Total Recall
全面回憶10月15日托?？荚?超級(jí)詳細(xì)版
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第一篇：蝙蝠和寄生蟲parasite
有一種寄生蟲一直寄生在蝙蝠體表，并衍生出特殊的能力，能隨蝙蝠飛行而不脫落。當(dāng)這種小生物在蝙蝠長(zhǎng)著稀疏的毛的翅膀上刺探血管時(shí)，它那長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的腿有助于在抖動(dòng)的翅膀表面保持身體的穩(wěn)定。
還有一種寄生蟲喜歡棲息在母蝙蝠身上。
單詞：
parasite 寄生蟲 / final host 終宿主 / bedbug 臭蟲 / roost 窩 / flea 蚤 / fly 蠅 / host 宿主 / tick 扁虱 / pupae 蛹
背景知識(shí)：
Bat Parasites
Like other animals, bats are hosts to a number of internal and external parasites. Most of these parasites are specialized and cannot survive away from the bats, so they pose little threat to humans and other animals (Fenton 1992). A species of bedbug, which resembles the species that feeds on humans, lives on the bats and in their roosts. However, reports of these bedbugs biting humans or domestic animals are rare. Once a bat colony is evicted from a building, any parasites that remain behind may move around the attic (and possibly the house) in search of bats. Fortunately, these parasites usually die quickly when separated from the bats.
A homeowner can sprinkle diatomaceous earth in the roost area to eliminate any parasites that may remain after the bats are evicted. This organic powder, which is made from the fossils of single-celled organisms, is abrasive to the exoskeletons of insects. As an insect crawls over the powder, its protective cuticle is scratched, and the insect dies of dehydration. Diatomaceous earth is effective in killing a variety of other insects in addition to bat parasites.
第二篇：城市形成發(fā)展的歷史，講了農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉、trade和protection，
第三篇：經(jīng)濟(jì)從農(nóng)業(yè)到工業(yè)到后工業(yè)的發(fā)展，
第四篇：蘇美爾Sumer民族的歷史，Mesopotamian
原文說該文明在美索不達(dá)米亞南部比價(jià)發(fā)達(dá)，原題有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是北部，最后一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是：底格里斯河(Tigris)和幼發(fā)拉底河(Euphrates)之間，應(yīng)該是正確的。
背景知識(shí)：
美索不達(dá)米亞(Mesopotamia，希臘語的意思是兩河之間的土地。)文明(又稱兩河文明)發(fā)源于底格里斯河(Tigris)和幼發(fā)拉底河(Euphrates)之間的流域──蘇美爾(Sumer/ Sumerian)
第五篇：自然選擇和物種進(jìn)化，提到了虹鳉guppy和一種鳥的演變。關(guān)于虹鳉的信息發(fā)表在2004年10月28日英國(guó)的《自然》雜志上。
背景知識(shí)：
美國(guó)科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)虹鳉魚在逆境中更加長(zhǎng)壽
根據(jù)經(jīng)典進(jìn)化理論，生存危險(xiǎn)較大，存活率低的動(dòng)物，壽命也相對(duì)較短。不過科學(xué)家最近發(fā)現(xiàn)，一種名為虹鳉魚的生物打破了這種認(rèn)識(shí)，它們?cè)谖ｋU(xiǎn)環(huán)境中反而更加長(zhǎng)壽。這表明進(jìn)化對(duì)壽命的影響比之前所認(rèn)為的更復(fù)雜。
美國(guó)加利福尼亞大學(xué)河邊分校的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家戴維 雷茲尼克和他的小組在最新一期《自然》雜志上介紹說，他們研究了生活在特立尼達(dá)島溪流里的虹鳉魚，發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)這些小魚而言，與天敵生活在同一水域中時(shí)老得更慢。
科學(xué)家介紹說，當(dāng)?shù)氐南饔性S多瀑布從中隔斷，有些虹鳉魚與掠食它們的天敵生活在同一水域，而另有一些則生活在安全環(huán)境里。經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與生活在安全環(huán)境中的虹鳉魚相比，那些與天敵生活在一起的虹鳉魚活得更久，老得更慢，繁殖期也更長(zhǎng)。這些都與經(jīng)典理論恰恰相反。
研究同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些虹鳉魚的其他特征與經(jīng)典理論相符，如生活在危險(xiǎn)環(huán)境中的魚，成長(zhǎng)時(shí)成熟得更快、生育后代數(shù)量更多、且游泳能力隨年齡衰退的速度更慢等。
Richard Dawkins曾經(jīng)提出過一個(gè)非常有名的理論，他認(rèn)為生物都是一些“使用后可以被丟棄的生育機(jī)器”，生物生存的目標(biāo)只是為了延續(xù)它們的物種，但是批評(píng)家們認(rèn)為Richard Dawkins的理論是有意回避了遺傳選擇對(duì)物種生存的影響。其實(shí)Dawkins關(guān)于基因的理論是直接來自于經(jīng)典的進(jìn)化論，進(jìn)化論認(rèn)為，生命存在的意義是為了延續(xù)物種，而自然選擇會(huì)對(duì)物種的各種特征產(chǎn)生影響，從而使得物種延續(xù)的成功率大大增加。但是我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，很多動(dòng)物生存的時(shí)間要超過它們生育的時(shí)間，生物學(xué)家們已經(jīng)開始致力于對(duì)這些多余的時(shí)間進(jìn)行研究，希望能從中發(fā)現(xiàn)一些進(jìn)化的線索，從而能發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些多余的時(shí)間如果是有用的，那么自然選擇在其中起著什么樣的作用?
有一種理論認(rèn)為，生物在生育能力已經(jīng)衰退后仍然存活若干時(shí)間，這種現(xiàn)象可能是自然選擇的結(jié)果，因?yàn)樯笃诘拇菩陨锟赡軙?huì)為它們的后代或者親戚能更好的生存而提供一些幫助，這種理論稱這種現(xiàn)象為“祖母效應(yīng)”。有一些生物物種，它們會(huì)生育大量的后代或者這種生物的群落非常大，為了能更好的撫養(yǎng)沒有生存能力的后代，就非常需要那些生育后期的雌性生物來幫助它們做這些工作。雖然有許多哺乳動(dòng)物，包括獅子和狒狒，需要在一個(gè)復(fù)雜的群落中撫養(yǎng)它們年幼的后代，但是許多研究并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)這些動(dòng)物中存在這種祖母效應(yīng)，而且大多數(shù)雌性動(dòng)物的壽命只是剛剛滿足它們撫養(yǎng)最后一個(gè)生育的子代。有一些非社會(huì)性的動(dòng)物，它們需要生育大量的后代，但是這些后代并不需要雌性動(dòng)物進(jìn)行撫養(yǎng)，那么這些雌性動(dòng)物的生育后期的時(shí)間，很大程度上需要依賴良好的營(yíng)養(yǎng)，并且沒有疾病和天敵的干擾。雖然一些歷史記錄和人口學(xué)研究結(jié)果提示，人類中可能也存在這種為了滿足生存需要的祖母效應(yīng)——因此一些生物學(xué)家也提出，這可能是人類中存在更年期這個(gè)特殊生理時(shí)期的原因，但是目前很少有實(shí)驗(yàn)研究證明，生育后期的壽命是自然選擇進(jìn)化的結(jié)果，并且可以從中找到自然選擇的證據(jù)。
通過對(duì)虹鳉生育后期壽命多樣性的研究提示，虹鳉生育后期壽命的存在是自然對(duì)這個(gè)物種的生育階段進(jìn)行選擇的結(jié)果，是進(jìn)化的結(jié)果。
在一項(xiàng)新的研究中，David Reznick，Michael Bryant和Donna Holmes對(duì)生活在特立尼達(dá)島的虹鳉魚在面對(duì)不同程度的天敵威脅時(shí)，其壽命變化的情況進(jìn)行了深入的研究。生物個(gè)體在面臨不同的死亡威脅時(shí)，為了種族的延續(xù)就會(huì)進(jìn)化出不同的適應(yīng)性，例如改變第一次生育的年齡，改變投入生育行為的力量，和改變生命衰老的方式，這包括生育的減少。由于虹鳉是一種卵胎生的魚類，它們生育的子代不需要進(jìn)行喂養(yǎng)，因此Reznick等人估計(jì)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)的不同群落的虹鳉將在生育后期的壽命上沒有大的差別。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管不同群落的虹鳉的壽命有很大的差別，但是這種差異主要來自于不同群落的虹鳉對(duì)生育時(shí)間的劃分。而對(duì)應(yīng)的，生育后期的壽命沒有受到自然選擇的影響，用研究者們的話說就是似乎“隨機(jī)加到虹鳉最后的生命中”。無論是不是隨機(jī)的，本研究是第一個(gè)對(duì)魚類生育后期壽命進(jìn)行研究的。
隨后Reznick等人從特立尼達(dá)島的山脈的兩個(gè)地方的溪流中捕獲了野生的虹鳉，(溪流中有的地方虹鳉的天敵比較多，經(jīng)常得會(huì)捕食虹鳉，而在同一條溪流的不同地方，由于是在瀑布的上游，可以隔絕虹鳉的天敵)，研究者們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室中，對(duì)野生虹鳉群落生育第二代的行為進(jìn)行了研究。來自天敵比較多的和來自天敵比較少的地方的虹鳉是來自同一條溪流，而且對(duì)這些虹鳉的喂食是人工模仿它們?cè)谧匀唤绔@得食物的可能性(在天敵比較少的地方生活的魚類，與在天敵比較多的地方生活的魚類相比吃得要更少，體重也要更輕)。雌魚每周交配一次，直到它們懷上了后代，當(dāng)這些雌魚生育完成后再次交配(當(dāng)這些雌魚正處在交配的時(shí)機(jī)的時(shí)候)。
研究者們對(duì)每個(gè)群落中的虹鳉進(jìn)行了生長(zhǎng)率、體質(zhì)、生育間隙和產(chǎn)仔數(shù)的測(cè)量，并且將每個(gè)個(gè)體的生命劃分為從出生到第一次生產(chǎn)的之間的階段，生育階段和生育后期壽命三個(gè)階段。來自天敵比較多的地方的虹鳉與來自天敵比較少的地方的虹鳉相比，它們生產(chǎn)所需的時(shí)間更短;而且來自天敵比較多的地方的虹鳉整個(gè)生命中可以生育的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)，結(jié)束生育的時(shí)間更晚。為了對(duì)虹鳉生育后期壽命進(jìn)行研究，Reznick等人希望能發(fā)現(xiàn)虹鳉從最后一次生育到其死亡之間的時(shí)間，是不是會(huì)顯著的多于虹鳉兩次生育后代之間的時(shí)間(由于不同虹鳉個(gè)體，其兩次生育后代之間的時(shí)間間隔是不同的，因此研究者們按照閾值進(jìn)行計(jì)算)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有超過60%的虹鳉生育后期的壽命要超過其兩次生育后代之間的時(shí)間間隔。雖然研究者們并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)特殊的群落會(huì)刻意的延長(zhǎng)生育后期的壽命，或者某個(gè)虹鳉會(huì)在死亡前終止生育的行為，但是他們確實(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著虹鳉生育階段時(shí)間的增加，這個(gè)群落的虹鳉生育后期壽命延長(zhǎng)的可能性也會(huì)增加。因此，即使生育后期壽命對(duì)于虹鳉的適應(yīng)性沒有直接的影響，但是它與虹鳉生命中某個(gè)階段是有關(guān)系的。
總而言之，這項(xiàng)研究第實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法向我們證實(shí)了，進(jìn)化對(duì)于生物的壽命是有選擇性作用的，并且這種選擇的結(jié)果會(huì)影響到生物的適應(yīng)性。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)還駁斥了關(guān)于魚類沒有或很少存在生育衰老的觀點(diǎn)，這種觀點(diǎn)的證據(jù)是魚類在成年后會(huì)持續(xù)的產(chǎn)生魚卵。關(guān)于生育后期壽命是不是自然選擇的結(jié)果，從而讓生物更好的適應(yīng)環(huán)境這個(gè)問題還沒有統(tǒng)一的觀點(diǎn)。但是，本研究采用實(shí)驗(yàn)性的比較分析方法，通過對(duì)其他物種進(jìn)行研究，然后用進(jìn)化的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)人類的情況進(jìn)行分析，這種分析方法對(duì)于那些主要從事人類更年期產(chǎn)生的原因和人類長(zhǎng)壽的研究的科學(xué)家來說是一個(gè)很好的范例。
Getting an Evolutionary Handle on Life after Reproduction
When Richard Dawkins famously called organisms “throwaway survival machines” that exist solely to preserve the genes that made them, critics balked at the specter of genetic determinism. But Dawkins' selfish genes derive straight from classical evolutionary theory that says life exists to reproduce, and that natural selection should act on any traits that increase reproductive success. Since many animals live beyond their fertile years, biologists have searched for evolutionary clues to this extended lifespan. What role, if any, does natural selection play in the evolution of the postreproductive lifespan?
For natural selection to shape the twilight years, postreproductive females should contribute to the fitness of their offspring or relatives, a hypothesis called the “grandmother effect.” Such contributions require that organisms spawn helpless offspring or live in extended groups where postreproductive females help raise the young. Though many mammals, including lions and baboons, rear dependent young and operate within complex social groups, studies have found no evidence of a granny effect, and females mostly live just long enough to care for their last born. For nonsocial animals that spawn independent young, extended lifespan is associated with good nutrition and the absence of disease and predators. While historical records and demographic analyses offer support for an adaptive granny effect in humans—which some biologists have offered as a possible explanation for the existence of menopause—few studies have experimentally tested for signs of selection in the evolution of a postreproductive lifespan.
Analysis of the causes of variation in post-reproductive lifespan indicates that the evolution of lifespan in guppies is due to selection during their reproductive stage
In a new study, David Reznick, Michael Bryant, and Donna Holmes expand on their ongoing investigations of the life history of guppies confronting different predatory threats in Trinidad. Individuals facing different mortality threats should evolve different adaptations in their life histories, such as age at first reproduction, investment in reproduction, and patterns of senescence, including declines in reproduction. Since guppies are livebearers that provide no postnatal maternal care, Reznick et al. predicted the populations would show no differences in postreproductive lifespan—which is what they found. Though overall lifespan varied among the populations, these variations stemmed from differences in time allotted only to reproduction. Postreproductive lifespan, in contrast, showed no signs of being under selection, and appeared to be what the authors called a “random add-on at the end of the life history.” Random or not, this is the first demonstration of a postreproductive lifespan in fish.
Reznick et al. raised a second-generation laboratory brood of wild guppies taken from high- and low-predation streams at two locations in the mountains of Trinidad. (The high-predation sites harbor predators that frequently prey on guppies. Low-predation sites are found in the same streams, above waterfalls that exclude predators but not guppies.) A high- and low-predation site was sampled from each site, and feeding was manipulated to reflect food availability in the wild (fish in low-predation environments typically eat less and weigh less than fish in high-predation environments). Females were mated once a week until they produced offspring, and were mated again after each brood (when copulation is most likely).
The authors measured growth rate, body size, interbrood interval, and litters per lifetime for each population, and divided each individual's lifespan into age at first birth, reproductive phase, and postreproductive lifespan. Guppies from high-predation localities gave birth sooner than those from low-predation sites; they also reproduced over a longer period and were much older when they stopped reproducing. To estimate postreproductive lifespan, Reznick et al. determined whether the time between last birth and death significantly exceeded the time needed to spawn another litter (calculated as a threshold, since interbrood intervals varied for each individual). About 60% of individuals lived beyond the time they would have been expected to produce another brood. While the authors found no differences in the probability that any particular group would enjoy an extended postreproductive lifespan or that an individual would stop reproducing before dying, they did find that the probability of experiencing an extended postreproductive lifespan increased along with the length of reproductive lifespan. Thus, even though postreproductive lifespan has no direct effect on fitness, it is linked to a component of life history that does.
Altogether, these results provide the first experimental confirmation that evolution works selectively on those aspects of life history that directly affect fitness. These findings also refute the suggestion that fish may experience little or no reproductive senescence based on evidence that they continue to produce eggs as adults. It's an open question whether postreproductive lifespan can influence fitness enough to be under selection. But in a field dominated by investigations into the origins of human menopause and extended lifespan, the authors make a strong case for using experimental comparative analyses of other species to gain an evolutionary perspective on the human condition.
生于憂患
與經(jīng)典理論預(yù)期的相反，虹鳉魚在掠食者威脅下更長(zhǎng)壽
根據(jù)經(jīng)典進(jìn)化理論，生存危險(xiǎn)較大、存活率低的動(dòng)物，會(huì)采取“活得快死得早”的策略。但一種稱為虹鳉魚的小魚打破了這種認(rèn)識(shí)，它們?cè)谖ｋU(xiǎn)環(huán)境里更長(zhǎng)壽，這表明進(jìn)化對(duì)壽命的影響比我們認(rèn)為的更復(fù)雜。
一般說來，有掠食者在一旁虎視耽耽時(shí)，投入很多能量來追求長(zhǎng)壽，是沒有意義的事。相反，動(dòng)物會(huì)盡量趕快發(fā)育成熟，早早完成繁衍后代的使命，然后衰老死掉。以往對(duì)野生動(dòng)物和實(shí)驗(yàn)室動(dòng)物的研究大都支持這種觀點(diǎn)。
慢車道上的生活。與以往理論預(yù)期的不同，與天敵生活在同一水域的虹鳉魚老得更慢
但美國(guó)科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，生活在特立尼達(dá)島溪流里的虹鳉魚是個(gè)反例。這些溪流里遍布著瀑布，由于瀑布的隔斷作用，有的虹鳉魚與天敵生活在同一水域，而有的虹鳉魚則生活在沒有掠食者的安全環(huán)境里。
加利福尼亞大學(xué)河邊分校的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家David Reznick和他的小組，研究了上述野生虹鳉魚的實(shí)驗(yàn)室后代。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，與生活在安全環(huán)境中的虹鳉魚相比，那些與掠食者生活在一起的虹鳉魚活得更久、老得更慢，繁殖期也更長(zhǎng)。這都違背了經(jīng)典理論。有關(guān)成果發(fā)表在10月28日的英國(guó)《自然》雜志上。
不過，這些虹鳉魚的其它特征與經(jīng)典理論相符，例如，生活在危險(xiǎn)環(huán)境里的魚，游泳能力隨年齡衰退得更慢。它們成熟得也更快，生育后代的數(shù)量比安全環(huán)境里的虹鳉魚更多。
Reznick說，前述意外發(fā)現(xiàn)顯示，掠食者對(duì)物種的影響不僅僅是增加死亡率。例如，掠食者減少虹鳉魚的數(shù)目，使剩下的虹鳉魚有更多資源可利用，這可能有助于它們壽命延長(zhǎng)。
聽力
第一題：(忘記)
第二題：一個(gè)女學(xué)生到宿舍管理員(黑色男人)處投訴，她跟原來室友處得好，但是在重新調(diào)整宿舍時(shí)卻被分在兩個(gè)
第三題：(忘記)
第四題：花的化石
第六題：美國(guó)最早的定居點(diǎn)
一般認(rèn)為Jamestown和Plymouth，后來發(fā)現(xiàn)Popham波凡姆也是一個(gè)。
背景知識(shí)：
Popham Colony
The site of the 1607 Popham Colony in present-day Maine is shown by "Po" on the map. The Jamestown Settlement is shown by "J"
The Popham Colony was a short-lived English colonial settlement in North America that was founded in 1607 and located in the present-day town of Phippsburg, Maine near the mouth of the Kennebec River. It was founded in the same year as its more successful rival, the Jamestown Settlement and was the first English colony in the region that would eventually become known as New England. The colony was abandoned after only one year and the exact site of the colony was lost until its rediscovery in 1994.
Founding
Popham was a project of the Plymouth Company. Plymouth Company was one of two competing parts of the Virginia Company that James I chartered in 1606 in order to settle "Virginia"; at the time the name applied to the entire northeast coast of North America from Spanish Florida to New France in the modern-day Canada. At the time that area was technically under the claim of Spanish crown but not occupied.
The Plymouth Company was granted a royal charter and the rights to the coast between 38° to 45° N, whereas the rival London Company was granted the coast between 34° and 41°N. The overlapping area between 38° and 41° was to go to the first company that would prove "strong enough" to colonize it.
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Colonists
First Plymouth Company ship, Richard, sailed in August 1606 but the Spanish intercepted and captured it near Florida in November. The next attempt was more successful; About 120 colonists left Plymouth on May 31, 1607 in two ships. They intended to trade precious metals, spices, furs and show that the local forests could be used to build English ships.
Colony leader, George Popham sailed in the Gift of God and second-in-command Ralegh Gilbert in the Mary and John. Captain of the latter ship, Robert Davies, kept a diary that is one of the main contemporary sources of the information about the Popham colony.
George Popham was the nephew of one of the financial backers of the colony, Sir John Popham, the Lord Chief Justice of England, while Gilbert was the half nephew of Sir Walter Raleigh. Other financiers included Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the military governor of Plymouth; much of the information about the events in the colony comes from his letters and memoirs. Settlers included nine council members and 6 other gentlemen when the rest were soldiers, artisans, farmers and traders.
The Gift of God arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec (then called the Sagadahoc River) on August 13 and Mary and John three days later. The Popham Colony was settled on headland of area named Sabino. Quickly the colonists began construction of large star-shaped Fort St. George. Fort St. George included ditches and ramparts and contained nine cannons that ranged in size from demi-culverin to falcon.
Hunt's map
On October 8, 1607, colonist John Hunt drew a map of the colony showing 18 buildings including the admiral's house, a chapel, a storehouse, a cooperage and a guardhouse. Hunt was listed in the colony register as "draughtsman". It is not known if all the buildings were completed at the time. Hunt's map was discovered in 1888 in the Spanish national archives. A spy had sold it to a Spanish ambassador who had sent it to Spain. It might be a copy of now-lost map, and is the only known plan of the original layout of any early English colony.
Troubles begin
Popham and Gilbert sent survey expeditions up the river and contacted the Abenaki tribe. In a letter to the King, Popham wrote that the natives had told them that the area was full of easily exploitable resources. However, the colony failed to establish cooperation with the tribe; they were suspicious because earlier expeditions had captured natives to show at home.
Late summer arrival meant that there was no time to farm for food. Half of the colonists returned to Great Britain in December 1607, aboard the Gift of God. Others faced a cold winter during which the Kennebec River froze. Fire destroyed at least the storehouse and its provisions. Later excavation has hinted that there might have been other fires.
Colonist divided to two factions, one supporting George Popham and the other Ralegh Gilbert. George Popham died in February 5, 1608, possibly the only colonist to die - a contrast to Jamestown which lost half its population that year. Ralegh Gilbert became "colony president" on February 5, 1608 at age 25.
The colonists completed one major project; the building of a 30-ton ship, a pinnace they named Virginia, the first ship built in America by Europeans. It was meant to show that the colony could be used for shipbuilding. They also finally managed to trade with Abenaki for furs and gather a cargo of sarsaparilla.
When a supply ship came in 1608, it brought a message that Sir John Popham had died. Gilbert sent the Mary and John to England with cargo. When the ship returned later in the summer, it brought news that Gilbert's elder brother John had died. Gilbert was therefore an heir to a title and estate of Compton Castle in Devon. He decided to return to England. The 45 remaining colonists also left, sailing home in the Mary and John and Virginia. (The Virginia would make at least one more Atlantic crossing, going to Jamestown the next year.)
The colony had lasted almost exactly one year. Later colonists in the area, building on the experience of the original colonists, settled further up the Kennebec river, at the site of the present day Bath, where the winter storms and tides were not as severe.
Later developments
Fort Popham and the Kennebec River
French colonist Jean de Biencourt visited the abandoned site in 1611. In 1624, Samuel Maverick of the Massachusetts Bay Colony also visited the site and reported that it was "over-grown".
During the American Civil War, Union army built a Fort Popham in the area. Afterwards some farmers moved to the area and it became farmland until 1905. Then US Army built up the area of Fort St. George to supply Fort Baldwin. The state of Maine bought the area in 1924 and Fort Baldwin was reactivated during the World War Two.
Today much of the area that made up the Popham Colony is part of Popham Beach State Park, a popular beach and recreation area.
Modern excavations
First excavations of the area in the 1960's were unsuccessful. In 1994 Jeffrey Brain of the Peabody Essex Museum discovered the site of the colony using the Hunt's map as a guide. He begun larger excavation in 1997 and later uncovered the Admiral's house, the storehouse and a liquor storage building. He also proved that Hunt's map was very accurate. Parts of the fort, probably including the chapel and graveyard, lie on private property not open for digging and the Fort's southern portion is under a public road. The excavation was concluded in 2005.
Sources and further reading
Richard L. Pflederer - Before New England: The Popham Colony (History Today January 2005)
Tom Gidwitz - The Little Colony That Couldn't (Archaeology magazine March/April 2006)
口語
第一題：人生中有許多goals，描述一個(gè)你的goal，并解釋理由。
第二題：你愿意選擇Big class還是Small class，并解釋理由
第三題：學(xué)校把新生Orientation調(diào)整了一下，由以前的2 days hiking and camping改為1day hiking或group activity。男的贊成，因?yàn)閙ore choice for students，而且不占用全部周末，還有一天可以安排自己的活動(dòng)。女的幾乎沒有說什么有價(jià)值的話。簡(jiǎn)述對(duì)話的主要內(nèi)容并闡述你的觀點(diǎn)和理由。
第四題：人的response to emergency depends on how many observers there are. More, observers bring about less self responsibility。
第五題：忘記了。
第六題：climate change對(duì)動(dòng)物的影響。在澳大利亞，古生物學(xué)家paleontologist發(fā)現(xiàn)a large number of 'thunder birds', or in the one spot。數(shù)量有35000只thunder bird的化石。
背景知識(shí)：
Dr Judith Field, of the University of Sydney says, "It can be argued that climate change might have driven vegetation change, periodic drought, and increased seasonality. (The climate) weaves backwards and forwards - it might just need one more extended drought and bang, the megafauna are knocked off."
The find of mass fossils at Alcoota, Northern Territory may support the theory that megafauna became extinct due to climatic change.
Dr Peter Murray, from the Museum of Central Australia, and a team of researchers have been excavating fossils in a remote part of the Northern Territory, called Alcoota, for the past 12 years. Recently they made a rare scientific find - a large number of 'thunder birds', or Ilbandornis, in the one spot.
Thunder birds belong to the family Dromornithidae, the largest of which was about three metres tall, weighed about 500 kilograms, and has been nicknamed the 'giant demon duck of doom'.
There are two theories for the grouping of the bird fossils at Alcoota. It may be that the water in the environment sorted the bones into similarly-sized accumulations, or that the birds may have been flocked together around a water hole during a drought.
"Animals tend to gravitate towards the last few remaining water holes during a drought. When you get many animals congregating around one water hole, they eat all the food. Ultimately, if the drought doesn't break, they die of starvation," says Dr Murray.
Alcoota
The open scrub at Alcoota, north-west of Alice Springs, is almost dry enough to qualify as a desert. The mostly flat landscape dotted with low, flat-topped hills echoes closely what the environment might have been like here 8 million years ago.
The middle Miocene was a time of great change across Australia. As the continent drifted north into hotter latitudes, the continent began to dry out. The rainforests seen at Riversleigh gave way to more open woodland. This opening of the landscape allowed animals to grow to larger sizes and animals that preferred to browse close to the ground were favoured over the tree-dwelling fruit-eaters of earlier times.
But, along with the change of climate and landscape came an uncertainty of conditions. Australia began to experience occasional droughts.
As the water dried up, animals became tethered to dwindling pools and lakes. They soon ate out all the vegetation within reach of the isolated watering holes but choose to stay where there was water. Crammed together around the ever decreasing shorelines, the animals died of starvation, their bodies collecting in dense concentrations that today form the spectacular bone-beds of Alcoota.
The most common marsupial from Alcoota is the sheep-sized Kolopsis. This four-legged herbivore has no living descendants but is most closely related to wombats and koalas. Judging from the number found at Alcoota, Kolopsis lived in large herds of dozens of animals.
A rarer marsupial is the larger Palorchestes. The size of a small horse, this powerful herbivore probably lived in small groups, couples or even as solitary beasts.
The main marsupial predator at Alcoota was the ancient marsupial wolf, Thylacinus. Closely related to the modern Tasmanian Wolf, the Alcoota Thylacinus was around 15 per cent larger than its recently extinct relative.
But this mammalian carnivore would have lived in fear of two other denizens of the ancient lake. Dromornis was a huge, flightless bird. Think of an emu that weights 400 kilograms and stands over three metres tall and you have some idea of what Dromornis looked like. And to add a pinch of terror, this fearsome bird was a hunter armed with a beak that could rip open any of the animals it came across.
While Dromornis ruled the land, the water was the kingdom of the clever-headed crocodile Baru. Growing up to four metres or more in length, this monster had a powerfully built head lined with fearsome teeth that could hack out chunks of flesh from its still-living victims.
寫作
Task 1
閱讀文章批評(píng)美國(guó)政府對(duì)新藥上市前的drug testing太過復(fù)雜和冗長(zhǎng)了，常常耗費(fèi)數(shù)月，數(shù)年甚至更長(zhǎng)，對(duì)患者來講不好，要增加支出，甚至有些人臨死前都等不到藥。主要批評(píng)理由有兩個(gè)，第一個(gè)是delay，即花費(fèi)時(shí)間太長(zhǎng);第二個(gè)是costly。最后一段給出了一個(gè)解決方案，叫MedWatch的方法。
聽力文章對(duì)閱讀文章進(jìn)行了駁斥。關(guān)于花在新藥測(cè)試的時(shí)間，講話者認(rèn)為患者的生命安全最重要，并舉了一個(gè)例子：某種新藥上市前僅做了成年人的藥物實(shí)驗(yàn)，但是上市后卻又銷售給兒童，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致不良藥物反映。關(guān)于新藥測(cè)試的花費(fèi)高，講話者認(rèn)為如果藥物不經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格測(cè)試上市，而之后發(fā)生副作用side effect，那么用來處理這種破事的費(fèi)用更高;此外還提到了新藥測(cè)試本身就是valuable research，值得花錢投入。對(duì)于MedWatch，講話者也沒有好的評(píng)價(jià)，因?yàn)镸edWatch是先上市，然后在使用中收集數(shù)據(jù)，這樣有點(diǎn)不負(fù)責(zé)，而傳統(tǒng)的辦法是先收集數(shù)據(jù)再上市，比較好。
Task 2
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.
For someone who wants to be successful in the society, knowledge gained from study is more important than the ability of being creative.
考后作文回憶(考后回憶版，不完整)：
The real world is dazzling and various, yet institutionalized. To survive in such a world, one has to follow the traditions. I agree with the idea that the knowledge acquired from study and experience is superior to creativity.
In some artistic areas like painting, music and design, practitioners should be creative. Unfortunately, most of plane people are involved in less challenging sector. Too much different ideas may be improper or even dangerous in many traditional and serious companies. No one would expect “creative” procedures from a staff from a highly-standardized company like KPMG, a globally well-known accounting company.
Ironically, in the above areas, successful practitioners are those who are equipped with solid knowledge. …..
Creative ideas can only be brought into reality with knowledge. For example, iPod is a great blue print initially. But it would stop at it without textbook knowledge, handiwork and even advancing memory chip technology. Therefore, knowledge gained from experience is of great importance. Not to mention the successful marking ideas of iPod.
To sum up, a combination of knowledge and creativity will enable us to share the fruit of science.
附：
整理了一下網(wǎng)絡(luò)上其他人的一些回憶(供大家參考)：
考試細(xì)節(jié)全紀(jì)錄 10月15日 北京 外國(guó)語大學(xué)
上午剛考完，趁記憶猶存抓緊記述一下……
是上午7點(diǎn)鐘到的考試中心，前一天踩過點(diǎn)，所以路上很順。
到地點(diǎn)后第一件事是出示證件，大家一定要記住帶兩種證件，今天早上又遇到一個(gè)人因?yàn)橹粠Я松矸葑C而被拒考。具體的在考試確認(rèn)上面都有。
簽寫保密協(xié)議，需要抄一段話，什么I promise什么什么的，然后在簽字就好了。
然后是鎖物品，雖然中間有10分鐘的休息，除了保密協(xié)議和身份證件(身份證件整場(chǎng)考試都要放在身邊)一切物品施藥所在柜子里的，包括水和吃的什么的。
鎖完物品后排隊(duì)進(jìn)考場(chǎng)，一次進(jìn)去的人和考場(chǎng)數(shù)是一樣的，你會(huì)把你的保密協(xié)議交給監(jiān)考官，然后坐在椅子上照相。
照完相就可以進(jìn)考場(chǎng)了，你剛照的相會(huì)出現(xiàn)在你所在的機(jī)器的屏幕上。這是即使還有人沒有進(jìn)來，你也可以大大方方的點(diǎn)continue開始考試了。每個(gè)人的開始時(shí)間都是不一樣的，根據(jù)做題的速度，結(jié)束的時(shí)間也不一樣。
一進(jìn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)考官(一般都是和藹的女老師)會(huì)給你紙和鉛筆。(給了我3張紙)筆要是粗了或者紙不夠用了是可以隨時(shí)舉手要的，我就換了三次鉛筆。
第一部分是一堆的儀器測(cè)試，耳機(jī)測(cè)試很簡(jiǎn)單。話筒測(cè)試的時(shí)候會(huì)要求你簡(jiǎn)述你所居住的城市，你大可不必煞費(fèi)苦心緊緊張張的想怎么描述北京，可以做的是用正常的語速把instruction給讀一遍，除非話筒有問題或者你的聲音異常小，你還沒讀完就可以通過。沒有通過話筒測(cè)試是無法繼續(xù)考試的，會(huì)出現(xiàn)提示要你找監(jiān)考官。
然后開始正常的考試，和很多摸考不一樣的是，每部分前面的general instruction是不可以跳過去的，你必須看完獲者聽完，然后考試會(huì)自動(dòng)開始。
和?？疾灰粯樱菹⑺坪跻彩潜仨毿菹⒌?，我沒有看到右上角有continue的字樣，耳機(jī)里也沒有放音樂。這時(shí)候可以出考場(chǎng)拿柜子里的東西。要是去比較遠(yuǎn)的地方，監(jiān)考官會(huì)是跟著你的。
回到考場(chǎng)，在休息還差30來秒的時(shí)候，你應(yīng)該要求老師給你來開鎖(輸密碼)。你方可繼續(xù)答題。
接下來的是口語部分，建議大家在休息時(shí)把紙分成六塊，把要記的步驟，1，2，3，reason, topic這些指示性的字樣都寫上，因?yàn)榭谡Z部分，特別是前兩題，是會(huì)緊張的。
在這里說一下，很多老師推薦大家閱讀快做，這樣說的時(shí)候別人還在休息或者作聽力，相對(duì)來說輕松一些。我就是這樣，說完了還沒有人開始說，但是在寫作的時(shí)候，問題出現(xiàn)了，大家嘰里咕嚕的開始說了，有時(shí)會(huì)打斷寫作思路。所以閱讀部分的作題速度可根據(jù)你是希望說的時(shí)候不被打擾，還是寫的時(shí)候不被打擾來定。
考完了會(huì)出兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，第一個(gè)問你確認(rèn)要給大學(xué)寄你的成績(jī)，第二個(gè)問你是否同意用你的考試做研究。
最后跟老師說拜拜，走出考場(chǎng)，超生了...
成績(jī)10月末出來，要是不錯(cuò)的話我再寫關(guān)于考試本身的一些內(nèi)容啦，88-)
10.15機(jī)警加個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)（杭州） 今天從早上6點(diǎn)半起來，12點(diǎn)多終于考完了。趁現(xiàn)在還記得，發(fā)機(jī)警攢人品
口語2 big class vs small class，8月份考過，而且我聽旁邊同學(xué)說的時(shí)候就把題目猜出來了，直接寫下來
口語4 人的response to emergency depends on how many observers there are. More, observers bring about less self responsibility
口語3 學(xué)校把新生orientaion activity由以前的2 days hiking改為1day hiking或者group activity
男的贊成1 more chice for students
2 not occupy the whole weekend
寫作1 article the tests for drugs in the US is excessive.
1 test time is too long can not give the access to patients who need it at once
2 costly
3 can be replaced by MedWatch.(let the doctors to fill a form to evaluate the effect.)
反對(duì) 1周期太短難以發(fā)現(xiàn)side effect
2雖然costly，但如果不test，會(huì)造成患者的危險(xiǎn)
3理論上可行，但醫(yī)生很可能沒空去填form
寫作二 knowlege from study and ability of innovation 哪個(gè)對(duì)于成功更重要
tips ：在杭州考點(diǎn)，口語題目完全可以從周圍同學(xué)那里聽到，所以要控制節(jié)奏，不要做得太快。中間休息十分鐘可以好好利用來聽別人的口語。
感覺IBT沒有想象中那么難，ETS其實(shí)是個(gè)紙老虎。一些題目甚至跟樣題又重復(fù)。比如閱讀里面的disperse=distribution,閱讀今天一共有五篇，前3篇比較容易，15分鐘一篇。最后兩篇較難(主要是選項(xiàng)設(shè)置難而非文章難度)，有可能是加試。聽力速度比delta慢，語音也比較清楚，但跟OG相比，也是選項(xiàng)設(shè)置比較有干擾性，特別注意重放的題目，說話人的意圖并不是很明顯。口語和寫作里面的聽力速度更慢，不用擔(dān)心記不下來。我5T成績(jī)由于公放影響考了590，為了今年申請(qǐng)毅然報(bào)了IBT，準(zhǔn)備了20天，十分感謝CD上的同學(xué)和斑斑給我提供了很好的備考方法，現(xiàn)在希望能有機(jī)會(huì)回報(bào)大家。
10月15日,天津大學(xué)歸來,經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享.
終于考完了,雖然這只是個(gè)開始.
天大的考點(diǎn)是綜合實(shí)驗(yàn)樓,是學(xué)校的一號(hào)樓,門口有地圖,就在東門一進(jìn)門右手邊的一棟樓后面.
先談?wù)効紙?chǎng)吧,在六樓一次就幾十個(gè)人，先在門口排隊(duì)填表,然后一個(gè)一個(gè)check in進(jìn)去，進(jìn)去后照相存包,再進(jìn)機(jī)房.機(jī)房是一排4臺(tái)機(jī)子,還不錯(cuò)，機(jī)子中間有隔板,人是中間隔一位,想看對(duì)方屏幕得轉(zhuǎn)臉,呵呵.設(shè)備好象是方正的電腦，挺穩(wěn)定的，我們這次好象沒有當(dāng)機(jī)或者出問題的,速度也很流暢,耳機(jī)說是進(jìn)口的boss耳機(jī)，戴著挺舒服的，我同學(xué)買過一個(gè)boss的耳機(jī)，2500元,送個(gè)CD機(jī)子,聽正版的CD巨爽. 考點(diǎn)的那個(gè)不知道多少錢,聲音很清晰，隔音效果正常,旁邊的說話聲能聽到，但不太大，遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)的基本沒問題.老師服務(wù)態(tài)度很好，有個(gè)還挺漂亮,呵呵.
我是在中間的位置進(jìn)去的,因?yàn)槭?點(diǎn)考也不想去太早,因?yàn)闆]看時(shí)間，但是12點(diǎn)30考完的，可能是提前CHECK IN 的吧.我的加試是閱讀，機(jī)警外面已經(jīng)有了，感覺那篇SUMERIAN挺難的(剛讀題目還以為講中國(guó)夏朝的，呵呵，白開心了),其他的還比較正常，那篇講經(jīng)濟(jì)史的因?yàn)槲沂菍W(xué)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)的，所以都學(xué)過,好爽啊，基本都不用看文章. 考完聽力是休息，能去廁所,好象不讓吃東西. 這時(shí)候就體現(xiàn)中間進(jìn)去的好處了，做聽力的時(shí)候沒太多人做口語,比較安靜，然后我休息的時(shí)候，大家狂說口語，我就聽的很開心,基本口語考什么都知道了. 然后自己做口語，感覺很好.作文非常的工整,和我的摸班完全匹配,所以我一陣狂打13分鐘寫了260詞,然后剩7分鐘看人家考試。最后的獨(dú)立寫作也非常好寫，我寫了460詞(寫的有點(diǎn)多,查點(diǎn)沒來及檢查,但是摸班有190詞,所以總體查不多),到最后就是狂打字,幸虧平時(shí)聊天打字快.
總體感覺難度尚可,還是能力至上.感謝CD的幫助，感謝山銜落日老大,平時(shí)問的傻傻的問題，都是他回答的.如果對(duì)天津考點(diǎn)有什么疑問的都問我，好象這兒在天津考的不多,呵呵.下面還得考GMAT,繼續(xù)和大家一起努力.
Oct 15 四川大學(xué)....我還沒死，真好
先感傷一下……我自己覺得考得很不好……這可是我第二次考T了……雖然感覺比第一次筆考的時(shí)候好了很多，但因?yàn)閘isten的時(shí)候被一男人大聲地speak擾亂了……
我最后一篇都不知道說了些啥……川大的老師都很好的，草稿紙什么的都可以要，不過要一個(gè)一個(gè)上廁所
其實(shí)我英語不是很好，準(zhǔn)備T，我覺得真得對(duì)于我自己的英語有大的提高……所以今天考完了下來，心情真得有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)失落，覺得人生沒目標(biāo)??但還有高考在等著我。。。。也不能說完全是因?yàn)門，我摸底考試真的……讓我覺得上本科都有問題呀，所以，我也不會(huì)再去考了，這全當(dāng)人生的一次經(jīng)歷了……
JJ已經(jīng)有人說過了，我就不多說了，貌似題目的順序都是一樣的……閱讀……
我是加式的閱讀，幸好沒有加聽力亞，要不我肯定暈厥在那里了……這次聽力沒有table……太好了……不過，我就是投機(jī)取巧，在listen的時(shí)候老想去聽別人再speak啥。。然后就有N多沒有聽到，真的是很失敗。。不過想說不被speak的影響到是不可能的，如果你想猜題。。我覺得是休息的10分鐘不要出去，就在那里聽大家說……大概可以猜個(gè)8 9 成……
我先就聽到一個(gè)人說他的目標(biāo)是當(dāng)一個(gè)successful man，然后又聽到他說喜歡small class
所以在10分鐘的時(shí)候就寫了個(gè)草稿。。。然后基本上就是照著說的
不過后面的……特別是第4，6題。。我都不曉得我在干什么……
很影響心情……
提醒各位去川大的要把吃的放在3樓，不要鎖在2樓，是不能去拿的。。。其實(shí)我覺得不吃也沒什么，我都是硬吃了兩塊巧克力下去。。
還有，一定要帶好證件……貌似又有N多人只帶了身份證……然后那老師還很毒，說你馬上給美國(guó)ETS打電話，反映下這個(gè)問題……狠……
其他的也就沒什么要提醒大家的了，就是在考試前一定要記得看JJ，這次speaking的第4題是出過的……但我貌似當(dāng)時(shí)太激動(dòng)了，雖然聽得很清楚，但是激動(dòng)地語無倫次……
這次T之后，我就要好好學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)了，我也不知道為什么當(dāng)時(shí)就是想要出國(guó)去讀本科，現(xiàn)在覺得，自己確實(shí)，離那個(gè)英語水平有一定的距離。
我一同學(xué)昨天去考SAT去了，她的T是六百零幾，為什么都是同學(xué)，差距就那么大呢??
我這次去考看見美麗又帥氣的新東方老師了……他做的。。真的是快……
10.15的IBT回顧
昨天的考試基本還算順利，我是在北師大的考場(chǎng)。
首先，人不多，我們的教室因?yàn)橛幸恍┤藳]有去，我在做題時(shí)大約只有不到三十人。每?jī)蓚€(gè)人之間有小段距離，會(huì)有一些影響，但是還可以。
第二，感覺草紙三張是夠用的，鉛筆雖然一開始只發(fā)一只，但是只要感覺用得鈍了，可以在考完一個(gè)section后舉手，老師會(huì)再給你一只。
再說說考試的內(nèi)容和難度吧，但是每個(gè)人的體會(huì)是不一樣的，我說說個(gè)人的體會(huì)
第一，閱讀。我的閱讀加試了兩篇，一共做了五篇，時(shí)間還是比較緊，有一篇是講生物進(jìn)化的，大致的內(nèi)容是以前達(dá)爾文的生物進(jìn)化理論認(rèn)為生物進(jìn)化需要較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，所以很難去觀察研究，但是現(xiàn)在的一些研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)有一些生物用較短的時(shí)間就可以有一些進(jìn)化。然后文章給出了一個(gè)學(xué)者用一種水中生物做的例子(那個(gè)單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)，呵呵);接下來就是另外一個(gè)鳥的進(jìn)化的例子，是由另外一對(duì)學(xué)者夫婦觀察到的，這兩個(gè)例子都是在證明生物的一些進(jìn)化會(huì)在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成，還會(huì)跟據(jù)環(huán)境的變化而反復(fù)變化。還有一篇是講蝙蝠的，主要內(nèi)容是蝙蝠的聚居方式會(huì)使他們的聚居地成為許多細(xì)菌的生長(zhǎng)地，然后給出了一些原因，還指出了一些專門寄生在蝙蝠身上的細(xì)菌和他們?nèi)绾畏敝澈蟠?剩下的記不清楚了)
總體感覺，題不是很難，但是篇幅還是較長(zhǎng)，所以閱讀的時(shí)候速度要快，而且要理清楚段落之間的大意和關(guān)系，這樣就心中有數(shù)了。
第二，聽力。這一section我感覺烈的就是它的校園生活對(duì)話部分比og的要難一些，但是學(xué)術(shù)類的是差不多的，不難。比較起泰德的和kaplan的學(xué)術(shù)類段子，正式考試的學(xué)術(shù)類的段子要簡(jiǎn)單。但是篇幅可能差不多長(zhǎng)。生詞量有一些，但是不是特別多，對(duì)文章的理解沒有太多的防礙。有一篇講美國(guó)的19世紀(jì)初的大眾詩的興起的(不知道這樣翻譯對(duì)不對(duì))，還有一篇是講關(guān)于花的化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)的，還有一篇是講一個(gè)重新被考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了的英國(guó)殖民地的。還有一篇關(guān)于地質(zhì)學(xué)，slide的。
我在做聽力的時(shí)候還是受到了一些影響，但是幸好我坐的位置還是較好的，靠窗，不靠門，我感覺靠著門的同學(xué)很慘，因?yàn)橹灰腥诉M(jìn)出就會(huì)影響他們。
第三，口語?？傮w感覺難度中等，不像新東方的口語特訓(xùn)那么難，前兩題不會(huì)太偏，大多是我們一般練習(xí)過的，我的第一題是講一講你的未來的一個(gè)目標(biāo)。第二題是喜歡大班學(xué)習(xí)還是小班學(xué)習(xí)(看以前的機(jī)經(jīng)似乎有重復(fù)?)，剩下的四道題可能稍微難一些，但是聽力方面最起碼可以聽懂60%(水平高的同學(xué)當(dāng)然就不用說了)，閱讀還是容易理解的。總之比我預(yù)期的要好。
第四，寫作。感覺不難。較為簡(jiǎn)單。時(shí)間也較為寬裕，不過我還是在第一篇綜合寫作部分沒有寫完
幾個(gè)月的復(fù)習(xí)就這么過去了，但是仔細(xì)想想正式復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)間也就兩個(gè)多月，雖然在進(jìn)考場(chǎng)之前特別的怕，因?yàn)槲腋杏X有些模塊的題還是很難的，如果是那樣的話我就死定了，但是考過了之后發(fā)現(xiàn)不論如何，在上了考場(chǎng)之后大家都會(huì)應(yīng)付過來的。所以不要怕!
10.15成都IBT新鮮歸來（一些考場(chǎng)的事情）
聽原來大家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，今天我是一大早就去了(大概7點(diǎn)10分左右)，我那號(hào)牌的時(shí)候前面已經(jīng)有十多號(hào)人了阿，不過不算太后面，大致最后又將近50人參加考試，由于偶的水平確實(shí)有限，就不亂發(fā)機(jī)警誤導(dǎo)大家樂。所以主要說一些考場(chǎng)注意事項(xiàng)啦
一 證件
這個(gè)實(shí)在是太重要了哈，靠前認(rèn)真閱讀靠考試須知，帶護(hù)照，有了這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)直就是一證通哈，要嗎就是戴上身份證和其他證件，一定要都要帶上。今天又個(gè)從拉薩來的同胞就是因?yàn)橹粠Я松矸葑C被KICK OUT了哈，聽郁悶的。還有如果是開證明的話是要求用專用紙的而且要有相關(guān)人員的簽名，不然就是證件不符。模糊中聽那個(gè)監(jiān)考老師在說什么：“證件不符和證件不齊是完全不同的概念”之類的，似乎很嚴(yán)重。
二 考場(chǎng)情況
基本上我是8點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)時(shí)進(jìn)去(真正的照相考試在7點(diǎn)40左右就開始了，所以大家還是要早到)
進(jìn)去以后就是照相，發(fā)鉛筆和草稿紙3張(進(jìn)去時(shí)只允許帶證件，號(hào)牌和誓言書)
這些完成后，老大會(huì)收走誓言書，然后領(lǐng)你到位置做好
這個(gè)時(shí)候，游離的人都該清醒了，因?yàn)榭荚嚲烷_始了
我開始做閱讀的時(shí)候，還有人陸續(xù)進(jìn)入
由于本人定力不佳，再加上實(shí)力欠缺，閱讀時(shí)頗受了點(diǎn)影響，很難集中精力0_0
做到READING的第二個(gè)SECTION時(shí)基本上就進(jìn)場(chǎng)完畢了，這個(gè)時(shí)候是很安靜的適合做題啊
最郁悶的還是偶居然做了三個(gè)SECTION的閱讀，瘋掉了，做完第二個(gè)時(shí)我都把耳機(jī)戴上了，卻突然又來個(gè)READING，老天真是對(duì)我不公>_<
聽力做到最后一個(gè)的時(shí)候，我旁邊的大哥開始口語了=_=聲音真大
不過，同志們，不要因?yàn)檫@個(gè)而悲觀哈
我借此機(jī)會(huì)聽清楚了第二道PREFERENCE的內(nèi)容
(第一道因?yàn)槭莻€(gè)人經(jīng)歷其實(shí)不太好打題，但是第二道就不同了，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)人都會(huì)以I'd prefer a rather than b之類的形式開始的)其實(shí)聽力的剩余時(shí)間可以不要急著按CONTINUE借此機(jī)會(huì)多休息一下，再聽聽周圍人的口語，可以小有收獲的。
然后做完聽力，就到廁所(雖然有點(diǎn)變態(tài)>_<)里面用點(diǎn)時(shí)間組織一下口語，特別是“偷到的”現(xiàn)成題目，很有效果的
接下來是口語和作文，因?yàn)殚_始時(shí)間不同而且自己也很專注，其實(shí)影響并不大。
之前很擔(dān)心會(huì)有竄音影響之類的
其實(shí)不會(huì)的，安排座位是周圍的人都是比我先作口語的(幾乎就都是在我再廁所里準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)候=_=)，所以等到我嚎的時(shí)候，只有很遠(yuǎn)的聲音，所以不會(huì)影響到。
不過我還是要說，我前面那位MM一直和凳子過不去，磨來磨去的，已經(jīng)被毆的麥給錄下來，發(fā)配到大洋彼岸去了^_^
等我寫完作文抬頭時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)周圍的T友們都撤退，然后我也光榮離開……
三 監(jiān)考老師
其實(shí)川大監(jiān)考老師都算很和藹的，很通情達(dá)理
只要不是原則性問題，大家就不要明確的東問西問了，那些雞毛蒜皮的事情問了反而不如不問得好，還不如和周圍看起來老道的人交流一下，就行了
總值痛苦暫時(shí)過去
也不算很噩夢(mèng)阿
祝大家考好(偶比較現(xiàn)實(shí))
全面回憶10月15日托?？荚?超級(jí)詳細(xì)版
閱讀
第一篇：蝙蝠和寄生蟲parasite
有一種寄生蟲一直寄生在蝙蝠體表，并衍生出特殊的能力，能隨蝙蝠飛行而不脫落。當(dāng)這種小生物在蝙蝠長(zhǎng)著稀疏的毛的翅膀上刺探血管時(shí)，它那長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的腿有助于在抖動(dòng)的翅膀表面保持身體的穩(wěn)定。
還有一種寄生蟲喜歡棲息在母蝙蝠身上。
單詞：
parasite 寄生蟲 / final host 終宿主 / bedbug 臭蟲 / roost 窩 / flea 蚤 / fly 蠅 / host 宿主 / tick 扁虱 / pupae 蛹
背景知識(shí)：
Bat Parasites
Like other animals, bats are hosts to a number of internal and external parasites. Most of these parasites are specialized and cannot survive away from the bats, so they pose little threat to humans and other animals (Fenton 1992). A species of bedbug, which resembles the species that feeds on humans, lives on the bats and in their roosts. However, reports of these bedbugs biting humans or domestic animals are rare. Once a bat colony is evicted from a building, any parasites that remain behind may move around the attic (and possibly the house) in search of bats. Fortunately, these parasites usually die quickly when separated from the bats.
A homeowner can sprinkle diatomaceous earth in the roost area to eliminate any parasites that may remain after the bats are evicted. This organic powder, which is made from the fossils of single-celled organisms, is abrasive to the exoskeletons of insects. As an insect crawls over the powder, its protective cuticle is scratched, and the insect dies of dehydration. Diatomaceous earth is effective in killing a variety of other insects in addition to bat parasites.
第二篇：城市形成發(fā)展的歷史，講了農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉、trade和protection，
第三篇：經(jīng)濟(jì)從農(nóng)業(yè)到工業(yè)到后工業(yè)的發(fā)展，
第四篇：蘇美爾Sumer民族的歷史，Mesopotamian
原文說該文明在美索不達(dá)米亞南部比價(jià)發(fā)達(dá)，原題有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是北部，最后一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是：底格里斯河(Tigris)和幼發(fā)拉底河(Euphrates)之間，應(yīng)該是正確的。
背景知識(shí)：
美索不達(dá)米亞(Mesopotamia，希臘語的意思是兩河之間的土地。)文明(又稱兩河文明)發(fā)源于底格里斯河(Tigris)和幼發(fā)拉底河(Euphrates)之間的流域──蘇美爾(Sumer/ Sumerian)
第五篇：自然選擇和物種進(jìn)化，提到了虹鳉guppy和一種鳥的演變。關(guān)于虹鳉的信息發(fā)表在2004年10月28日英國(guó)的《自然》雜志上。
背景知識(shí)：
美國(guó)科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)虹鳉魚在逆境中更加長(zhǎng)壽
根據(jù)經(jīng)典進(jìn)化理論，生存危險(xiǎn)較大，存活率低的動(dòng)物，壽命也相對(duì)較短。不過科學(xué)家最近發(fā)現(xiàn)，一種名為虹鳉魚的生物打破了這種認(rèn)識(shí)，它們?cè)谖ｋU(xiǎn)環(huán)境中反而更加長(zhǎng)壽。這表明進(jìn)化對(duì)壽命的影響比之前所認(rèn)為的更復(fù)雜。
美國(guó)加利福尼亞大學(xué)河邊分校的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家戴維 雷茲尼克和他的小組在最新一期《自然》雜志上介紹說，他們研究了生活在特立尼達(dá)島溪流里的虹鳉魚，發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)這些小魚而言，與天敵生活在同一水域中時(shí)老得更慢。
科學(xué)家介紹說，當(dāng)?shù)氐南饔性S多瀑布從中隔斷，有些虹鳉魚與掠食它們的天敵生活在同一水域，而另有一些則生活在安全環(huán)境里。經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與生活在安全環(huán)境中的虹鳉魚相比，那些與天敵生活在一起的虹鳉魚活得更久，老得更慢，繁殖期也更長(zhǎng)。這些都與經(jīng)典理論恰恰相反。
研究同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些虹鳉魚的其他特征與經(jīng)典理論相符，如生活在危險(xiǎn)環(huán)境中的魚，成長(zhǎng)時(shí)成熟得更快、生育后代數(shù)量更多、且游泳能力隨年齡衰退的速度更慢等。
Richard Dawkins曾經(jīng)提出過一個(gè)非常有名的理論，他認(rèn)為生物都是一些“使用后可以被丟棄的生育機(jī)器”，生物生存的目標(biāo)只是為了延續(xù)它們的物種，但是批評(píng)家們認(rèn)為Richard Dawkins的理論是有意回避了遺傳選擇對(duì)物種生存的影響。其實(shí)Dawkins關(guān)于基因的理論是直接來自于經(jīng)典的進(jìn)化論，進(jìn)化論認(rèn)為，生命存在的意義是為了延續(xù)物種，而自然選擇會(huì)對(duì)物種的各種特征產(chǎn)生影響，從而使得物種延續(xù)的成功率大大增加。但是我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，很多動(dòng)物生存的時(shí)間要超過它們生育的時(shí)間，生物學(xué)家們已經(jīng)開始致力于對(duì)這些多余的時(shí)間進(jìn)行研究，希望能從中發(fā)現(xiàn)一些進(jìn)化的線索，從而能發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些多余的時(shí)間如果是有用的，那么自然選擇在其中起著什么樣的作用?
有一種理論認(rèn)為，生物在生育能力已經(jīng)衰退后仍然存活若干時(shí)間，這種現(xiàn)象可能是自然選擇的結(jié)果，因?yàn)樯笃诘拇菩陨锟赡軙?huì)為它們的后代或者親戚能更好的生存而提供一些幫助，這種理論稱這種現(xiàn)象為“祖母效應(yīng)”。有一些生物物種，它們會(huì)生育大量的后代或者這種生物的群落非常大，為了能更好的撫養(yǎng)沒有生存能力的后代，就非常需要那些生育后期的雌性生物來幫助它們做這些工作。雖然有許多哺乳動(dòng)物，包括獅子和狒狒，需要在一個(gè)復(fù)雜的群落中撫養(yǎng)它們年幼的后代，但是許多研究并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)這些動(dòng)物中存在這種祖母效應(yīng)，而且大多數(shù)雌性動(dòng)物的壽命只是剛剛滿足它們撫養(yǎng)最后一個(gè)生育的子代。有一些非社會(huì)性的動(dòng)物，它們需要生育大量的后代，但是這些后代并不需要雌性動(dòng)物進(jìn)行撫養(yǎng)，那么這些雌性動(dòng)物的生育后期的時(shí)間，很大程度上需要依賴良好的營(yíng)養(yǎng)，并且沒有疾病和天敵的干擾。雖然一些歷史記錄和人口學(xué)研究結(jié)果提示，人類中可能也存在這種為了滿足生存需要的祖母效應(yīng)——因此一些生物學(xué)家也提出，這可能是人類中存在更年期這個(gè)特殊生理時(shí)期的原因，但是目前很少有實(shí)驗(yàn)研究證明，生育后期的壽命是自然選擇進(jìn)化的結(jié)果，并且可以從中找到自然選擇的證據(jù)。
通過對(duì)虹鳉生育后期壽命多樣性的研究提示，虹鳉生育后期壽命的存在是自然對(duì)這個(gè)物種的生育階段進(jìn)行選擇的結(jié)果，是進(jìn)化的結(jié)果。
在一項(xiàng)新的研究中，David Reznick，Michael Bryant和Donna Holmes對(duì)生活在特立尼達(dá)島的虹鳉魚在面對(duì)不同程度的天敵威脅時(shí)，其壽命變化的情況進(jìn)行了深入的研究。生物個(gè)體在面臨不同的死亡威脅時(shí)，為了種族的延續(xù)就會(huì)進(jìn)化出不同的適應(yīng)性，例如改變第一次生育的年齡，改變投入生育行為的力量，和改變生命衰老的方式，這包括生育的減少。由于虹鳉是一種卵胎生的魚類，它們生育的子代不需要進(jìn)行喂養(yǎng)，因此Reznick等人估計(jì)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)的不同群落的虹鳉將在生育后期的壽命上沒有大的差別。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管不同群落的虹鳉的壽命有很大的差別，但是這種差異主要來自于不同群落的虹鳉對(duì)生育時(shí)間的劃分。而對(duì)應(yīng)的，生育后期的壽命沒有受到自然選擇的影響，用研究者們的話說就是似乎“隨機(jī)加到虹鳉最后的生命中”。無論是不是隨機(jī)的，本研究是第一個(gè)對(duì)魚類生育后期壽命進(jìn)行研究的。
隨后Reznick等人從特立尼達(dá)島的山脈的兩個(gè)地方的溪流中捕獲了野生的虹鳉，(溪流中有的地方虹鳉的天敵比較多，經(jīng)常得會(huì)捕食虹鳉，而在同一條溪流的不同地方，由于是在瀑布的上游，可以隔絕虹鳉的天敵)，研究者們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室中，對(duì)野生虹鳉群落生育第二代的行為進(jìn)行了研究。來自天敵比較多的和來自天敵比較少的地方的虹鳉是來自同一條溪流，而且對(duì)這些虹鳉的喂食是人工模仿它們?cè)谧匀唤绔@得食物的可能性(在天敵比較少的地方生活的魚類，與在天敵比較多的地方生活的魚類相比吃得要更少，體重也要更輕)。雌魚每周交配一次，直到它們懷上了后代，當(dāng)這些雌魚生育完成后再次交配(當(dāng)這些雌魚正處在交配的時(shí)機(jī)的時(shí)候)。
研究者們對(duì)每個(gè)群落中的虹鳉進(jìn)行了生長(zhǎng)率、體質(zhì)、生育間隙和產(chǎn)仔數(shù)的測(cè)量，并且將每個(gè)個(gè)體的生命劃分為從出生到第一次生產(chǎn)的之間的階段，生育階段和生育后期壽命三個(gè)階段。來自天敵比較多的地方的虹鳉與來自天敵比較少的地方的虹鳉相比，它們生產(chǎn)所需的時(shí)間更短;而且來自天敵比較多的地方的虹鳉整個(gè)生命中可以生育的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)，結(jié)束生育的時(shí)間更晚。為了對(duì)虹鳉生育后期壽命進(jìn)行研究，Reznick等人希望能發(fā)現(xiàn)虹鳉從最后一次生育到其死亡之間的時(shí)間，是不是會(huì)顯著的多于虹鳉兩次生育后代之間的時(shí)間(由于不同虹鳉個(gè)體，其兩次生育后代之間的時(shí)間間隔是不同的，因此研究者們按照閾值進(jìn)行計(jì)算)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有超過60%的虹鳉生育后期的壽命要超過其兩次生育后代之間的時(shí)間間隔。雖然研究者們并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)特殊的群落會(huì)刻意的延長(zhǎng)生育后期的壽命，或者某個(gè)虹鳉會(huì)在死亡前終止生育的行為，但是他們確實(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著虹鳉生育階段時(shí)間的增加，這個(gè)群落的虹鳉生育后期壽命延長(zhǎng)的可能性也會(huì)增加。因此，即使生育后期壽命對(duì)于虹鳉的適應(yīng)性沒有直接的影響，但是它與虹鳉生命中某個(gè)階段是有關(guān)系的。
總而言之，這項(xiàng)研究第實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法向我們證實(shí)了，進(jìn)化對(duì)于生物的壽命是有選擇性作用的，并且這種選擇的結(jié)果會(huì)影響到生物的適應(yīng)性。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)還駁斥了關(guān)于魚類沒有或很少存在生育衰老的觀點(diǎn)，這種觀點(diǎn)的證據(jù)是魚類在成年后會(huì)持續(xù)的產(chǎn)生魚卵。關(guān)于生育后期壽命是不是自然選擇的結(jié)果，從而讓生物更好的適應(yīng)環(huán)境這個(gè)問題還沒有統(tǒng)一的觀點(diǎn)。但是，本研究采用實(shí)驗(yàn)性的比較分析方法，通過對(duì)其他物種進(jìn)行研究，然后用進(jìn)化的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)人類的情況進(jìn)行分析，這種分析方法對(duì)于那些主要從事人類更年期產(chǎn)生的原因和人類長(zhǎng)壽的研究的科學(xué)家來說是一個(gè)很好的范例。
Getting an Evolutionary Handle on Life after Reproduction
When Richard Dawkins famously called organisms “throwaway survival machines” that exist solely to preserve the genes that made them, critics balked at the specter of genetic determinism. But Dawkins' selfish genes derive straight from classical evolutionary theory that says life exists to reproduce, and that natural selection should act on any traits that increase reproductive success. Since many animals live beyond their fertile years, biologists have searched for evolutionary clues to this extended lifespan. What role, if any, does natural selection play in the evolution of the postreproductive lifespan?
For natural selection to shape the twilight years, postreproductive females should contribute to the fitness of their offspring or relatives, a hypothesis called the “grandmother effect.” Such contributions require that organisms spawn helpless offspring or live in extended groups where postreproductive females help raise the young. Though many mammals, including lions and baboons, rear dependent young and operate within complex social groups, studies have found no evidence of a granny effect, and females mostly live just long enough to care for their last born. For nonsocial animals that spawn independent young, extended lifespan is associated with good nutrition and the absence of disease and predators. While historical records and demographic analyses offer support for an adaptive granny effect in humans—which some biologists have offered as a possible explanation for the existence of menopause—few studies have experimentally tested for signs of selection in the evolution of a postreproductive lifespan.
Analysis of the causes of variation in post-reproductive lifespan indicates that the evolution of lifespan in guppies is due to selection during their reproductive stage
In a new study, David Reznick, Michael Bryant, and Donna Holmes expand on their ongoing investigations of the life history of guppies confronting different predatory threats in Trinidad. Individuals facing different mortality threats should evolve different adaptations in their life histories, such as age at first reproduction, investment in reproduction, and patterns of senescence, including declines in reproduction. Since guppies are livebearers that provide no postnatal maternal care, Reznick et al. predicted the populations would show no differences in postreproductive lifespan—which is what they found. Though overall lifespan varied among the populations, these variations stemmed from differences in time allotted only to reproduction. Postreproductive lifespan, in contrast, showed no signs of being under selection, and appeared to be what the authors called a “random add-on at the end of the life history.” Random or not, this is the first demonstration of a postreproductive lifespan in fish.
Reznick et al. raised a second-generation laboratory brood of wild guppies taken from high- and low-predation streams at two locations in the mountains of Trinidad. (The high-predation sites harbor predators that frequently prey on guppies. Low-predation sites are found in the same streams, above waterfalls that exclude predators but not guppies.) A high- and low-predation site was sampled from each site, and feeding was manipulated to reflect food availability in the wild (fish in low-predation environments typically eat less and weigh less than fish in high-predation environments). Females were mated once a week until they produced offspring, and were mated again after each brood (when copulation is most likely).
The authors measured growth rate, body size, interbrood interval, and litters per lifetime for each population, and divided each individual's lifespan into age at first birth, reproductive phase, and postreproductive lifespan. Guppies from high-predation localities gave birth sooner than those from low-predation sites; they also reproduced over a longer period and were much older when they stopped reproducing. To estimate postreproductive lifespan, Reznick et al. determined whether the time between last birth and death significantly exceeded the time needed to spawn another litter (calculated as a threshold, since interbrood intervals varied for each individual). About 60% of individuals lived beyond the time they would have been expected to produce another brood. While the authors found no differences in the probability that any particular group would enjoy an extended postreproductive lifespan or that an individual would stop reproducing before dying, they did find that the probability of experiencing an extended postreproductive lifespan increased along with the length of reproductive lifespan. Thus, even though postreproductive lifespan has no direct effect on fitness, it is linked to a component of life history that does.
Altogether, these results provide the first experimental confirmation that evolution works selectively on those aspects of life history that directly affect fitness. These findings also refute the suggestion that fish may experience little or no reproductive senescence based on evidence that they continue to produce eggs as adults. It's an open question whether postreproductive lifespan can influence fitness enough to be under selection. But in a field dominated by investigations into the origins of human menopause and extended lifespan, the authors make a strong case for using experimental comparative analyses of other species to gain an evolutionary perspective on the human condition.
生于憂患
與經(jīng)典理論預(yù)期的相反，虹鳉魚在掠食者威脅下更長(zhǎng)壽
根據(jù)經(jīng)典進(jìn)化理論，生存危險(xiǎn)較大、存活率低的動(dòng)物，會(huì)采取“活得快死得早”的策略。但一種稱為虹鳉魚的小魚打破了這種認(rèn)識(shí)，它們?cè)谖ｋU(xiǎn)環(huán)境里更長(zhǎng)壽，這表明進(jìn)化對(duì)壽命的影響比我們認(rèn)為的更復(fù)雜。
一般說來，有掠食者在一旁虎視耽耽時(shí)，投入很多能量來追求長(zhǎng)壽，是沒有意義的事。相反，動(dòng)物會(huì)盡量趕快發(fā)育成熟，早早完成繁衍后代的使命，然后衰老死掉。以往對(duì)野生動(dòng)物和實(shí)驗(yàn)室動(dòng)物的研究大都支持這種觀點(diǎn)。
慢車道上的生活。與以往理論預(yù)期的不同，與天敵生活在同一水域的虹鳉魚老得更慢
但美國(guó)科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，生活在特立尼達(dá)島溪流里的虹鳉魚是個(gè)反例。這些溪流里遍布著瀑布，由于瀑布的隔斷作用，有的虹鳉魚與天敵生活在同一水域，而有的虹鳉魚則生活在沒有掠食者的安全環(huán)境里。
加利福尼亞大學(xué)河邊分校的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家David Reznick和他的小組，研究了上述野生虹鳉魚的實(shí)驗(yàn)室后代。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，與生活在安全環(huán)境中的虹鳉魚相比，那些與掠食者生活在一起的虹鳉魚活得更久、老得更慢，繁殖期也更長(zhǎng)。這都違背了經(jīng)典理論。有關(guān)成果發(fā)表在10月28日的英國(guó)《自然》雜志上。
不過，這些虹鳉魚的其它特征與經(jīng)典理論相符，例如，生活在危險(xiǎn)環(huán)境里的魚，游泳能力隨年齡衰退得更慢。它們成熟得也更快，生育后代的數(shù)量比安全環(huán)境里的虹鳉魚更多。
Reznick說，前述意外發(fā)現(xiàn)顯示，掠食者對(duì)物種的影響不僅僅是增加死亡率。例如，掠食者減少虹鳉魚的數(shù)目，使剩下的虹鳉魚有更多資源可利用，這可能有助于它們壽命延長(zhǎng)。
聽力
第一題：(忘記)
第二題：一個(gè)女學(xué)生到宿舍管理員(黑色男人)處投訴，她跟原來室友處得好，但是在重新調(diào)整宿舍時(shí)卻被分在兩個(gè)
第三題：(忘記)
第四題：花的化石
第六題：美國(guó)最早的定居點(diǎn)
一般認(rèn)為Jamestown和Plymouth，后來發(fā)現(xiàn)Popham波凡姆也是一個(gè)。
背景知識(shí)：
Popham Colony
The site of the 1607 Popham Colony in present-day Maine is shown by "Po" on the map. The Jamestown Settlement is shown by "J"
The Popham Colony was a short-lived English colonial settlement in North America that was founded in 1607 and located in the present-day town of Phippsburg, Maine near the mouth of the Kennebec River. It was founded in the same year as its more successful rival, the Jamestown Settlement and was the first English colony in the region that would eventually become known as New England. The colony was abandoned after only one year and the exact site of the colony was lost until its rediscovery in 1994.
Founding
Popham was a project of the Plymouth Company. Plymouth Company was one of two competing parts of the Virginia Company that James I chartered in 1606 in order to settle "Virginia"; at the time the name applied to the entire northeast coast of North America from Spanish Florida to New France in the modern-day Canada. At the time that area was technically under the claim of Spanish crown but not occupied.
The Plymouth Company was granted a royal charter and the rights to the coast between 38° to 45° N, whereas the rival London Company was granted the coast between 34° and 41°N. The overlapping area between 38° and 41° was to go to the first company that would prove "strong enough" to colonize it.
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Colonists
First Plymouth Company ship, Richard, sailed in August 1606 but the Spanish intercepted and captured it near Florida in November. The next attempt was more successful; About 120 colonists left Plymouth on May 31, 1607 in two ships. They intended to trade precious metals, spices, furs and show that the local forests could be used to build English ships.
Colony leader, George Popham sailed in the Gift of God and second-in-command Ralegh Gilbert in the Mary and John. Captain of the latter ship, Robert Davies, kept a diary that is one of the main contemporary sources of the information about the Popham colony.
George Popham was the nephew of one of the financial backers of the colony, Sir John Popham, the Lord Chief Justice of England, while Gilbert was the half nephew of Sir Walter Raleigh. Other financiers included Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the military governor of Plymouth; much of the information about the events in the colony comes from his letters and memoirs. Settlers included nine council members and 6 other gentlemen when the rest were soldiers, artisans, farmers and traders.
The Gift of God arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec (then called the Sagadahoc River) on August 13 and Mary and John three days later. The Popham Colony was settled on headland of area named Sabino. Quickly the colonists began construction of large star-shaped Fort St. George. Fort St. George included ditches and ramparts and contained nine cannons that ranged in size from demi-culverin to falcon.
Hunt's map
On October 8, 1607, colonist John Hunt drew a map of the colony showing 18 buildings including the admiral's house, a chapel, a storehouse, a cooperage and a guardhouse. Hunt was listed in the colony register as "draughtsman". It is not known if all the buildings were completed at the time. Hunt's map was discovered in 1888 in the Spanish national archives. A spy had sold it to a Spanish ambassador who had sent it to Spain. It might be a copy of now-lost map, and is the only known plan of the original layout of any early English colony.
Troubles begin
Popham and Gilbert sent survey expeditions up the river and contacted the Abenaki tribe. In a letter to the King, Popham wrote that the natives had told them that the area was full of easily exploitable resources. However, the colony failed to establish cooperation with the tribe; they were suspicious because earlier expeditions had captured natives to show at home.
Late summer arrival meant that there was no time to farm for food. Half of the colonists returned to Great Britain in December 1607, aboard the Gift of God. Others faced a cold winter during which the Kennebec River froze. Fire destroyed at least the storehouse and its provisions. Later excavation has hinted that there might have been other fires.
Colonist divided to two factions, one supporting George Popham and the other Ralegh Gilbert. George Popham died in February 5, 1608, possibly the only colonist to die - a contrast to Jamestown which lost half its population that year. Ralegh Gilbert became "colony president" on February 5, 1608 at age 25.
The colonists completed one major project; the building of a 30-ton ship, a pinnace they named Virginia, the first ship built in America by Europeans. It was meant to show that the colony could be used for shipbuilding. They also finally managed to trade with Abenaki for furs and gather a cargo of sarsaparilla.
When a supply ship came in 1608, it brought a message that Sir John Popham had died. Gilbert sent the Mary and John to England with cargo. When the ship returned later in the summer, it brought news that Gilbert's elder brother John had died. Gilbert was therefore an heir to a title and estate of Compton Castle in Devon. He decided to return to England. The 45 remaining colonists also left, sailing home in the Mary and John and Virginia. (The Virginia would make at least one more Atlantic crossing, going to Jamestown the next year.)
The colony had lasted almost exactly one year. Later colonists in the area, building on the experience of the original colonists, settled further up the Kennebec river, at the site of the present day Bath, where the winter storms and tides were not as severe.
Later developments
Fort Popham and the Kennebec River
French colonist Jean de Biencourt visited the abandoned site in 1611. In 1624, Samuel Maverick of the Massachusetts Bay Colony also visited the site and reported that it was "over-grown".
During the American Civil War, Union army built a Fort Popham in the area. Afterwards some farmers moved to the area and it became farmland until 1905. Then US Army built up the area of Fort St. George to supply Fort Baldwin. The state of Maine bought the area in 1924 and Fort Baldwin was reactivated during the World War Two.
Today much of the area that made up the Popham Colony is part of Popham Beach State Park, a popular beach and recreation area.
Modern excavations
First excavations of the area in the 1960's were unsuccessful. In 1994 Jeffrey Brain of the Peabody Essex Museum discovered the site of the colony using the Hunt's map as a guide. He begun larger excavation in 1997 and later uncovered the Admiral's house, the storehouse and a liquor storage building. He also proved that Hunt's map was very accurate. Parts of the fort, probably including the chapel and graveyard, lie on private property not open for digging and the Fort's southern portion is under a public road. The excavation was concluded in 2005.
Sources and further reading
Richard L. Pflederer - Before New England: The Popham Colony (History Today January 2005)
Tom Gidwitz - The Little Colony That Couldn't (Archaeology magazine March/April 2006)
口語
第一題：人生中有許多goals，描述一個(gè)你的goal，并解釋理由。
第二題：你愿意選擇Big class還是Small class，并解釋理由
第三題：學(xué)校把新生Orientation調(diào)整了一下，由以前的2 days hiking and camping改為1day hiking或group activity。男的贊成，因?yàn)閙ore choice for students，而且不占用全部周末，還有一天可以安排自己的活動(dòng)。女的幾乎沒有說什么有價(jià)值的話。簡(jiǎn)述對(duì)話的主要內(nèi)容并闡述你的觀點(diǎn)和理由。
第四題：人的response to emergency depends on how many observers there are. More, observers bring about less self responsibility。
第五題：忘記了。
第六題：climate change對(duì)動(dòng)物的影響。在澳大利亞，古生物學(xué)家paleontologist發(fā)現(xiàn)a large number of 'thunder birds', or in the one spot。數(shù)量有35000只thunder bird的化石。
背景知識(shí)：
Dr Judith Field, of the University of Sydney says, "It can be argued that climate change might have driven vegetation change, periodic drought, and increased seasonality. (The climate) weaves backwards and forwards - it might just need one more extended drought and bang, the megafauna are knocked off."
The find of mass fossils at Alcoota, Northern Territory may support the theory that megafauna became extinct due to climatic change.
Dr Peter Murray, from the Museum of Central Australia, and a team of researchers have been excavating fossils in a remote part of the Northern Territory, called Alcoota, for the past 12 years. Recently they made a rare scientific find - a large number of 'thunder birds', or Ilbandornis, in the one spot.
Thunder birds belong to the family Dromornithidae, the largest of which was about three metres tall, weighed about 500 kilograms, and has been nicknamed the 'giant demon duck of doom'.
There are two theories for the grouping of the bird fossils at Alcoota. It may be that the water in the environment sorted the bones into similarly-sized accumulations, or that the birds may have been flocked together around a water hole during a drought.
"Animals tend to gravitate towards the last few remaining water holes during a drought. When you get many animals congregating around one water hole, they eat all the food. Ultimately, if the drought doesn't break, they die of starvation," says Dr Murray.
Alcoota
The open scrub at Alcoota, north-west of Alice Springs, is almost dry enough to qualify as a desert. The mostly flat landscape dotted with low, flat-topped hills echoes closely what the environment might have been like here 8 million years ago.
The middle Miocene was a time of great change across Australia. As the continent drifted north into hotter latitudes, the continent began to dry out. The rainforests seen at Riversleigh gave way to more open woodland. This opening of the landscape allowed animals to grow to larger sizes and animals that preferred to browse close to the ground were favoured over the tree-dwelling fruit-eaters of earlier times.
But, along with the change of climate and landscape came an uncertainty of conditions. Australia began to experience occasional droughts.
As the water dried up, animals became tethered to dwindling pools and lakes. They soon ate out all the vegetation within reach of the isolated watering holes but choose to stay where there was water. Crammed together around the ever decreasing shorelines, the animals died of starvation, their bodies collecting in dense concentrations that today form the spectacular bone-beds of Alcoota.
The most common marsupial from Alcoota is the sheep-sized Kolopsis. This four-legged herbivore has no living descendants but is most closely related to wombats and koalas. Judging from the number found at Alcoota, Kolopsis lived in large herds of dozens of animals.
A rarer marsupial is the larger Palorchestes. The size of a small horse, this powerful herbivore probably lived in small groups, couples or even as solitary beasts.
The main marsupial predator at Alcoota was the ancient marsupial wolf, Thylacinus. Closely related to the modern Tasmanian Wolf, the Alcoota Thylacinus was around 15 per cent larger than its recently extinct relative.
But this mammalian carnivore would have lived in fear of two other denizens of the ancient lake. Dromornis was a huge, flightless bird. Think of an emu that weights 400 kilograms and stands over three metres tall and you have some idea of what Dromornis looked like. And to add a pinch of terror, this fearsome bird was a hunter armed with a beak that could rip open any of the animals it came across.
While Dromornis ruled the land, the water was the kingdom of the clever-headed crocodile Baru. Growing up to four metres or more in length, this monster had a powerfully built head lined with fearsome teeth that could hack out chunks of flesh from its still-living victims.
寫作
Task 1
閱讀文章批評(píng)美國(guó)政府對(duì)新藥上市前的drug testing太過復(fù)雜和冗長(zhǎng)了，常常耗費(fèi)數(shù)月，數(shù)年甚至更長(zhǎng)，對(duì)患者來講不好，要增加支出，甚至有些人臨死前都等不到藥。主要批評(píng)理由有兩個(gè)，第一個(gè)是delay，即花費(fèi)時(shí)間太長(zhǎng);第二個(gè)是costly。最后一段給出了一個(gè)解決方案，叫MedWatch的方法。
聽力文章對(duì)閱讀文章進(jìn)行了駁斥。關(guān)于花在新藥測(cè)試的時(shí)間，講話者認(rèn)為患者的生命安全最重要，并舉了一個(gè)例子：某種新藥上市前僅做了成年人的藥物實(shí)驗(yàn)，但是上市后卻又銷售給兒童，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致不良藥物反映。關(guān)于新藥測(cè)試的花費(fèi)高，講話者認(rèn)為如果藥物不經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格測(cè)試上市，而之后發(fā)生副作用side effect，那么用來處理這種破事的費(fèi)用更高;此外還提到了新藥測(cè)試本身就是valuable research，值得花錢投入。對(duì)于MedWatch，講話者也沒有好的評(píng)價(jià)，因?yàn)镸edWatch是先上市，然后在使用中收集數(shù)據(jù)，這樣有點(diǎn)不負(fù)責(zé)，而傳統(tǒng)的辦法是先收集數(shù)據(jù)再上市，比較好。
Task 2
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.
For someone who wants to be successful in the society, knowledge gained from study is more important than the ability of being creative.
考后作文回憶(考后回憶版，不完整)：
The real world is dazzling and various, yet institutionalized. To survive in such a world, one has to follow the traditions. I agree with the idea that the knowledge acquired from study and experience is superior to creativity.
In some artistic areas like painting, music and design, practitioners should be creative. Unfortunately, most of plane people are involved in less challenging sector. Too much different ideas may be improper or even dangerous in many traditional and serious companies. No one would expect “creative” procedures from a staff from a highly-standardized company like KPMG, a globally well-known accounting company.
Ironically, in the above areas, successful practitioners are those who are equipped with solid knowledge. …..
Creative ideas can only be brought into reality with knowledge. For example, iPod is a great blue print initially. But it would stop at it without textbook knowledge, handiwork and even advancing memory chip technology. Therefore, knowledge gained from experience is of great importance. Not to mention the successful marking ideas of iPod.
To sum up, a combination of knowledge and creativity will enable us to share the fruit of science.
附：
整理了一下網(wǎng)絡(luò)上其他人的一些回憶(供大家參考)：
考試細(xì)節(jié)全紀(jì)錄 10月15日 北京 外國(guó)語大學(xué)
上午剛考完，趁記憶猶存抓緊記述一下……
是上午7點(diǎn)鐘到的考試中心，前一天踩過點(diǎn)，所以路上很順。
到地點(diǎn)后第一件事是出示證件，大家一定要記住帶兩種證件，今天早上又遇到一個(gè)人因?yàn)橹粠Я松矸葑C而被拒考。具體的在考試確認(rèn)上面都有。
簽寫保密協(xié)議，需要抄一段話，什么I promise什么什么的，然后在簽字就好了。
然后是鎖物品，雖然中間有10分鐘的休息，除了保密協(xié)議和身份證件(身份證件整場(chǎng)考試都要放在身邊)一切物品施藥所在柜子里的，包括水和吃的什么的。
鎖完物品后排隊(duì)進(jìn)考場(chǎng)，一次進(jìn)去的人和考場(chǎng)數(shù)是一樣的，你會(huì)把你的保密協(xié)議交給監(jiān)考官，然后坐在椅子上照相。
照完相就可以進(jìn)考場(chǎng)了，你剛照的相會(huì)出現(xiàn)在你所在的機(jī)器的屏幕上。這是即使還有人沒有進(jìn)來，你也可以大大方方的點(diǎn)continue開始考試了。每個(gè)人的開始時(shí)間都是不一樣的，根據(jù)做題的速度，結(jié)束的時(shí)間也不一樣。
一進(jìn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)考官(一般都是和藹的女老師)會(huì)給你紙和鉛筆。(給了我3張紙)筆要是粗了或者紙不夠用了是可以隨時(shí)舉手要的，我就換了三次鉛筆。
第一部分是一堆的儀器測(cè)試，耳機(jī)測(cè)試很簡(jiǎn)單。話筒測(cè)試的時(shí)候會(huì)要求你簡(jiǎn)述你所居住的城市，你大可不必煞費(fèi)苦心緊緊張張的想怎么描述北京，可以做的是用正常的語速把instruction給讀一遍，除非話筒有問題或者你的聲音異常小，你還沒讀完就可以通過。沒有通過話筒測(cè)試是無法繼續(xù)考試的，會(huì)出現(xiàn)提示要你找監(jiān)考官。
然后開始正常的考試，和很多摸考不一樣的是，每部分前面的general instruction是不可以跳過去的，你必須看完獲者聽完，然后考試會(huì)自動(dòng)開始。
和?？疾灰粯樱菹⑺坪跻彩潜仨毿菹⒌?，我沒有看到右上角有continue的字樣，耳機(jī)里也沒有放音樂。這時(shí)候可以出考場(chǎng)拿柜子里的東西。要是去比較遠(yuǎn)的地方，監(jiān)考官會(huì)是跟著你的。
回到考場(chǎng)，在休息還差30來秒的時(shí)候，你應(yīng)該要求老師給你來開鎖(輸密碼)。你方可繼續(xù)答題。
接下來的是口語部分，建議大家在休息時(shí)把紙分成六塊，把要記的步驟，1，2，3，reason, topic這些指示性的字樣都寫上，因?yàn)榭谡Z部分，特別是前兩題，是會(huì)緊張的。
在這里說一下，很多老師推薦大家閱讀快做，這樣說的時(shí)候別人還在休息或者作聽力，相對(duì)來說輕松一些。我就是這樣，說完了還沒有人開始說，但是在寫作的時(shí)候，問題出現(xiàn)了，大家嘰里咕嚕的開始說了，有時(shí)會(huì)打斷寫作思路。所以閱讀部分的作題速度可根據(jù)你是希望說的時(shí)候不被打擾，還是寫的時(shí)候不被打擾來定。
考完了會(huì)出兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，第一個(gè)問你確認(rèn)要給大學(xué)寄你的成績(jī)，第二個(gè)問你是否同意用你的考試做研究。
最后跟老師說拜拜，走出考場(chǎng)，超生了...
成績(jī)10月末出來，要是不錯(cuò)的話我再寫關(guān)于考試本身的一些內(nèi)容啦，88-)
10.15機(jī)警加個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)（杭州） 今天從早上6點(diǎn)半起來，12點(diǎn)多終于考完了。趁現(xiàn)在還記得，發(fā)機(jī)警攢人品
口語2 big class vs small class，8月份考過，而且我聽旁邊同學(xué)說的時(shí)候就把題目猜出來了，直接寫下來
口語4 人的response to emergency depends on how many observers there are. More, observers bring about less self responsibility
口語3 學(xué)校把新生orientaion activity由以前的2 days hiking改為1day hiking或者group activity
男的贊成1 more chice for students
2 not occupy the whole weekend
寫作1 article the tests for drugs in the US is excessive.
1 test time is too long can not give the access to patients who need it at once
2 costly
3 can be replaced by MedWatch.(let the doctors to fill a form to evaluate the effect.)
反對(duì) 1周期太短難以發(fā)現(xiàn)side effect
2雖然costly，但如果不test，會(huì)造成患者的危險(xiǎn)
3理論上可行，但醫(yī)生很可能沒空去填form
寫作二 knowlege from study and ability of innovation 哪個(gè)對(duì)于成功更重要
tips ：在杭州考點(diǎn)，口語題目完全可以從周圍同學(xué)那里聽到，所以要控制節(jié)奏，不要做得太快。中間休息十分鐘可以好好利用來聽別人的口語。
感覺IBT沒有想象中那么難，ETS其實(shí)是個(gè)紙老虎。一些題目甚至跟樣題又重復(fù)。比如閱讀里面的disperse=distribution,閱讀今天一共有五篇，前3篇比較容易，15分鐘一篇。最后兩篇較難(主要是選項(xiàng)設(shè)置難而非文章難度)，有可能是加試。聽力速度比delta慢，語音也比較清楚，但跟OG相比，也是選項(xiàng)設(shè)置比較有干擾性，特別注意重放的題目，說話人的意圖并不是很明顯。口語和寫作里面的聽力速度更慢，不用擔(dān)心記不下來。我5T成績(jī)由于公放影響考了590，為了今年申請(qǐng)毅然報(bào)了IBT，準(zhǔn)備了20天，十分感謝CD上的同學(xué)和斑斑給我提供了很好的備考方法，現(xiàn)在希望能有機(jī)會(huì)回報(bào)大家。
10月15日,天津大學(xué)歸來,經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享.
終于考完了,雖然這只是個(gè)開始.
天大的考點(diǎn)是綜合實(shí)驗(yàn)樓,是學(xué)校的一號(hào)樓,門口有地圖,就在東門一進(jìn)門右手邊的一棟樓后面.
先談?wù)効紙?chǎng)吧,在六樓一次就幾十個(gè)人，先在門口排隊(duì)填表,然后一個(gè)一個(gè)check in進(jìn)去，進(jìn)去后照相存包,再進(jìn)機(jī)房.機(jī)房是一排4臺(tái)機(jī)子,還不錯(cuò)，機(jī)子中間有隔板,人是中間隔一位,想看對(duì)方屏幕得轉(zhuǎn)臉,呵呵.設(shè)備好象是方正的電腦，挺穩(wěn)定的，我們這次好象沒有當(dāng)機(jī)或者出問題的,速度也很流暢,耳機(jī)說是進(jìn)口的boss耳機(jī)，戴著挺舒服的，我同學(xué)買過一個(gè)boss的耳機(jī)，2500元,送個(gè)CD機(jī)子,聽正版的CD巨爽. 考點(diǎn)的那個(gè)不知道多少錢,聲音很清晰，隔音效果正常,旁邊的說話聲能聽到，但不太大，遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)的基本沒問題.老師服務(wù)態(tài)度很好，有個(gè)還挺漂亮,呵呵.
我是在中間的位置進(jìn)去的,因?yàn)槭?點(diǎn)考也不想去太早,因?yàn)闆]看時(shí)間，但是12點(diǎn)30考完的，可能是提前CHECK IN 的吧.我的加試是閱讀，機(jī)警外面已經(jīng)有了，感覺那篇SUMERIAN挺難的(剛讀題目還以為講中國(guó)夏朝的，呵呵，白開心了),其他的還比較正常，那篇講經(jīng)濟(jì)史的因?yàn)槲沂菍W(xué)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)的，所以都學(xué)過,好爽啊，基本都不用看文章. 考完聽力是休息，能去廁所,好象不讓吃東西. 這時(shí)候就體現(xiàn)中間進(jìn)去的好處了，做聽力的時(shí)候沒太多人做口語,比較安靜，然后我休息的時(shí)候，大家狂說口語，我就聽的很開心,基本口語考什么都知道了. 然后自己做口語，感覺很好.作文非常的工整,和我的摸班完全匹配,所以我一陣狂打13分鐘寫了260詞,然后剩7分鐘看人家考試。最后的獨(dú)立寫作也非常好寫，我寫了460詞(寫的有點(diǎn)多,查點(diǎn)沒來及檢查,但是摸班有190詞,所以總體查不多),到最后就是狂打字,幸虧平時(shí)聊天打字快.
總體感覺難度尚可,還是能力至上.感謝CD的幫助，感謝山銜落日老大,平時(shí)問的傻傻的問題，都是他回答的.如果對(duì)天津考點(diǎn)有什么疑問的都問我，好象這兒在天津考的不多,呵呵.下面還得考GMAT,繼續(xù)和大家一起努力.
Oct 15 四川大學(xué)....我還沒死，真好
先感傷一下……我自己覺得考得很不好……這可是我第二次考T了……雖然感覺比第一次筆考的時(shí)候好了很多，但因?yàn)閘isten的時(shí)候被一男人大聲地speak擾亂了……
我最后一篇都不知道說了些啥……川大的老師都很好的，草稿紙什么的都可以要，不過要一個(gè)一個(gè)上廁所
其實(shí)我英語不是很好，準(zhǔn)備T，我覺得真得對(duì)于我自己的英語有大的提高……所以今天考完了下來，心情真得有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)失落，覺得人生沒目標(biāo)??但還有高考在等著我。。。。也不能說完全是因?yàn)門，我摸底考試真的……讓我覺得上本科都有問題呀，所以，我也不會(huì)再去考了，這全當(dāng)人生的一次經(jīng)歷了……
JJ已經(jīng)有人說過了，我就不多說了，貌似題目的順序都是一樣的……閱讀……
我是加式的閱讀，幸好沒有加聽力亞，要不我肯定暈厥在那里了……這次聽力沒有table……太好了……不過，我就是投機(jī)取巧，在listen的時(shí)候老想去聽別人再speak啥。。然后就有N多沒有聽到，真的是很失敗。。不過想說不被speak的影響到是不可能的，如果你想猜題。。我覺得是休息的10分鐘不要出去，就在那里聽大家說……大概可以猜個(gè)8 9 成……
我先就聽到一個(gè)人說他的目標(biāo)是當(dāng)一個(gè)successful man，然后又聽到他說喜歡small class
所以在10分鐘的時(shí)候就寫了個(gè)草稿。。。然后基本上就是照著說的
不過后面的……特別是第4，6題。。我都不曉得我在干什么……
很影響心情……
提醒各位去川大的要把吃的放在3樓，不要鎖在2樓，是不能去拿的。。。其實(shí)我覺得不吃也沒什么，我都是硬吃了兩塊巧克力下去。。
還有，一定要帶好證件……貌似又有N多人只帶了身份證……然后那老師還很毒，說你馬上給美國(guó)ETS打電話，反映下這個(gè)問題……狠……
其他的也就沒什么要提醒大家的了，就是在考試前一定要記得看JJ，這次speaking的第4題是出過的……但我貌似當(dāng)時(shí)太激動(dòng)了，雖然聽得很清楚，但是激動(dòng)地語無倫次……
這次T之后，我就要好好學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)了，我也不知道為什么當(dāng)時(shí)就是想要出國(guó)去讀本科，現(xiàn)在覺得，自己確實(shí)，離那個(gè)英語水平有一定的距離。
我一同學(xué)昨天去考SAT去了，她的T是六百零幾，為什么都是同學(xué)，差距就那么大呢??
我這次去考看見美麗又帥氣的新東方老師了……他做的。。真的是快……
10.15的IBT回顧
昨天的考試基本還算順利，我是在北師大的考場(chǎng)。
首先，人不多，我們的教室因?yàn)橛幸恍┤藳]有去，我在做題時(shí)大約只有不到三十人。每?jī)蓚€(gè)人之間有小段距離，會(huì)有一些影響，但是還可以。
第二，感覺草紙三張是夠用的，鉛筆雖然一開始只發(fā)一只，但是只要感覺用得鈍了，可以在考完一個(gè)section后舉手，老師會(huì)再給你一只。
再說說考試的內(nèi)容和難度吧，但是每個(gè)人的體會(huì)是不一樣的，我說說個(gè)人的體會(huì)
第一，閱讀。我的閱讀加試了兩篇，一共做了五篇，時(shí)間還是比較緊，有一篇是講生物進(jìn)化的，大致的內(nèi)容是以前達(dá)爾文的生物進(jìn)化理論認(rèn)為生物進(jìn)化需要較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，所以很難去觀察研究，但是現(xiàn)在的一些研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)有一些生物用較短的時(shí)間就可以有一些進(jìn)化。然后文章給出了一個(gè)學(xué)者用一種水中生物做的例子(那個(gè)單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)，呵呵);接下來就是另外一個(gè)鳥的進(jìn)化的例子，是由另外一對(duì)學(xué)者夫婦觀察到的，這兩個(gè)例子都是在證明生物的一些進(jìn)化會(huì)在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成，還會(huì)跟據(jù)環(huán)境的變化而反復(fù)變化。還有一篇是講蝙蝠的，主要內(nèi)容是蝙蝠的聚居方式會(huì)使他們的聚居地成為許多細(xì)菌的生長(zhǎng)地，然后給出了一些原因，還指出了一些專門寄生在蝙蝠身上的細(xì)菌和他們?nèi)绾畏敝澈蟠?剩下的記不清楚了)
總體感覺，題不是很難，但是篇幅還是較長(zhǎng)，所以閱讀的時(shí)候速度要快，而且要理清楚段落之間的大意和關(guān)系，這樣就心中有數(shù)了。
第二，聽力。這一section我感覺烈的就是它的校園生活對(duì)話部分比og的要難一些，但是學(xué)術(shù)類的是差不多的，不難。比較起泰德的和kaplan的學(xué)術(shù)類段子，正式考試的學(xué)術(shù)類的段子要簡(jiǎn)單。但是篇幅可能差不多長(zhǎng)。生詞量有一些，但是不是特別多，對(duì)文章的理解沒有太多的防礙。有一篇講美國(guó)的19世紀(jì)初的大眾詩的興起的(不知道這樣翻譯對(duì)不對(duì))，還有一篇是講關(guān)于花的化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)的，還有一篇是講一個(gè)重新被考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了的英國(guó)殖民地的。還有一篇關(guān)于地質(zhì)學(xué)，slide的。
我在做聽力的時(shí)候還是受到了一些影響，但是幸好我坐的位置還是較好的，靠窗，不靠門，我感覺靠著門的同學(xué)很慘，因?yàn)橹灰腥诉M(jìn)出就會(huì)影響他們。
第三，口語?？傮w感覺難度中等，不像新東方的口語特訓(xùn)那么難，前兩題不會(huì)太偏，大多是我們一般練習(xí)過的，我的第一題是講一講你的未來的一個(gè)目標(biāo)。第二題是喜歡大班學(xué)習(xí)還是小班學(xué)習(xí)(看以前的機(jī)經(jīng)似乎有重復(fù)?)，剩下的四道題可能稍微難一些，但是聽力方面最起碼可以聽懂60%(水平高的同學(xué)當(dāng)然就不用說了)，閱讀還是容易理解的。總之比我預(yù)期的要好。
第四，寫作。感覺不難。較為簡(jiǎn)單。時(shí)間也較為寬裕，不過我還是在第一篇綜合寫作部分沒有寫完
幾個(gè)月的復(fù)習(xí)就這么過去了，但是仔細(xì)想想正式復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)間也就兩個(gè)多月，雖然在進(jìn)考場(chǎng)之前特別的怕，因?yàn)槲腋杏X有些模塊的題還是很難的，如果是那樣的話我就死定了，但是考過了之后發(fā)現(xiàn)不論如何，在上了考場(chǎng)之后大家都會(huì)應(yīng)付過來的。所以不要怕!
10.15成都IBT新鮮歸來（一些考場(chǎng)的事情）
聽原來大家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，今天我是一大早就去了(大概7點(diǎn)10分左右)，我那號(hào)牌的時(shí)候前面已經(jīng)有十多號(hào)人了阿，不過不算太后面，大致最后又將近50人參加考試，由于偶的水平確實(shí)有限，就不亂發(fā)機(jī)警誤導(dǎo)大家樂。所以主要說一些考場(chǎng)注意事項(xiàng)啦
一 證件
這個(gè)實(shí)在是太重要了哈，靠前認(rèn)真閱讀靠考試須知，帶護(hù)照，有了這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)直就是一證通哈，要嗎就是戴上身份證和其他證件，一定要都要帶上。今天又個(gè)從拉薩來的同胞就是因?yàn)橹粠Я松矸葑C被KICK OUT了哈，聽郁悶的。還有如果是開證明的話是要求用專用紙的而且要有相關(guān)人員的簽名，不然就是證件不符。模糊中聽那個(gè)監(jiān)考老師在說什么：“證件不符和證件不齊是完全不同的概念”之類的，似乎很嚴(yán)重。
二 考場(chǎng)情況
基本上我是8點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)時(shí)進(jìn)去(真正的照相考試在7點(diǎn)40左右就開始了，所以大家還是要早到)
進(jìn)去以后就是照相，發(fā)鉛筆和草稿紙3張(進(jìn)去時(shí)只允許帶證件，號(hào)牌和誓言書)
這些完成后，老大會(huì)收走誓言書，然后領(lǐng)你到位置做好
這個(gè)時(shí)候，游離的人都該清醒了，因?yàn)榭荚嚲烷_始了
我開始做閱讀的時(shí)候，還有人陸續(xù)進(jìn)入
由于本人定力不佳，再加上實(shí)力欠缺，閱讀時(shí)頗受了點(diǎn)影響，很難集中精力0_0
做到READING的第二個(gè)SECTION時(shí)基本上就進(jìn)場(chǎng)完畢了，這個(gè)時(shí)候是很安靜的適合做題啊
最郁悶的還是偶居然做了三個(gè)SECTION的閱讀，瘋掉了，做完第二個(gè)時(shí)我都把耳機(jī)戴上了，卻突然又來個(gè)READING，老天真是對(duì)我不公>_<
聽力做到最后一個(gè)的時(shí)候，我旁邊的大哥開始口語了=_=聲音真大
不過，同志們，不要因?yàn)檫@個(gè)而悲觀哈
我借此機(jī)會(huì)聽清楚了第二道PREFERENCE的內(nèi)容
(第一道因?yàn)槭莻€(gè)人經(jīng)歷其實(shí)不太好打題，但是第二道就不同了，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)人都會(huì)以I'd prefer a rather than b之類的形式開始的)其實(shí)聽力的剩余時(shí)間可以不要急著按CONTINUE借此機(jī)會(huì)多休息一下，再聽聽周圍人的口語，可以小有收獲的。
然后做完聽力，就到廁所(雖然有點(diǎn)變態(tài)>_<)里面用點(diǎn)時(shí)間組織一下口語，特別是“偷到的”現(xiàn)成題目，很有效果的
接下來是口語和作文，因?yàn)殚_始時(shí)間不同而且自己也很專注，其實(shí)影響并不大。
之前很擔(dān)心會(huì)有竄音影響之類的
其實(shí)不會(huì)的，安排座位是周圍的人都是比我先作口語的(幾乎就都是在我再廁所里準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)候=_=)，所以等到我嚎的時(shí)候，只有很遠(yuǎn)的聲音，所以不會(huì)影響到。
不過我還是要說，我前面那位MM一直和凳子過不去，磨來磨去的，已經(jīng)被毆的麥給錄下來，發(fā)配到大洋彼岸去了^_^
等我寫完作文抬頭時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)周圍的T友們都撤退，然后我也光榮離開……
三 監(jiān)考老師
其實(shí)川大監(jiān)考老師都算很和藹的，很通情達(dá)理
只要不是原則性問題，大家就不要明確的東問西問了，那些雞毛蒜皮的事情問了反而不如不問得好，還不如和周圍看起來老道的人交流一下，就行了
總值痛苦暫時(shí)過去
也不算很噩夢(mèng)阿
祝大家考好(偶比較現(xiàn)實(shí))