-read form you can give to your doctors.
The website insists the software is “fun”， but that may be going a bit far. In any case， it's available only for Windows machines， so Mac users and people without computers have to use a printed version of the tree. It's worth it， though， since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 11/22/2004， p100;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象為2005年真題Text 1;
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast.
[B] justifying an assumption.
[C] explaining a phenomenon.
[D] making a comparison.
2. The statement “I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes， but I can't swear to that.” (Line 4， Paragraph 3) implies that
[A] only one of them suffered from diabetes.
[B] neither of them suffered from diabetes.
[C] both of them suffered from diabetes.
[D] it's uncertain whether they suffered from diabetes or not.
3. Family health report is very important because
[A] you can be careful about some disease and keep fit.
[B] you are connected with your parents and your grandparents.
[C] many diseases are genetic and should be noticed.
[D] you should be considerate and care about your parents.
4. Dr. Richard Carmona suggests that
[A] you should present your doctor with a medical history.
[B] you should print out your family's medical history.
[C] you should gather your family's medical history.
[D] you should give thanks for everything that is going right.
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] The software is fun enough.
[B] Family medical tree shouldn't be neglected.
[C] The software is not available anywhere.
[D] It is worthwhile to draw a family tree.
答案：C B A C B William Shakespeare described old age as “second childishness”—— sans teeth， sans eyes， sans taste. In the case of taste he may， musically speaking， have been even more perceptive than he realized. A paper in Neurology by Giovanni Frisoni and his colleagues at the National Centre for Research and Care of Alzheimer's Disease in Brescia， Italy， shows that one form of senile dementia can affect musical desires in ways that suggest a regression， if not to infancy， then at least to a patient's teens.
Frontotemporal dementia is caused， as its name suggests， by damage to the front and sides of the brain. These regions are concerned with speech， and with such “higher” functions as abstract thinking and judgment. Frontotemporal damage therefore produces different symptoms from the loss of memory associated with Alzheimer's disease， a more familiar dementia that affects the hippocampus and amygdala in the middle of the brain. Frontotemporal dementia is also rarer than Alzheimer's. In the past five years the centre in Brescia has treated some 1，500 Alzheimer's patients; it has seen only 46 with frontotemporal dementia.
Two of those patients interested Dr Frisoni. One was a 68-year-old lawyer， the other a 73-year-old housewife. Both had undamaged memories， but displayed the sorts of defect associated with frontotemporal dementia-a diagnosis that was confirmed by brain scanning. About two years after he was first diagnosed the lawyer， once a classical music lover whoreferred to pop music as “mere noise”， started listening to the Italian pop band “883”。 As his command of language and his emotional attachments to friends and family deteriorated， he
continued to listen to the band at full volume for many hours a day. The housewife had not even had the lawyer's love of classical music， having never enjoyed music of any sort in the past. But about a year after her diagnosis she became very interested in the songs that her 11-year-old granddaughter was listening to.
This kind of change in musical taste was not seen in any of the Alzheimer's patients， and thus appears to be specific to those with frontotemporal dementia. And other studies have remarked on how frontotemporal-dementia patients sometimes gain new talents. Five sufferers who developed artistic abilities are known. And in another lapse of musical taste， one woman with the disease suddenly started composing and singing country and western songs.
Dr Frisoni speculates that the illness is causing people to develop a new attitude towards novel experiences. Previous studies of novelty-seeking behavior suggest that it is managed by the brain's right frontal lobe. A predominance of the right over the left frontal lobe， caused by damage to the latter， might thus lead to a quest for new experience. Alternatively， the damage may have affected some specific neural circuit that is needed to appreciate certain kinds of music. Whether that is a gain or a loss is a different matter. As Dr Frisoni puts it in his article， de gustibus non disputandum est. Or， in plainer words， there is no accounting for taste.
11. For Shakespeare， old age as “second childishness” for they have the same
A favorite.
B memory.
C experience.
D sense.
12. Which one is not a symptom of Frototemporal dementia?
A the loss of memory.
B the loss of judgment.
C the loss of abstract thinking .
D the loss of speech.
13. From the two patients mentioned in the passage， it can be concluded that
A their command of language has deteriorated.
B their emotional attachments to friends and family are being lost.
C the Frontotemporal dementia can bring new gifts.
D Frontotemporal dementia can cause patients to change their musical tastes.
14.The “novel” in the last paragraph means
A historical.
B special.
C story-like.
D strange.
15. From the passage， it can be inferred that
A the damage of the left frontal lobe may affect some specific neural circuit.
B the lawyer patient has the left frontal lobe damaged.
C the damage of the left frontal lobe decreased the appreciation certain kinds of music.
D every patient has the same taste.
答案：DADDB Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient，the doctor，and nature in these situations.
Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain，those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies，for example，nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces.
What role should the doctor have? Doctors，when taking the Hippocratic oath，swear to preserve life at all costs，and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick，and in the cases when healing is not possible，then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime，and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also，by virtue of their humanness，capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say，for instance，that a cancer patient was terminal，and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs.
The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another‘s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws，but to break divine 1aws as well.
These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance，patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain clouds judgment，and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment，so they shouldn‘t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible，and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life，they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide.
I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service.If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery，and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine，that seems merciful rather than criminal.If we can agree to this，then I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable request.Without the doctor‘s previous treatment，the person would have surely been dead already.Doctors have intervened for months or even years，so why not sanction this final，merciful intervention?
Life is indeed precious，but an inevitable part of life is death，and it should be precious，too.If life has become an intolerable pain and intense suffering，then it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beauty，one should have the right to end her or his suffering quietly，surely，and with family and friends nearby.
1. In this passage“doctor-assisted suicide”actually refers to the practice that doctors____.
[A]kill their patients by intentional inducement
[B]unconsciously help their patients to commit suicide
[c]propose euthanasia(安樂死)to the terminally ill patient
[D]kill their patients with improper prescription
2. People may object to doctor-assisted suicide on the ground that____.
[A]patients should determine when they want to end their lives
[B]doctors should be punished if they fail to save their patients
[C]doctors may make mistakes in their diagnosis
[D]doctors should wait until their patients‘ death is certain
3. Who has the power to decide when a person should die according to those who argue against assisted suicide?
[A]The patient. [B]The doctor.
[C]Nature. [D]None of the above.
4. When speaking of the role patients play in assisted suicide，the author admits that____.
[A]it is not up to them to make the choice
[B]science is a better arbiter than their personal preference
[C]personal preference should not be taken too seriously
[D]they are unable to make the choice in some cases
5. The author makes it clear that____.
[A]he is opposed to doctor-assisted suicide
[B]he is in favor of doctor-assisted suicide
[C]he neither objects to nor favors doctor-assisted suicide
[D]he thinks it better to leave the issue undiscussed at present
參考答案：
1. [C] 第一段第二句實際上是doctor-assisted suicide的定義。
2. [C] 參閱第三段第六、七、八句。
3. [C] 參閱第四段第三、四、五句。
4. [D] 參閱第五段，尤其是本段第一句。
5. [B] 參閱最后一段，尤其是該段第二句。 The term“genetically modified”(G-M)is an offspring of another term：biotechnology，a word that‘s been around for about 30 years.Biotechnology was coined in the shadow of new techniques that allowed scientists to modify the genetic material in living cells.Roughly，that means imitating biological processes to produce substances that，arguably，benefit things like agriculture，medicine and the environment.
Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits：it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics;can be used to introduce traits that a product wouldn‘t traditionally have;can improve the nutritional value of products;and can produce cheaper and more environmentally-friendly fertilizers.And，say the supporters，a11 of this is done safely.Bart Bilmer，an officer of biotechnology at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency，reinforces this.He says before being put on the shelves，all foods go through rigorous tests to ensure they’re up to snuff.The standard for“safe”is the food that‘s already being sold in grocery stores.It’s called the principle of substantial equivalence.And there‘s no doubt in Bilmer’s mind that it‘s a system that’s working and working well.
Advocacy groups，like the Council of Canadians and Greenpeace，don‘t see things quite the same way.They cite studies done by groups such as the British Medical Association which argue G-M foods could have disastrous consequences to our health.1)To the groups on this side of the issue，that“could”provides more than enough reason to proceed with extreme caution，something they say isn’t being done at present.Those on this side of the debate say there are a number of problems with the current approach to G-M foods.To begin with，they argue the notion of substantial equivalence is not a standard they trust.They want a new testing system independent from the industry.As well，G-M critics say enough time hasn‘t passed to study the long-term effects of the foods.Without knowing，argues Jennifer Story of the Council of Canadians，Canadians are“part of this giant experiment involving a radical and frontier science”。
One side says the foods on the shelves of Canada‘s grocery stores are safe.The other side says they’re not so sure.Both sides agree consumers may be confused with the information out there but don‘t agree on how to address that confusion.One side says the answer lies’in voluntary labels，the other says mandatory ones are the bare minimum.2) Whatever the case， it's a debate that makes us consider the role technology has in our lives.What makes this debate unique is that every meal we eat is at its very core.And that fact means one thing：it‘s an issue to be discussed not only around policy tables，but dinner tables.
1. The expression“are up to snuff”(Para.2 )probably means____.
[A]be healthy [B]be pleasant to taste
[C]meet the standard [D] be nutritious
2. The“principle of substantial equivalence”(Para.2 )is one by which____.
[A]G-M foods can be produced and processed
[B]one can define the safety of G-M foods
[C]foods can be genetically modified up to standard
[D]foods can be tested before they are sold at grocery stores
3. Those who advise taking a cautious attitude toward G-M foods warn that____.
[A]G-M foods will have disastrous consequences to people‘s health
[B]the long-term effects of G-M foods remain largely unknown
[C]most G-M foods do not meet the principle of substantial equivalence
[D]most fertilizers used in raising G-M foods are harmful to the environment
4. What Jennifer Story says implies____.
[A]she considers genetic food modification desirable
[B]she believes G-M food will have disastrous consequences to our health
[C]she predicts more and more Canadians will like G-M foods
[D]she takes a cautious attitude towards food modification
5. The author‘s attitude towards the issue of G-M food is____.
[A]positive [B]negative
[C]radical [D]impartial
參考答案：
1. [C] 這是一個俚語，意為“符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的”。第二段中該句的下一句實際上解釋了該詞組的意思。
2. [B] 該句的上一句實際上說明了其意思。
3. [B] 在第三段，認(rèn)為應(yīng)該慎重對待這種新型食物的人提到了兩點理由：一是他們認(rèn)為目前測試其安全與否的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不可靠;二是認(rèn)為這種食物投放市場的時間尚短，還沒辦法研究其長期效應(yīng)(long-term effects)。
4. [D] 在第三段最后一句她說，加拿大人毫無意識地成為一種全新的前沿科學(xué)的試驗品。她說的這一句話與上一句話的意思應(yīng)該是一致的。由此推斷，在她看來，人們應(yīng)該謹(jǐn)慎做事，因為人們還不了解新型食物的長期效應(yīng)。
5. [D]意為：客觀的。作者列舉了擁護者和反對者的意見，對于孰是孰非并沒有提出自己的看法，所以在最后一句作者指出，問題還將繼續(xù)爭論下去。 I am a neuroscientist.I make a living by studying how the brain works.Although neuroscience has taken huge strides forward in the past decade，it is a long way from being able to address the problems dealt with by psychotherapy.3) Neuroscience cannot yet explain how we feel，and it is a long way from being able to prescribe what a miserable person must do to feel better.So，as a neuroscientist，I feel I should have a conclusion about the alternative approach.
The first question I must answer is：“What do psychotherapies have to offer?”First，let us deal with the scientific angle.The best way to start is by assessing a claim that has cropped up several times over the year.It was first made of psychoanalysis，but it has been extended to other psychotherapies.It is the claim that psychoanalysis is the successor to religion，that it gives a scientific，rather than a superstitious，answer to the question of how best to lead a happy，fulfilled life.
1 would say this claim is at best half right.Psychoanalysis may indeed answer the question of how best to lead a happy life，but it has a lot more in common with religion than it has with science.In fact，psychoanalysis is not the successor to religion，it is just another religion.
This assessment is based on the way religions and sciences deal with fundamental truths.In religions，truths are laid down by God and revealed to the prophets who，in their turn，pass them on to the faithful.They are sacred mysteries that cannot be questioned.In science，on the other hand，truths are nothing if not questionable.The laws of science are deduced from the results of experiments and can be used to predict new experimental results.If new results go against the prediction，they show the law to be false.A new experimental result，or a new theory for deriving predictions from the results，can change the accepted truths.If a scientific statement cannot，in principle，be proved wrong then it tells us nothing.
Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem.4)It is a maxim that our psychological problems are rooted in past conflicts，and that the repressed memories of these conflicts emerge from the unconscious in coded forms that can be interpreted by the analyst.But the codes are so obscure and so flexible that they defy rational explanation.There is no way the maxims could be disproved.They may not be sacred，but they are definitely mysteries.
Many other therapies are based on untestable theories.Of course，that doesn‘t necessarily prevent them from working.There is no doubt thousands of people feel that psychoanalysis has helped them to lead fuller and happier lives.But the number of satisfied customers is no guide to scientific validity;if it were，religion would come out way ahead.
1. The author considers his role as a neuroscientist____.
[A]irrelevant to that of a psychoanalyst
[B]different from that of a psychoanalyst
[C]of the same importance as that of a psychotherapeutist
[D]purely imaginary and impractical
2. According to the author，psychoanalysis is another religion in that____.
[A]it does nothing towards revealing fundamental truth
[B]its conclusions are seldom capable of being tested
[C]it has too many prophets and blind believers
[D]it takes over many doctrines from religious beliefs
3. By saying that“Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem”(Para.5)the author means that____.
[A]psychoanalysis deals with problems or conflicts inside the unconscious
[B]the assertions in psychoanalysis cannot be disproved
[C]psychoanalysis attaches no importance to doing experiments
[D]psychoanalysts can not explain psychological problems to patients
4. Which of the following is a science according to the author?
[A]Neuroscience.
[B]Psychoanalysis.
[C]Psychotherapy.
[D]None of the above.
5. The main purpose of the passage is____.
[A]to refute the practical value of psychoanalysis
[B]to propose neuroscience as an alternative to psychoanalysis
[C]to compare the theories of psychoanalysis with religious doctrines
[D]to explain why psychoanalysis is not a science
參考答案：
1. [B] 在第一段作者指出，自己是一個神經(jīng)科學(xué)家，隨后說明了這門科學(xué)目前存在的局限性。最后一句指出，作為一個神經(jīng)學(xué)方面的科學(xué)家，他覺得有必要談一下另外一種方法究竟是個什么東西。這里所謂the alternative approach指上文提到的心理療法(psychotherapy)。根據(jù)第二段的論述，心理分析是心理療法的一個分支。而在第三段，作者將心理分析稱為一種宗教，認(rèn)為它不是科學(xué)。
2. [B] 第四段說明了為什么心理分析是一種宗教而不是一門科學(xué)。由本段可以看出，科學(xué)與宗教的根本區(qū)別在于：科學(xué)是能被實驗證明真?zhèn)蔚?，而宗教則不能。第五、六段接著列舉了心理分析與宗教的相似性。
3. [B] 句中this problem即指上一段最后一句提到的不能被證明真?zhèn)巍?BR> 4. [A] 意為：神經(jīng)科學(xué)。在第一段，作者稱自己為神經(jīng)學(xué)科學(xué)家。由此看來，在他心目中，神經(jīng)科學(xué)是一門科學(xué)，雖然它現(xiàn)在尚有許多問題解決不了。實際上，敢于承認(rèn)其局限性，才是研究一門科學(xué)應(yīng)有的態(tài)度。而自稱什么問題都能解決的心理分析學(xué)被作者稱為一種宗教。另外，在第二段第四句，作者使用了other psychotherapies這樣的措辭，說明作者將心理分析看做是心理療法的一個分支，二者都不是科學(xué)。
5. [D] 第一段最后一句提出本文旨在說明的主要問題，文章最后一段是文章的結(jié)論，其中尤其是該段最后一句。 For three decades we‘ve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic (increasing oxygen consumption)exercise.Medical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good health，and millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill to reap the rewards.But the story is changing.Everyone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon general’S office has recently embraced strength training as a complement to aerobics.And as weight lifting has gone mainstream，SO has the once obscure practice known as“Super Slow”training.Enthusiasts claim that by pumping iron at a snail‘s pace——making each“rep”(repeat)last 1 4 seconds instead of the usual 7—you can safely place extraordinary demands on your muscles，and call forth an extraordinary response.Slow lifting may not be the only exercise you need，as some advocates believe，but the benefits are often dramatic.
Almost anyone can handle this routine.The only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance for deep muscular burn.For each exercise——leg press，bench press，shoulder press and SO On—70u set the machine to provide only moderate resistance.But as you draw out each repeat，depriving yourself of impetus，the weight soon feels unbearable.Defying the impulse to stop，you ke印going until you can‘t complete a repeat.Then you sustain your vain effort for 1 0 more seconds while the weight sinks gradually toward its cradle.Intense? Uncomfortable? Totally.But once you embrace muscle failure as the goal of the workout，it can become almost pleasure.
The goal is not to bunr calories while you're exercising but to make your body burn them all the time.Running a few miles may make you sweat，but it expends only 1 00 calories per mile，and it doesn‘t stimulate much bone or muscle development.Strength training doesn’t burn many calories，either.But when you push a muscle to failure，you set off a pour of physiological changes.As the muscle recovers over several days，it will thicken——and the new muscle tissue will demand sustenance.By the time you add three pounds of muscle，your body requires an extra 9，000 calories a month just to break even.Hold your diet steady and，very quickly，you are vaporizing body fat.
One might have benefited from any strength—training program.But advocates insist the slowtechnique is safer and more effective than traditional methods.
1. Many Americans have taken to treadmill for years
[A]its inherent awards to their health
[B]its greater consumption of oxygen
[C] the compliment paid by authorities
[D]the actual benefits from the exercise
2. According to the author，“Super Slow‘’training
[A]has been misunderstood for decades
[B]has been widely accepted recently
[C]has been the basis ofweight lifting
[D]has become the nucleus of aerobics
3. In practicing slow lifting，one has
[A]complete each rep with great
[B]tryhisbesttodothetraining
[C]sufferthe bitter effect called forth by the exercise
[D]exert extraordinary pressure on his legs and shoulders
4.While making each rep，one may suffer from
[A]impetus loss
[B]weight loss
[C]bearable iron weights
[D]the feeling of successful workout
5.The phrase“to break even”(Line 6，Para.3)most
[A]to upset the physical energy balance
[B]to disturb the calmness ofthe body
[C]to gain a greater profit than a loss
[D]to make neither a profit nor a loss
閱讀小幫手
核心詞匯
authority n.權(quán)威 complement n.補足物 pace n.步調(diào)
tolerance兒容忍 sustain vt保持 embrace v信奉 benefit vi.受益
probably means association n.協(xié)會 obscureadj.不出名的
dramatic adj.引人注目的 moderate adj.適度的 cradle n.發(fā)源地
stimulate vt.刺激 effective adj.有效的 surgeon n.外科醫(yī)生 claim Vt.聲稱
handle yr.操作 impetus n.推動力，動量 intense adj.強烈的 tissue n.[生]組織
三十年來我們不停地聽到關(guān)于有氧(增加氧氣消耗量)運動的種種優(yōu)點。醫(yī)學(xué)權(quán)威們都曾稱贊，跑步和跳躍是獲得健康的關(guān)鍵，于是數(shù)百萬美國人選擇靠跑步機獲得健康。但這一情形正在改變。近來，從美國心臟協(xié)會到外科主任的辦公室，每個人都信奉力量練習(xí)是有氧運動的一項補充。同舉重運動一樣，一度默默無聞的“超慢速‘’運動成了主流?？駸嵴邆兎Q，以極其緩慢的速度——使每個動作重復(fù)持續(xù)14秒而不是通常的7秒——提升重物，你就肯定會給肌肉施加巨大的負(fù)荷，并產(chǎn)生特別的效果。正如一些倡導(dǎo)者所說，慢速舉重也許不是你需要的惟一練習(xí)，但它的益處卻往往是顯著的。
幾乎每個人都可以操作這套步驟，僅僅需要高度集中的注意力和對肌肉灼傷的忍耐力。在你每一次練習(xí)中——腿部伸展、仰臥舉重、肩膊推舉等等——將機器設(shè)定為提供最適度的阻力。但是由于你每次重復(fù)動作時動量逐漸減少，重量很快就會顯得無法承受。你要忍住想要停下來的沖動，直到你無法堅持再重復(fù)一次。接著，你要保持住自己徒然的用力達(dá)10秒以上，直到力量全部用盡。太劇烈?不舒服?當(dāng)然。即便這樣的健身運動沒能幫你塑造出理想的肌肉，它也能讓你獲得一種享受。 你的目的不是只在做練習(xí)時燃燒卡路里，而是要使你的身體時時刻刻燃燒卡路里。跑幾英里會使你出汗，但是I英里僅僅消耗100卡路里，而且它不能刺激骨頭和肌肉的發(fā)展。力量訓(xùn)練同樣不能燃燒很多卡路里?？墒钱?dāng)你將肌肉拉伸到無力時，就引發(fā)了大量生理學(xué)上的變化。肌肉的恢復(fù)需要若干天時間，它會變相——而新的肌肉組織將需要消耗能量。當(dāng)你增加了3磅肌肉的時候，身體為了收支平衡，每個月就需要額外的9，000卡路里。保特穩(wěn)定的飲食，你就會很快消耗掉體內(nèi)脂肪。
人們可以從任何方式的力量訓(xùn)練項目中得到益處。但是倡導(dǎo)者們堅持認(rèn)為慢速技巧要比傳統(tǒng)方法更加安全和有效。
參考答案：
1. D細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞仃eadmiu定位文章第一段，第二句提到美國人喜歡練腳踏車是為了reaDthe rewards(得到報償)，由此可知D“從運動中獲得實際的好處”最符合題意。其余三項A “與生俱來地對他們健康有好處”，人在跑步機上運動才會對身體有益，而不是跑步機本身對健康有益，可排除;B“由于跑步機耗氧量大”，跑步機耗氧是為了鍛煉身體，但并非最終目的，排除;c“由于受到權(quán)威的贊美”屬于偷換概念，因為文中提到受稱贊的是running and jumping，也排除。
2. B推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞super slOW定位文章第一段，其中提到“同舉重運動一樣，一度默默無聞的‘超慢速’運動也已成為了主流”，可知B說法最恰當(dāng)。A中的misunderstood是對 obscure(模糊的，不引人注意的)的有意曲解;c的內(nèi)容在文中并未提到;D言過其實，文中只說strength training(力量鍛煉)是a complement to aerobics(有氧健身運動的一個補充)，但沒有說“Super.S10w”training成為有氧運動的核心，故排除。
3. c推斷題。題干關(guān)鍵詞slowli塒ng(慢速舉重)最先出現(xiàn)在第一段最后一句，隨后第二段進(jìn)一步描述該運動要求高度集中的注意力和對肌肉灼傷的忍耐力。選項A中所說的“給肌肉施加巨大的負(fù)荷”，不同于文中的“對肌肉灼傷的忍耐力”，二者程度不同;選項B在文中并未提及， D說的是舉重鍛煉的不同部位而非slowl確ng的要求，因此C“忍受由于練習(xí)所致的肌肉疼痛”符合文意。
4. A細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干中的信息詞make each rep定位第二段第四句“但由于你每次重復(fù)動作時動量 逐漸減少，重量很快就會顯得無法承受”。由此可推知，慢速舉重者可能會面臨動量損失的情況，故選項A最符合題意。B文中未提;C與文中提到feel unbearable相反、D與文意相反。
5. D語義題。由題干定位第三段“當(dāng)你增加了3磅肌肉的時候，身體為了 ，每個月就需要額外的9，00()卡路里”。結(jié)合選項，A和B均指“打亂身體能量平衡”，實際上大量的運動已經(jīng)使身體能量不平衡了，無需再打亂平衡，故兩者均可排除;c“盈余”，結(jié)合常識可知，這根本不利于健康，可排除;D“收支平衡”即保持身體能量平衡，符合題意。 It is a startling claim， but one that Congresswoman Deborah Pryce uses to good effects： the equivalent of two classrooms full of children are diagnosed with cancer every day. Mrs. Pryce lost her own 9-year-old daughter to cancer in 1999. Pediatric cancer remains a little-understood issue in America， where the health-care debate is consumed with the ills， pills and medical bills of the elderly.
Cancer kills more children than any other disease in MERICA. 1) although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades， the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001.
2) Grisly though these statistics are， they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer (41，000 each year) and lung cancer (164，000)。 Adbocates foor more money for child cancer prefer to look at life-years lost， the average age for cancer diagnosis in a young child is six， while the average adult is diagnosed in their late 60s. Robert Arceci， a pediatric cancer export at Johns Hopkins， points out that in terms of total life-years saved， the benefit from curing pediatric cancer victims is roughly the same as curing adults with breast cancer.
There is an obvious element of special pleading in such calculations， all the same， breast cancer has attracted a flurry of publicity， private fund-raising and money from government. Childhood cancer has received less attention and cash. Pediatric cancer， a term which covers people up to 20 years old， receives one-twentieth of the federal research money doled out by the National Cancer Institute. Funding， moan pediatric researchers， has not kept pace with rising costs in the field， and NCI money for collaborative research will actually be cut by 3% this year.
There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult suffers， a pilot childhood-cancer registry is in the works. Groups like Mr. Reaman‘s now get cash directly from Congress， but it is plainly a problem most politicians don’t know much about.
The biggest problem could lie with 15-19-year-olds. Those diagnosed with cancer have not seen the same improvement in their chances as younger children and older adults have done. There are some physiology explanations for this： teenagers who have passed adolescence are more vulnerable to different sorts of cancer， but Arehie Bleyer， a pediatric oncologist at the M.D Anderson Cancer Centre in Texas， has produced some data implying that lack of health insurance plays a role. Older teenagers and young adults are less likely to be covered and checked regularly. (445 words)
1. The author cites the examples of Mrs. Pryce to show that
[A] child cancer is no longer a rare case.
[B ] nowadays Americans care little about child cancer.
[C] the current health-care debate is rather time-consuming.
[D] school kids are more likely to be diagnoses with cancer.
2. According to Robert Arceci， child cancer research is also worth funding because
[A] the statistics of child cancer is rather scary.
[B] a saved child may enjoy a longer life span.
[C] adults with caner do not deserve that much funding.
[D] funding on child cancer is economical and effective.
3. Those 15-19-year-olds diagnosed with cancer
[A] were born with defects in immune systems.
[B] are more likely to recover from a cancer.
[C] can not get enough medical care.
[D]suffer a lot during adolescence.
4. The author writes this text to
[A] inspire greater concern for the well being of children.
[B] warn people of the harms caused by cancer.
[C] interpret the possible cause of child cancer.
[D] change the public‘s indifference to kids with cancer.
5. The author‘s attitude towards the current state of childhood cancer may be
[A] concerned
[B] desperate
[C] carefree
[D] indignant
詞匯注釋
pediatric 小兒的，兒科的
grisly 令人恐怖的
a flurry of 大量的
dole out 發(fā)放
registry 官方記錄
oncologist 腫瘤學(xué)家
難句講解
1. Although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades， the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001.
[簡析] 本句主干是“the propotion … increased …”。引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句;diagnosed with … 短語修飾children and teens.
2. Grisly though these statistics are， they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer (41，000 each year) and lung cancer (164，000)。
[簡析] 本句主干是“they are still tiny …”。Grisly though …是倒裝句式;they指的是these statistics;when 引導(dǎo)的是一個省略條件狀語從句，省略了主語，其中的lost to…短語修飾lives.
3. There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult suffers.
[簡析] 本句主干是“There is no national pediatric cancer registry …”。That 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾cancer registry;their指的是child and teenage patients;as 引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，修飾前面的句子，其中的they 指的是researchers.
答案與解析
1. A 結(jié)構(gòu)題。本題的問題是“作者引用普瑞斯夫人的例子，是為了說明 ”。題干中的“Pryce，出自文章第一段第一句話中，表明本題與第一段有關(guān)。第一段首先指出，這是一個令人吃驚的說法，隨后提到了普瑞斯夫人的話——每天都有相當(dāng)于兩個教室的孩子被診斷患有癌癥，接著提到了她女兒死于癌癥的事情，隨后的段落介紹了癌癥導(dǎo)致的兒童死亡人數(shù)增加的問題。這說明，作者提到普瑞斯夫人的例子，是為了說明，兒童患癌征的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)不再罕見。[A]”小兒癌癥不再是一種罕見的疾病“是對作者意圖的恰當(dāng)概括，為正確答案。[B]”如今的美國人很少關(guān)心小兒癌癥“是針對該段第三句話設(shè)置的干擾項，是作者提出問題的原因，不是目的;[C]”目前有關(guān)醫(yī)療保健的討論相當(dāng)費時“是針對該段第三句話設(shè)置的干擾項，是曲解了is consumed with (關(guān)注……)這個短語在本文的意思，與文意不符;[D]”在校的孩子更可能被診斷患有癌癥“是針對該段第一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，這是舉的例子，不是作者的目的。
2. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)羅伯特。阿賽西的觀點，小兒癌癥研究也值得投資，因為 ”。題干中的“Robert Arceci”出自文章第三段最后一句話中，表明本題與第三段有關(guān)。第三段提到，主張為兒童癌癥患者投入更多資金的人們更注重失去的壽命，隨后提到了羅伯特。阿賽西的觀點——從被挽救的總體壽命來看，治愈兒童癌癥患者帶來的價值幾乎與治愈成年乳腺癌患者的價值一樣。這說明，原因是可以延長兒重的生命。[B]“被挽救的孩子可能享有更長的壽命”是對其觀點的改寫，為正確答案。[A]“有關(guān)小兒癌癥的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)非常令人驚恐”是事實，并不是羅伯特。阿賽西的觀點;[C]“患癌癥的成年人不值得那么多的資助”是針對該段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，文中并沒有說羅伯特。阿賽西反對資助成年癌癥患者，所以C與文意不符;[D]“對小兒癌癥的投資既經(jīng)濟又有效”屬于無中生有。
3.C 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“那些15歲至19歲的被診斷患有癌癥的青少年 ”。題干中的“15—19 year-olds”出自文章最后一段第一句話中，表明本題與最后一段有關(guān)。最后一段首先提到了15歲到19歲的青少年的問題，接著分析指出，一些數(shù)據(jù)顯示，缺少醫(yī)療保險是一個原因，醫(yī)療保險不大可能覆蓋更多的青少年和年輕的成年人，這些人也不大可能進(jìn)行定期體檢。這說明，這些青少年沒有得到醫(yī)療方面的關(guān)注。[C]“沒能得到足夠的醫(yī)療護理”是對文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“生來就有免疫系統(tǒng)的缺陷”和[D]“在青春期受了很多苦”屬于無中生有;[B]“更可能從癌癥中恢復(fù)”與文意相反。
4. D 主旨題。本題的問題是“作者寫本文是為了 ”。作者首先指出，小兒癌癥仍然是一個鮮為人知的問題，接著利用數(shù)據(jù)說明，癌癥導(dǎo)致的兒童死亡人數(shù)比其他疾病多，隨后指出，兒童癌癥沒有引起足夠的關(guān)注，沒有得到足夠的資金，并分析了原因。這說明，作者寫本文是為了提請人們關(guān)注兒童癌癥問題。[D]“改變公眾對兒童癌癥患者的冷漠態(tài)度”是對作者目的的恰當(dāng)概括，可以表達(dá)作者的主要目的，為正確答案。[A]“鼓勵人們更關(guān)注兒童的幸?！辈粶?zhǔn)確，沒有提到兒童的癌癥問題;本文主要討論的是兒童癌癥問題，所以[B]“警告人們癌癥造成的危害”太廣泛，不能表達(dá)作者的主要目的;[C]“解釋小兒癌癥可能的原因”只是文中部分段落的內(nèi)容，不能表達(dá)作者的主要目的。
5. A 態(tài)度題。本題的問題是“作者對于小兒癌癥現(xiàn)狀的態(tài)度可能是 ”。作者在文中指出，小兒癌癥在美國仍然是一個鮮為人知的問題，兒童癌癥沒有引起足夠的關(guān)注，沒有得到足夠的資金，并引用專家的觀點指出，應(yīng)該多投資兒童癌癥問題的研究。這說明，作者關(guān)注小兒癌癥問題。[A]“關(guān)心的”是對作者態(tài)度的恰當(dāng)概括，為正確答案。第五段提到，登記兒童癌癥患者人數(shù)的試點工作正在計劃之中，并且像瑞曼先生這樣的研究小組直接從國會獲得資金，這說明[B]“絕望的”與作者的態(tài)度不符;[C]“不負(fù)責(zé)任的”是美國人的態(tài)度，不是作者的態(tài)度;作者并沒有指責(zé)誰，所以[D]“憤慨的”與作者的態(tài)度不符。 The widely held assumption that people would volunteer for AIDS-tests in droves once treatment became available was wrong. 61) And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS， and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.
To combat this， the whole basis of AIDS testing in Botswana has just been changed. The idea is to“downgrade” the process into something low-key， routine and stigma-free. 62)Until now， a potential test subject had to opt in， by asking for a test; having asked， he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out. The new policy is to test people routinely when they visit the doctor. That way， having a test cannot be seen as an indication that an individual believes he may be infected. The test is not compulsory， but objectors must actively opt out. Silence is assumed to be consent， and no counseling is offered—just as would be the case for any other infectious disease.
This policy shift is probably just the first of many that will take place in Botswana， South Africa and other African countries that are planning the mass provision of anti-AIDS drugs in public hospitals. Dwain Ndwapi， a doctor at Botswana‘s largest AIDS clinic， thinks that there are circumstances in which testing should be compulsory. 63) In particular， he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth.
Another controversial change in the air is to reduce the frequency of two costly tests of patients‘ blood. Viral-load tests and CD4-cell counts both measure how acute an individual’s infection has become. That helps a patient‘s doctor to decide when to prescribe anti-retroviral. 64) But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country. Less frequent testing of each individual would allow more individuals to be given at least some tests.
But that must be balanced against the need to treat more people faster. Doctors in Botswana are staggered at how desperately sick many patients are when they first arrive. They had expected people to walk into clinics for AIDS tests. Instead， many come in on stretchers on the verge of death. 65) Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people， and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer. If routine tests persuade more patients to get help before they slump on a stretcher， all the better.
1. Why few people would volunteer for AIDS-test if treatment is readily prepared?
[A] Because people do not know whether they need the treatment.
[B] Because people could not afford to pay the expensive drugs.
[C] Because people are afraid to find out that they are infected.
[D] Because people cannot bear the shame the tests bring.
2. According to the text， how to “downgrade” the test process?
[A] By forcing those potential AIDS patient to take the test.
[B] by going down to the patients‘ homes to take the test.
[C] by testing patients as a regular thing in their hospital visits.
[D] by asking them whether they would like to have a test.
3. it can be inferred from the text that
[A] the new policy will be able to include every patient who visits the doctor.
[B] more policy like the new one will be carried out in a lot of African countries.
[C] the old policy is better than the new one in that it provides patients with counseling.
[D] the silence of the patient indicates his consent to any treatment that is available.
4. the purpose of reducing the frequency of two expensive blood tests is to
[A] help the patients save some money for treatments.
[B] enable more people to take tests of some kind.
[C] make sure that patients can receive in-time treatment.
[D] prevent patients from possible further infection.
5. persuading patients to get treatment early will have the following advatages except
[A] saving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people.
[B] cutting down the costs in the treatment.
[C] avoiding transmitting the virus to more people.
[D] shortening doctors‘ treatment time.
詞匯注釋
in droves 成群結(jié)隊
stigma 恥辱
downgrade 降級
low-key 低調(diào)的
expectant mother 孕婦
anti-retroviral 抗病毒
staggered 吃驚的
inadvertently 無意中地
slump 躺
難句講解
1. And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS， and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.
[簡析] 本句話的主干是“the reason for that appears to be that…”。第一個that指的是前面句子的內(nèi)容;第二個that引導(dǎo)的是表語從句;and thus…引導(dǎo)的段與作伴隨狀語，其中的it指的是sigma，if 引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句。
2. Having asked， he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out.
[簡析] 本句話的主干是“he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure…”。Having asked 短語作時間狀語;he指的是前面句子中提到的a potential test subject;he really knew…是一個省略了引導(dǎo)次的賓語從句，其中的what引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，before引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句。
3. In particular， he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth.
[簡析] 本句話的主干是“he believes that…”。he 指的是Dwain Ndwapi;that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句;from mothers to new-born children修飾transmission;if引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句;破折號里面的內(nèi)容是在進(jìn)一步介紹條件，其中的those指的是expectant mothers，who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾those;before引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句，其中的they指的也是expectant mothers.
4. But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country.
[簡析] 本句話的主干是“l(fā)aboratory capacity is inadequate for…”。That引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾people;破折號里面的內(nèi)容是在介紹條件，其中的as…as 引導(dǎo)的是比較狀語從句，其中的they指的是testes.
5. Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people， and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer.
[簡析] 本句話是一個并列句，其主干是“treating the very ill takes much more time and money…and it means that”。Than引導(dǎo)的是比較狀語;it指的是前面的句子;that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句。
答案與解析
1. D細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“如果治療很容易準(zhǔn)備的話，為什么幾乎沒有人自愿進(jìn)行愛滋病檢測?”文章第一段首先提到了人們的一種錯誤觀點，隨后解釋了原因，指出，政府沒有設(shè)法減少與愛滋病有關(guān)的恥辱，也沒有減少如果你懷疑你自己可能被感染了愛滋病而去尋求檢測的恥辱。這說明，原因是人們覺得，與愛滋病有關(guān)的東西是恥辱。[D]“因為人們不能忍受檢測帶來的羞恥”是對文中相關(guān)信息的改寫，為正確答案。[A]“因為人們不知道他們是否需要治療”和[B]“因為人們負(fù)擔(dān)不起昂貴的藥物”屬于無中生有;[C]“因為人們擔(dān)心查出他們受到了感染”是針對該段中“with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected”設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符。
2. C細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，如何‘降級’檢測的過程?”題干中的“downgrade”出自文章第二段第二句話中，表明本題與第二段有關(guān)。第二段在介紹人們采取的應(yīng)對措施時提到，博茨瓦納愛滋病檢測的所有原則完全被改變了，人們把檢測過程“降級”為低調(diào)、常規(guī)并且沒有恥辱感的事情，也就是在人們看病時對他們進(jìn)行常規(guī)檢測。這說明，人們是通過把檢測看成是患者看病時的常規(guī)事情來“降級”檢測過程的。[C]“通過把檢測作為患者去醫(yī)院時進(jìn)行的常規(guī)事情”是對文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“通過迫使那些可能的愛滋病患者去檢測”明顯與文意不符;[B]“通過去患者的家庭進(jìn)行檢測”屬于無中生有;[D]“通過詢問他們是否愿意進(jìn)行檢測”是針對文中“…make sure he re.ally knew what he was doing before any test was carTied out”這句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符。
3. B推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，可以推知 ”。文章第二段介紹了人們采取的應(yīng)對措施，第三段指出，這種原則上的改變可能只是博茨瓦納、南非和其他非洲國家即將發(fā)生變化的第一步，這些國家正計劃在公立醫(yī)院大量供應(yīng)抗愛滋病的藥物，隨后介紹了一名博茨瓦納醫(yī)生的新觀點。由此可知，非洲一些國家將實施更多新措施。[B]“更多像新原則一樣的原則將在許多非洲國家得到實施”是對文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“新原則將能夠包含任何看病的患者”屬于無中生有;文中并沒有比較新舊原則的好壞，所以[C]“舊原則比新原則更好，因為它為患者提供咨詢”與文意不符;[D]“患者的沉默表示他同意進(jìn)行任何可能的治療”是針對文中“Silence is assummed to be consent， and no counseling is offered”這句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符。
4. B細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“減少兩種昂貴血檢次數(shù)的目的是為了 ”。題干中的“two expensive blood tests”出自文章第四段第一句話中(文中用的是two costly tests of patients‘ blood)，表明本題與第四段有關(guān)。第四段首先提到了減少兩種昂貴血檢的次數(shù)問題，并解釋了這兩種血檢的目的，隨后指出，非洲的實驗室沒有能力對數(shù)百萬需要這類藥物的人進(jìn)行常規(guī)檢測，每個人的檢測頻率越少，更多的人得到至少某些檢測的機會就越多。這說明，減少血檢次數(shù)的目的是為了讓更多的人可以接受檢測。[B]“使更多的人可以接受某些檢測”是對文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“幫助患者節(jié)省治療費用”明顯與文意不符;文中沒有提到及時治療的問題，也沒有提到進(jìn)一步感染的問題，所以[C]“確信患者可以得到及時的治療”和[D]“防止患者可能進(jìn)一步感染”屬于無中生有。
5. A細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“說服患者盡早治療將有下列好處，除了 ”。題干中的 “Persuading patients to get treatment”出自文章最后一段最后一句話中(文中用的是persuade more patients to get help)，表明本題與最后一段有關(guān)。最后一段提到，與給相對健康的人發(fā)放抗愛滋病藥物相比，治療非常嚴(yán)重的患者花費的時間和金錢多得多，并且這些人可能會在更長的時間內(nèi)無意中感染其他人，隨后提到了說服患者治療這個問題，指出，如果常規(guī)檢測可以說服更多患者尋求幫助的話，那么一切都會更好了。這說明，[B]“削減治療費用”、[C]“避免把病毒傳染給更多的人”和[D]“縮短醫(yī)生的治療時間”都是說服患者盡早治療的好處。只有[A]“給相對健康的人節(jié)省抗愛滋病藥物”不是文中提到的好處。 There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment， they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician， but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced， not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation， but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result， and in other people does result， in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. They exhibit what is known as a “negative therapeutic reaction”。
There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery， and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyse this resistance in the usual way — then， even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness， the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery， more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic(admiring one‘s own self too much) inaccessibility， a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness.
In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a “moral” factor， a sense of guilt， which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disencouraging explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty， he feels ill. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which it is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case.
1. According to the author， some unusual patients would
[A] openly resist the treatment of the physician.
[B] intentionally hold the physician in contempt.
[C] respond against the physician‘s expectation.
[D] disregard the appreciation by the physician.
2. For the patients the author describes，
[A] a hopeful treatment often leads to a reverse result.
[B] a local treatment improves temporarily their symptoms.
[C] a partial solution betters rather than worsens their illness.
[D] a right solution cures them partially of their illness.
3. The author‘s study of this syndrome leads him to think that
[A] patients must be convinced of the treatment by analysis.
[B] patients‘ sense of guilt may hinder them from getting well.
[C] patients need to know the final explanations of their illness.
[D] patients should give up the punishment of suffering from their illness.
4. It can be inferred from the text that
[A] certain people behave in a particularly fashionable way.
[B] the need for illness has overcome the desire for recovery.
[C] the patients who are content with their illness are guilty.
[D] the syndrome of inverse reaction to therapy is curious.
5. The root cause of the resistance to recovery lies in the fact that the patients
[A] are apt to refuse the recognization of the physician‘s authority.
[B] can hardly put up with being praised or appreciated by their doctors.
[C] cling to the unconscious belief in their deserved penalty by sickness.
[D] suffer from a chronic mental disease that offers them a feeling of guilt.
詞匯注釋
defiance 蔑視
therapeutic 治療的
dreaded 令人擔(dān)心的
narcissistic 自我陶醉的
inaccessibility 不易接近的
難句講解
1. Every partial solution that ought to result， and in other people does result， in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better.
[簡析] 本句話的主干是“Every partial solution produces in them an intensification， they get worse…”。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾solution;them 和they都是指前面句子中的such people.
2. If we analyse this resistance in the usual way — then， even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness， the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery， more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic (admiring one‘s own self too much) inaccessibility， a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness.
[簡析]本句話是一個并列句，其主干是“the greater part of it is still left over…and this reveals itself as…”。If引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句，even after引導(dǎo)的短語是插入語;it 之得失this resistance;后面句子中的this 指的是前面的句子;a negative attitude…短語是在解釋inaccessibility.
3. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case.
[簡析]本句話是一個并列句，其主干是“It is also difficult to convince the patient…h(huán)e holds fast to…”。It是形式主語，真正的主語是后面的to conceive…短語，其中的that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句;he指的是the patient;第二個that引導(dǎo)的是explanation的同位語從句。
答案與解析
1. C細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)作者的觀點，有些異常的患者可能 ”。題干中的 “Some unusual patients”出自文章第一段第一句話中(文中用的是people who behave in aquite peculiar fashion)，表明本題與第一段有關(guān)。第一段在提到這些人時指出，如果你充滿希望地與他們交談，或者對治療的進(jìn)展表示滿意，他們就表現(xiàn)出不滿的樣子，并且他們的狀況總是會變壞;隨后指出，你不僅確信這類人不能容忍任何贊揚或評價，你還深信他們會反向回應(yīng)治療取得的進(jìn)展。這說明，這些人可能對醫(yī)生的希望做出逆向反應(yīng)。[C] “對醫(yī)生的期望做出相反的回應(yīng)”與此意符合，為正確答案。[A]“公開抵制醫(yī)生的治療”、[B]“故意鄙視醫(yī)生”和[D]“漠視醫(yī)生的評價”都不準(zhǔn)確，與文意不符。
2. A細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“對于患者，作者描述到 ”。第一段前半部分分析了異常患者之后，在后半部分提到，任何局部治療方法對他們會導(dǎo)致病情的惡化，他們的病情惡化，而不是好轉(zhuǎn)，他們的表現(xiàn)就是人們所知的“消極治療反應(yīng)”。這說明，有效的治療方法對這些人會起反作用。[A]“一個有希望的治療通常導(dǎo)致相反的結(jié)果”與此意符合，為正確答案。[B]“局部治療暫時改善了他們的癥狀”和[D]“正確的治療方法部分治愈他們的疾病”是針對第一段中“…that ought to result，and in other people does result，in an improvement…”這句話設(shè)置的干擾項，明顯是誤解了該句話的意思;[C]“局部治療方法使他們的病情好轉(zhuǎn)而不是惡化他們的病情”與第一段中“they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better”這句話的意思相反。
3. 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“作者對這種綜合病癥的研究導(dǎo)致他認(rèn)為 ”。作者在第一段介紹了那些患者的異常表現(xiàn)，在第二段提到了患者的抗病性因素，最后一段分析了這種抗病性的原因，指出，我們面對的是一種可能被稱做的“道德”因素，一種罪惡感，也就是在疾病中尋求滿足，拒絕放棄受難的懲罰。這說明，作者認(rèn)為，患者的罪惡感導(dǎo)致他拒絕治療、康復(fù)。[B]“病人的罪惡感可能阻礙他們康復(fù)”與此意符合，為正確答案。[A] “病人應(yīng)該相信分析治療法”是針對最后一段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符：[C]“病人需要了解對他們疾病的最終解釋”是針對最后一段第二句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符;[D]“病人應(yīng)該放棄患病的懲罰”屬于無中生有。
4. D推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，可以推知 ”。第一段提到，在分析治療過程中，有些人的表現(xiàn)方式非常特別，接著介紹了這些人的異常表現(xiàn);第二段提到了抗病性表現(xiàn)，最后一段提到，我們面對的是一種罪惡感，也就是在疾病中尋求滿足，拒絕放棄受難的懲罰;就患者來說，這種罪惡感是無意的，這并沒有向他表明他有罪、他患病了。由此可知，患者的異常反應(yīng)令人費解。[D]“對治療的反向回應(yīng)綜合癥是難以理解的”與此意符合，為正確答案。[A]“有些人以一種特別時髦的方式表現(xiàn)”是誤解了第一段第一句話中fashion(方式)一詞的意思;第二段第二句話提到了[B]“患病的需要超過了恢復(fù)的渴望”，但隨后的句子說明這種觀點不對;[C]“那些滿足于患病的患者是有罪的”是誤解了最后一段的內(nèi)容。
5. C細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“抵制恢復(fù)的根本原因在于這樣的事實：患者 ”。題干的“the resistance to recovery”出自文章最后一段第四句話中，表明本題與最后一段有關(guān)。最后一段首先提到了罪惡感，接著解釋說，他們拒絕放棄受難的懲罰，這種罪惡感是無意的，它只是表現(xiàn)為抵制非常難以克服的恢復(fù)，患者深信，通過分析治療不是治療他疾病的好方法。這說明，事實是，患者認(rèn)為他應(yīng)該受到患病的懲罰。[C ]“堅持‘他們該受疾病懲罰’這種無意識的觀點”與此意符合，為正確答案。文中只是說“人們非常難以使患者相信這種動機隱藏于他繼續(xù)患病的因素之中”，并沒有說他們不相信醫(yī)生的權(quán)威，所以[A]“傾向于拒絕承認(rèn)醫(yī)生的權(quán)威”不對;[B]“難以忍受醫(yī)生的表揚或評價”與患者的罪惡感沒有關(guān)系;[D]“患有慢性精神病，這種疾病使得他們有罪惡感”屬于無中生有。 One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory， which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord， loss of job， and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is， alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern， therefore， favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker， while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism. The discomfort， pain， and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact， the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization： conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear， the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus， thus triggering another time of drinking.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response， experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment， either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.
1. The main purpose of the text is to
A. introduce some existing theories about alcoholism.
B. show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism.
C. explain the application of a approach to alcoholism.
D. help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism.
2. The description of Conger‘s experiment with two groups of rats was intended to
A. show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite.
B. confirm the findings of other academic researchers.
C. show people that alcohol can minimize fear.
D. disprove the learning and reinforcement theory.
3. We can learn from paragraph 3 that
A. the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields.
B. drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord.
C. tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol.
D. alcoholics can‘t recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism.
4. The author provides enough information to answer the question of
A. why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences.
B. how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy.
C. under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks.
D. which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now.
5. It can be inferred from the text that
A. the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.
B. the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory.
C. punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking.
D.frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment.
答案B C C A C One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory， which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord， loss of job， and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is， alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern， therefore， favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker， while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism. The discomfort， pain， and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact， the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization： conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear， the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus， thus triggering another time of drinking.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response， experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment， either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.
1. The main purpose of the text is to
A. introduce some existing theories about alcoholism.
B. show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism.
C. explain the application of a approach to alcoholism.
D. help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism.
2. The description of Conger‘s experiment with two groups of rats was intended to
A. show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite.
B. confirm the findings of other academic researchers.
C. show people that alcohol can minimize fear.
D. disprove the learning and reinforcement theory.
3. We can learn from paragraph 3 that
A. the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields.
B. drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord.
C. tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol.
D. alcoholics can‘t recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism.
4. The author provides enough information to answer the question of
A. why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences.
B. how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy.
C. under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks.
D. which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now.
5. It can be inferred from the text that
A. the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.
B. the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory.
C. punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking.
D.frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment.
答案與解析
1. B 主旨題。本題的問題是“本文的主要目的是 ”。文章首先提到了有關(guān)酗酒的諸多理論，隨后具體介紹了學(xué)習(xí)和強化理論對酗酒的解釋，指出，該理論認(rèn)為，人們往往被吸引到令人愉快的場所，或者厭惡不愉快的場所;事實上，過度飲酒所導(dǎo)致的憂慮與負(fù)疚感可能本身就成為另一次酗酒的導(dǎo)火線。這說明，本文主要是在解釋酗酒的原因。[B] “幫助酗酒者和其他人了解酗酒的原因”是對本文的概括，為正確答案。文章雖然在第一段提到了有關(guān)酗酒的諸多理論這一點，但是著重介紹的是學(xué)習(xí)和強化理論，并沒有介紹其他理論，所以[A]“介紹一些有關(guān)酗酒的理論”不是本文的主要目的;本文并沒有提到適用于酗酒的心理方法和治療酗酒的新方法，所以[C]“解釋適用于酗酒的一種
心理方法“和[D]”證實治療酗酒的新方法“屬于無中生有。
2. C 結(jié)構(gòu)題。本題的問題是“對康爾用兩組老鼠做實驗的描述是為了 ”。題干中的 “Conger”出自文章第二段二句話中，表明本題與第二段有關(guān)。第二段首先提到，一些實驗證據(jù)表明，酒精減輕了恐懼，接著列舉了康爾所做的實驗，指出，給老鼠注射酒精后，它們遠(yuǎn)離電擊的動力明顯減弱，而接近食物的動力卻保持不變。這說明，描述康爾用老鼠所做的實驗是想表明，酒精可以降低恐懼。[C]“證實酒精將恐懼降低到最低點”是對該段中“alcoh01 reduces fear in an approach.avoidance situation”這句話的改寫，為正確答案。酒精沒有影響食欲是實驗的結(jié)果，并不是提到實驗的目的，所以[A]“證實飲酒不影響食欲”與題目的要求不符;文中并沒有介紹有關(guān)酗酒的其他理論，所以[B]“證實其他理論研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)”不是描述康爾用老鼠所做實驗的目的;第三段提到，飲酒者經(jīng)受的明顯問題似乎與學(xué)習(xí)理論解釋的酗酒相矛盾，但文中并沒有說這種觀點不對，所以[D]“反駁學(xué)習(xí)和強化理論”與文意不符。
3. C 歸納題。本題的問題是“從第三段我們可以了解到 ”。第三段提到，酒精對減緩壓力有立竿見影的效果，而酗酒行為導(dǎo)致的不愉快后果只是隨后才發(fā)生。[C]“壓力減緩在飲酒后首先出現(xiàn)”是對文中這句話的改寫，為正確答案。該段第一句話說，飲酒者經(jīng) 受的明顯問題似乎與學(xué)習(xí)理論解釋的酗酒相矛盾，但隨后的解釋并沒有說該理論互相矛盾，所以[A]“學(xué)習(xí)理論在某些方面自相矛盾”與文意不符;文中是說“飲酒者在面臨家庭不和、失業(yè)以及疾病時繼續(xù)飲酒”，并沒有說飲酒可以解決家庭不和，所以[B]“飲酒‘可以解決家庭不和問題”屬于無中生有;文中只是說“酗酒行為導(dǎo)致的不愉快后果只是隨后才發(fā)生”，并沒有提到酗酒者是否記住不愉快后果這個問題，所以[D]“酗酒者記不住酗酒的不愉快后果”屬于偷換概念。
4. A 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“作者提供的信息回答了——問題”。文章前面兩段介紹了有關(guān)酗酒的學(xué)習(xí)理論，隨后的段落解釋了酗酒者繼續(xù)飲酒的原因，指出，飲酒者在面臨家庭不和、失業(yè)以及疾病時繼續(xù)飲酒，過度飲酒所導(dǎo)致的憂慮與負(fù)疚感可能本身就成為另一次酗酒的導(dǎo)火線，如果飲酒者學(xué)會了在獎賞和懲罰這兩種情況下飲酒，那么任何一種情況都可能引發(fā)反復(fù)飲酒。這說明，作者在本文回答了“酗酒者為什么繼續(xù)飲酒”這個問題。[A]“雖然有令人不愉快的后果，但酗酒者為什么繼續(xù)飲酒”是對作者觀點的概括，為正確答案。文中雖然提到了康爾，但并沒有提到休克療法，所以[B]“康爾如何利用休克療法解釋酗酒者的行為”與文意不符;文中只是說“渴望再次飲酒可能是由憂慮導(dǎo)致的”，并沒有提到憂慮可以帶來好處，所以[C]“酗酒者在什么樣的情況下會從憂慮打擊中獲益”與文意不符;文中沒有提到治療酗酒的方法，所以[D]“哪種方法是治療酗酒的方法”屬于無中生有。
5. C推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，可以推知——”。文章前面的段落解釋了酗酒者繼續(xù)飲酒的原因，最后一段提到，雖然懲罰可以用來抑制反應(yīng)，但是，懲罰可以當(dāng)作一種獎賞，并且強化飲酒這種行為。由此可知，獎賞和懲罰都可能引發(fā)反復(fù)飲酒。[C]“懲罰可能成為另一次飲酒的刺激因素”是對文中“either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking'‘這句話的改寫，為正確答案。獎賞和懲罰就是文中所謂的接近與回避，而文中的信息表明，酗酒者的行為符合這種理論，所以[A]”酗酒者的行為與’接近與回避‘理論矛盾“與文意相反;根據(jù)文中的信息不能推出[B]”大多數(shù)酗酒者的行為證明了學(xué)習(xí)理論“;最后一段提到，在解釋酗酒原因時，懲罰的作用越來越重要了，懲罰可以用來抑制反應(yīng)，說明[D]”經(jīng)常過度飲酒使得酗酒者不。關(guān)心懲罰“與文意不符。