Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word‘a(chǎn)mateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community， and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .
［A］ sociology and chemistry
［B］ physics and psychology
［C］ sociology and psychology
［D］ physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that .
［A］ there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
［B］ amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
［C］ professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
［D］ amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .
［A］ the process of specialization and professionalisation
［B］ the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
［C］ the change of policies in scientific publications
［D］ the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialization is .
［A］ the development in communication
［B］ the growth of professionalisation
［C］ the expansion of scientific knowledge
［D］ the splitting up of academic societies
核心詞匯：
academic［9A kE5demik］a.學(xué)院的；學(xué)術(shù)性的；（academ古希臘哲學(xué)家柏拉圖及其弟子研究學(xué)問(wèn)的地方+ic形容詞后綴→學(xué)術(shù)的）
accumulate［E5kju:mjuleit］vt.堆積，積累，積聚vi.累積，聚積（ac+cumul堆積+ate→堆積起來(lái)→積累）;accumulation（n.積累，堆積）即accumulate+tion
amateur［5AmEtE:］a./n.業(yè)余（水平）的（運(yùn)動(dòng)員、藝術(shù)家等）（amat+eur人→熱愛(ài)的人→業(yè)余愛(ài)好者）
comparison［kEm5pArisn］n.比較,對(duì)比,比喻,比擬（compar+ison名詞后綴）
connotation［9cCnEu5teiFEn］n.含蓄,含義(con+not（e）+ation)，con前綴“一起”，note記錄，ation名詞后綴，所有東西都被一起記錄在其中→含義
constitute［5kCnstitju:t］vt.組成，構(gòu)成，形成；設(shè)立，建立，任命（con 一起 +stitute→放到一起→構(gòu)成）
crucial［5kru:FiEl, 5kru:FEl］a.至關(guān)重要的,決定性的
definition［9defi5niFEn］n.定義,解釋;（輪廓影像等的）清晰度;闡明（defin +ition名詞后綴→定義）
delay［di5lei］v.耽擱; 延誤;推遲; 延期(de不+lay放置→未及時(shí)放置好→耽擱)
demonstrate［5demEnstreit］v.論證,證實(shí);演示,說(shuō)明（de加強(qiáng)+monster+ate動(dòng)詞→加強(qiáng)顯示→證明）
distinction［dis5tiNkFEn］n.區(qū)別,差別;級(jí)別;特性;聲望;顯赫（distinct+ion名詞后綴）
emphasis［5emfEsis］n.加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣; 強(qiáng)調(diào);（賦予某事物）特殊的意義、 價(jià)值或重要性(em加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣+phas顯示+is名詞后綴→加強(qiáng)顯示→強(qiáng)調(diào))
integrate［5intigreit］v.（使）成為一體,（使）結(jié)合在一起(integ完整+ate動(dòng)詞后綴→使結(jié)合)
journal［5dVE:nl］n.定期刊物,雜志,日?qǐng)?bào);日志,日記(journ日期+al形容詞后綴→日期，雜志)
logical［5lCdVikEl］a.邏輯的,符合邏輯的(log說(shuō)話+ic名詞后綴→說(shuō)話的學(xué)問(wèn)+al形容詞后綴→合乎邏輯的)
overall［5EuvErC:l］a.全面的,綜合的n.（pl.）（套頭）工作服
participate［pa:5tisipeit］v.參加, 參與(parti部分，分開(kāi)+cip進(jìn)入+ate動(dòng)詞后綴→進(jìn)入一部分→參加);participation（n.參加；分享）即Parti+cip+ation
primacy［5praimEsi］n.第一或首先的狀態(tài); 首席的職責(zé), 重要性(prim第一，主要的+acy名詞后綴→重要性)
professional［prE5feFEnl］a.職業(yè)的,專門(mén)的n.自由職業(yè)者,專業(yè)人士（profession+al形容詞后綴）;professionalisation（n.職業(yè)化）即professional+is（e）+ation
psychology［sai5kClEdVi］n.心理,心理學(xué),心理狀態(tài)（psycho心理+logy名詞后綴表示科學(xué)，學(xué)問(wèn)→心理學(xué)）
publication［pQbli5keiFEn］n.出版物;出版,發(fā)行;公布,發(fā)表（public公眾的+ation名詞后綴）
reckon［5rekEn］vi.計(jì)算,總計(jì),估計(jì)（up） ;猜想;依賴;認(rèn)為把……看作；視為(reck注意+on表狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞后綴 →指望)
referee［refE5ri:］n.裁判員（refer+ee表示人→被提出的人→裁判）
reflect［ri5flekt］v.反射;表達(dá)；反映;仔細(xì)考慮(re反+flect彎曲返回→反射)
represent［repri5zent］v.描述,表示;代表,代理;闡明,說(shuō)明（re+present）
response［ris5pCns］n.回答,響應(yīng),反應(yīng)（re回+spons+e名詞后綴→承諾回應(yīng)→回答）
reveal［ri5vi:l］v.展現(xiàn),顯示,揭示,揭露,告訴,泄露（re反+veal→反蓋上→不讓蓋上→揭露）
separate［5sepEreit9 5sepErit］a.分離的,分開(kāi)的（se分開(kāi)+par安排+ate動(dòng)詞和形容詞后綴→分離）
split［split］v.裂開(kāi),劈開(kāi);分裂,分離n.分化,分裂,裂口
No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word‘a(chǎn)mateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community， and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .
［A］ sociology and chemistry
［B］ physics and psychology
［C］ sociology and psychology
［D］ physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that .
［A］ there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
［B］ amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
［C］ professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
［D］ amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .
［A］ the process of specialization and professionalisation
［B］ the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
［C］ the change of policies in scientific publications
［D］ the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialization is .
［A］ the development in communication
［B］ the growth of professionalisation
［C］ the expansion of scientific knowledge
［D］ the splitting up of academic societies
核心詞匯：
academic［9A kE5demik］a.學(xué)院的；學(xué)術(shù)性的；（academ古希臘哲學(xué)家柏拉圖及其弟子研究學(xué)問(wèn)的地方+ic形容詞后綴→學(xué)術(shù)的）
accumulate［E5kju:mjuleit］vt.堆積，積累，積聚vi.累積，聚積（ac+cumul堆積+ate→堆積起來(lái)→積累）;accumulation（n.積累，堆積）即accumulate+tion
amateur［5AmEtE:］a./n.業(yè)余（水平）的（運(yùn)動(dòng)員、藝術(shù)家等）（amat+eur人→熱愛(ài)的人→業(yè)余愛(ài)好者）
comparison［kEm5pArisn］n.比較,對(duì)比,比喻,比擬（compar+ison名詞后綴）
connotation［9cCnEu5teiFEn］n.含蓄,含義(con+not（e）+ation)，con前綴“一起”，note記錄，ation名詞后綴，所有東西都被一起記錄在其中→含義
constitute［5kCnstitju:t］vt.組成，構(gòu)成，形成；設(shè)立，建立，任命（con 一起 +stitute→放到一起→構(gòu)成）
crucial［5kru:FiEl, 5kru:FEl］a.至關(guān)重要的,決定性的
definition［9defi5niFEn］n.定義,解釋;（輪廓影像等的）清晰度;闡明（defin +ition名詞后綴→定義）
delay［di5lei］v.耽擱; 延誤;推遲; 延期(de不+lay放置→未及時(shí)放置好→耽擱)
demonstrate［5demEnstreit］v.論證,證實(shí);演示,說(shuō)明（de加強(qiáng)+monster+ate動(dòng)詞→加強(qiáng)顯示→證明）
distinction［dis5tiNkFEn］n.區(qū)別,差別;級(jí)別;特性;聲望;顯赫（distinct+ion名詞后綴）
emphasis［5emfEsis］n.加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣; 強(qiáng)調(diào);（賦予某事物）特殊的意義、 價(jià)值或重要性(em加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣+phas顯示+is名詞后綴→加強(qiáng)顯示→強(qiáng)調(diào))
integrate［5intigreit］v.（使）成為一體,（使）結(jié)合在一起(integ完整+ate動(dòng)詞后綴→使結(jié)合)
journal［5dVE:nl］n.定期刊物,雜志,日?qǐng)?bào);日志,日記(journ日期+al形容詞后綴→日期，雜志)
logical［5lCdVikEl］a.邏輯的,符合邏輯的(log說(shuō)話+ic名詞后綴→說(shuō)話的學(xué)問(wèn)+al形容詞后綴→合乎邏輯的)
overall［5EuvErC:l］a.全面的,綜合的n.（pl.）（套頭）工作服
participate［pa:5tisipeit］v.參加, 參與(parti部分，分開(kāi)+cip進(jìn)入+ate動(dòng)詞后綴→進(jìn)入一部分→參加);participation（n.參加；分享）即Parti+cip+ation
primacy［5praimEsi］n.第一或首先的狀態(tài); 首席的職責(zé), 重要性(prim第一，主要的+acy名詞后綴→重要性)
professional［prE5feFEnl］a.職業(yè)的,專門(mén)的n.自由職業(yè)者,專業(yè)人士（profession+al形容詞后綴）;professionalisation（n.職業(yè)化）即professional+is（e）+ation
psychology［sai5kClEdVi］n.心理,心理學(xué),心理狀態(tài)（psycho心理+logy名詞后綴表示科學(xué)，學(xué)問(wèn)→心理學(xué)）
publication［pQbli5keiFEn］n.出版物;出版,發(fā)行;公布,發(fā)表（public公眾的+ation名詞后綴）
reckon［5rekEn］vi.計(jì)算,總計(jì),估計(jì)（up） ;猜想;依賴;認(rèn)為把……看作；視為(reck注意+on表狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞后綴 →指望)
referee［refE5ri:］n.裁判員（refer+ee表示人→被提出的人→裁判）
reflect［ri5flekt］v.反射;表達(dá)；反映;仔細(xì)考慮(re反+flect彎曲返回→反射)
represent［repri5zent］v.描述,表示;代表,代理;闡明,說(shuō)明（re+present）
response［ris5pCns］n.回答,響應(yīng),反應(yīng)（re回+spons+e名詞后綴→承諾回應(yīng)→回答）
reveal［ri5vi:l］v.展現(xiàn),顯示,揭示,揭露,告訴,泄露（re反+veal→反蓋上→不讓蓋上→揭露）
separate［5sepEreit9 5sepErit］a.分離的,分開(kāi)的（se分開(kāi)+par安排+ate動(dòng)詞和形容詞后綴→分離）
split［split］v.裂開(kāi),劈開(kāi);分裂,分離n.分化,分裂,裂口