成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)語(yǔ)法輔導(dǎo):2011成人學(xué)位英語(yǔ)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞指導(dǎo)

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成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)語(yǔ)法輔導(dǎo):2011成人學(xué)位英語(yǔ)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞指導(dǎo)
    情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,在英文中主要用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的看法、態(tài)度等。它很接近中文里的能愿動(dòng)詞。從用法上來(lái)說(shuō),它有這樣幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):
    1)各個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞自身都有一定的詞義。
    2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能在句中獨(dú)立擔(dān)當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。
    3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在句中不受任何人稱(chēng),性,數(shù)變化的影響。
    4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接的不定式(除ought外)都不帶to ,即接動(dòng)詞原形。
    英文中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要有:can,could,may,might,must,ought,need,dare,dared,另外,shall,will,should,would在一定的場(chǎng)合也可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。例如:
    He can speak five languages .他會(huì)說(shuō)五種語(yǔ)言。
    She must have arrived home by now .現(xiàn)在她準(zhǔn)到家了。
    We should study hard for our motherland . 我們應(yīng)該為祖國(guó)而努力學(xué)習(xí)。
    They needn't be in such a hurry for there is enough time for them . 他們還有足夠的時(shí)間,用不著這么慌張。
    1. 常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法
    can,could 能
    (could可以看作是can的過(guò)去式,這兩個(gè)詞除了時(shí)態(tài)不相同外,在表達(dá)意思的許多方面是相同的。當(dāng)然could也有自己獨(dú)特的用法。)
    1)表示腦力或體力上的能力
    Nobody can stop the development of science .
    誰(shuí)也無(wú)法阻止科學(xué)的發(fā)展。
    She can sing that song in English.她能用英文唱那歌。
    He can submerge to a depth of about twenty meters .
    他能潛入約二十米深的水中。
    He could hardly support his family before he found the new job .他在找到那份新工作前幾乎無(wú)法養(yǎng)家。
    I could not understand the lecture on the computer given by Mr. Smith .
    我聽(tīng)不懂史密斯先生作的那個(gè)關(guān)于計(jì)算機(jī)的講座。
    2)表示客觀上的可能性
    You can borrow this useful book from the library .
    你可以從圖書(shū)館借到這種有用的書(shū)。
    A more suitable person than him for the job can not be found . 不可能找到比他更適合這份工作的人了。
    Now people can skate on the lake .現(xiàn)在人們可以在湖上滑冰了。
    When the storm stopped,the plane could take off .
    當(dāng)風(fēng)暴停下來(lái)時(shí),飛機(jī)可以起飛了不得。
    3)表示主觀上的允許
    Can I ask you some questions about it ?
    我可以問(wèn)你有關(guān)這件事的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎?
    You can not leave here till I come back .直到我回來(lái)你才能離開(kāi)。
    Such kind of thing can't happen any more later .
    這類(lèi)事以后不準(zhǔn)再發(fā)生了。
    Can you tell me how to get to the airport ?你能告訴我怎么去機(jī)場(chǎng)嗎?
    Could you tell me how to get to the airport ?
    您能告訴我怎么去機(jī)場(chǎng)嗎?
    Could I be forgiven my negligence ?請(qǐng)?jiān)徫业氖韬觯袉幔?BR>    4)(用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句中)表示猜測(cè)、懷疑或驚詫
    How can / could you be here ?你怎么會(huì)在這兒?
    She couldn't / can't be so stupid to do that .
    她不可能蠢得去做那種事吧。
    He couldn't / can't be over seventy .他不可能有七十多歲了。
    Where could / can the boy be now?那孩子現(xiàn)在能在哪兒呢?
    另外,could還常用于表示較客氣委婉的看法、提問(wèn)及用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)中。這時(shí)候,could就不可以看作是can的過(guò)去式了。而是could自己獨(dú)特的用法。如:
    Could you speak a little slowly ?
    您能稍微說(shuō)慢一點(diǎn)兒?jiǎn)幔?BR>    I'm afraid that we couldn't give you any definite answer at this moment .
    恐怕我們這時(shí)候還無(wú)法給予您任何確切的答復(fù)。
    I could come earlier if asked .
    如果要讓我早一點(diǎn)來(lái),我可以來(lái)早一點(diǎn)。
    We would appreciate it if you could offer us any help .
    如果您能為我們提供幫助的話(huà),我們將不甚感激。
    You could have done better if you had worked harder at it .
    如果你再加把勁,本來(lái)可以干得更好一些的。
    may,might 或許,可能,可以
    (might可以看作是may的過(guò)去式,這兩個(gè)詞除了時(shí)態(tài)不相同外,在表達(dá)意思的許多方面是相近的。當(dāng)然may和might又都有一些各自不同的獨(dú)特用法。)
    1)可能性
    I may be busy from tomorrow on .從明天起我可能會(huì)忙起來(lái)。
    You may catch sight of the sunrise from here when you get up before 5 in the morning .你在早晨五點(diǎn)鐘以前起來(lái),或許能從這兒看到日出。
    I wondered if they might agree with the idea .我想知道他們是否會(huì)同意這種想法。
    She thought it might be wise to try her luck here .
    她認(rèn)為在這兒碰碰運(yùn)氣也不錯(cuò)。
    2)表示允許
    May I come in?我可以進(jìn)來(lái)嗎?
    I'd like to have a smoke here if I may .
    如果可以的話(huà)我想在這兒抽一支煙。
    The librarian told her that she might return the book to the library in three days.
    圖書(shū)館理員告訴她說(shuō),她可以在三天后還那本書(shū)。
    At the press conference,a news reporter asked the chairman if she might trouble him with a question about Taiwan issue.
    在記者招待會(huì)上,一位新聞?dòng)浾邌?wèn)大會(huì)主席她是否能提一個(gè)有關(guān)臺(tái)灣問(wèn)題方面的問(wèn)題。
    3)may間或用來(lái)表示祝愿,也常用于表示目的或讓步的狀語(yǔ)從句中:
    May that day come soon .但愿這天早日到來(lái)。
    May you succeed in winning the first prize in the game .
    祝愿你比賽奪冠成功。
    May you continue in your efforts and achieve greatersuccesses .
    祝愿你繼續(xù)努力并取得更大的成功。
    表示極有可能發(fā)生某事
    As an auto repairman ,Dick ought to know what is wrong with the car .
    狄克作為一個(gè)汽車(chē)修理工總該知道這部車(chē)的毛病所在吧。
    If we set off right now ,we ought to be able to get there in time .
    如果我們馬上出發(fā),我們應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠按時(shí)到達(dá)那里。
    Tomorrow ought to be a nice day for we have such a fine sunset today .
    今天有這么好的晚霞,明天準(zhǔn)是個(gè)晴天。
    need(用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句)需要
    There are still one and a half hours to go ,we needn't be insuch a hurry .
    還有一個(gè)半小時(shí),我們無(wú)需如此慌慌張張。
    I hardly need say how much we missed you .不用說(shuō)我們是多么想念你啊。
    Need you go so soon ?你需要這么早就去嗎?
    You need have no anxiety on my account .你不必為我而著急。
    dare ,dared(用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句和疑問(wèn)句)敢
    Dare you stay here alone in the night ? 你敢在夜里呆在這兒?jiǎn)幔?BR>    Nobody dared mention that matter. 沒(méi)有人敢提那件事。
    How dared you say that to her ? 你怎么敢對(duì)她說(shuō)那件事?
    Even if you dare do it ,I won't allow you to because it's too dangerous .
    即使你敢做,我也會(huì)讓你做那件事,因?yàn)樘kU(xiǎn)了
    shall 用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),適用于第二人稱(chēng)和第三人稱(chēng)。
    主要表示下面幾層意思:
    1)許諾
    You shall hear everything directly you come .你一來(lái)就可以聽(tīng)到一切了。
    “Whatever you want you shall have ,”said the Fairy .
    仙女說(shuō):“你想得到什么,你就可以有什么。”
    I don't want to be hard on your daughter ;she shan't be pressed .
    我不想對(duì)你女兒太嚴(yán)厲,她不會(huì)太受壓的。
    I promise that you shall see her again before long .
    我保證你不久就能再見(jiàn)到她。
    2)命令
    You shall come to my office immediately .你必須馬上來(lái)我的辦公室。
    She shall not stay in my garden .她不可以呆在我的花園里。
    He shall not come into my study . 不許他進(jìn)我的書(shū)房。
    You shall do as you are told .按告訴你的那么做。
    3)決心(表示某事一定會(huì)發(fā)生)
    That day shall come .那一天一定會(huì)到來(lái)。
    It has been decided that he shall be given the job .
    肯定給他那份工作的事已經(jīng)定下來(lái)了。
    This law shall come into effect on January 1st 2001.
    這個(gè)法律于2001年元月1日生效。
    4)規(guī)定
    Each competitor shall wear a number .每個(gè)參賽者要佩戴一個(gè)數(shù)字標(biāo)。
    The renter shall keep the house in a neat and orderly state .
    租賃者要保持房屋整潔有序。
    The supplier shall make shipment before October and the purchaser shall make payment within 15 days after receipt of the goods .賣(mài)方十月以前裝運(yùn),買(mǎi)方在收到貨物后十五天內(nèi)付款。
    should?。ㄓ米髑閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),有時(shí)表示具體的意思,有時(shí)卻沒(méi)有意義。主要用于下面幾個(gè)方面。)
    1)表示出于職責(zé)、義務(wù)該做某事
    You shouldn't come to such a decision hastily .
    你不應(yīng)該匆匆忙忙地作出這么一個(gè)決定。
    You should write to your parents at least once a month .
    你應(yīng)該至少每月給你父母親寫(xiě)一封信。
    We should read English aloud every morning .
    我們應(yīng)該每天早晨朗讀英文。
    They should do it for their own good .
    為了他們自己利益他們應(yīng)該做這件事。
    2)表示對(duì)某種情況的估計(jì)
    She shouldn't be out in such an early morning .
    她不會(huì)這么一大早就出去了吧。
    The effect of the tax should be felt in higher prices .
    人們可能會(huì)從各種上漲的物價(jià)中感覺(jué)到這種稅的影響的。
    The event should lead them to a even worse economic crisis.這次事件可能會(huì)將他們引向更嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。
    This book should be published in two months at most .
    這本書(shū)多兩個(gè)月后就會(huì)出版的。
    3)表示驚訝、失望等情緒
    I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so miserable.
    我認(rèn)為,竟然每個(gè)人都如此傷心就太糟糕了。
    Why should I pay him for nothing ? 我干嗎要無(wú)為地付給他錢(qián)?
    It seems so unfair that this should happen to me .
    這件事竟然發(fā)生在我身上似乎太不公平了。
    It's strange that it should be so cold today .奇怪,今天怎么會(huì)這么冷。
    4)用于某些從句中表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣
    The doctor insisted that the girl should be hospitalized .
    大夫堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為那個(gè)女孩要住院治療。
    If it had not been for the doctor's care the girl should not be speaking to you now .要不是由于大夫的精心照料,這個(gè)女孩現(xiàn)在就不能與你說(shuō)話(huà)了。
    She stood away so that he should enter the room first .
    她讓到一邊,好讓他第一個(gè)進(jìn)入房間。
    I'll write it down lest I should forget it 我將它記下以免遺忘。
    Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain .
    帶上雨傘,以防萬(wàn)一下雨。
    will ,would
    (would可以看作是will的過(guò)去式,這兩個(gè)詞除了時(shí)態(tài)不相同外,在表達(dá)意思的許多方面是相近的。當(dāng)然will 和would又都有一些各自不同的獨(dú)特用法。)
    1)用于第二人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句,表示請(qǐng)求(在這種用法中would使語(yǔ)氣更為客氣、委婉)
    Will you tell her that I'll be back in twenty minutes ?
    請(qǐng)告訴她我二十分鐘后回來(lái),好嗎?
    If you want help,just let me know ,will you ?
    你需要幫助就告訴我,好嗎?
    Won't you come in and have a little whisky ?
    你要不要進(jìn)來(lái)喝一點(diǎn)兒威士忌?(或是:你進(jìn)來(lái)喝一點(diǎn)兒威士忌,好嗎?)
    Would you tell me how to get to the shopping center ?
    您能告訴我怎么去購(gòu)物中心嗎?
    2)用于表示愿望
    Go where you will .去你想去的地方吧。
    I will pay you at the rate you ask .我會(huì)按你要的利率付給你錢(qián)的。
    He wouldn't let the doctor take his blood pressure .他不愿意讓大夫給他量血壓。
    They had to obey whether they would or not .他們不得不遵從他們的意愿。
    3)表示習(xí)慣、傾向(可譯成“總是會(huì)、老是,等” )
    Sometimes the cat will lie there all afternoon .
    有時(shí)侯,那只貓總是整個(gè)下午都躺在那兒。
    Oil and water will not mix .油和水決不能調(diào)和。
    He would sit there for hours ,doing nothing at all .
    他總是在那兒一坐就是幾個(gè)小時(shí),什么都不干。
    4)表示猜測(cè)(可譯成“一定是……、想必……,等” )
    This will be the house you're looking for .這想必就是你要找的房子吧。
    He will have gone back to New Zealand .他一定是回新西蘭去了。
    The person you mentioned would be the father ,is that right ?
    你說(shuō)的那個(gè)人一定是爸爸了,對(duì)嗎?
    That would be in 1999 ,I think .那大概是在1999年吧。
    5)will用于表示決心(可譯成“一定要,決心,等” )
    We will never talk about that subject again .
    我們決不會(huì)再談?wù)撨@個(gè)話(huà)題了。
    I will make this computer work even if I have to stay up all night .
    我即使整晚不睡覺(jué)也一定要讓這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)工作起來(lái)。
    6)would常用于虛擬條件句,表示與事實(shí)相反或不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況。
    But for your help we would have been late .要不是你幫忙我們就遲到了。
    Well ,I wouldn't worry about it . It won't do me any good .
    好了,我不會(huì)擔(dān)心那件事的,因?yàn)樗粫?huì)給我?guī)?lái)什么好處。
    2. 關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面接進(jìn)行式和完成式的情況
    一般說(shuō)來(lái),“進(jìn)行式”表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行;“完成式”則表示動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在過(guò)去或是表示按理是發(fā)生了但事實(shí)上卻沒(méi)有發(fā)生。下面我們分別討論一下各種具體情況。
    A. 關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面接進(jìn)行式的情況
    can后面接進(jìn)行式 表示可能正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,例如:
    What can she be doing at this moment ?這個(gè)時(shí)候她會(huì)在做什么呢?
    You can't be telling us the truth.你不可能在對(duì)我將真話(huà)。
    Can he be still thinking of it I told him ?
    他會(huì)不會(huì)還在考慮我告訴他的那件事呢?
    may后面接進(jìn)行式表示可能正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,例如:
    Your mother may be waiting for you to return home .
    你媽媽可能正等著你回家吧。
    She may be leaving for New York tomorrow or some day .
    她或許明天或者什么時(shí)候會(huì)動(dòng)身去紐約。
    They may be returning back before Christmas .他可能圣誕節(jié)前回來(lái)。
    might后面接進(jìn)行式表示可能正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,例如:
    They might be planning to make a loan for their new project .
    他們也許在為他們的新項(xiàng)目策劃貸款的事。
    She might still be crying for being wronged .
    她或許因?yàn)槭芰嗽┩鬟€在啼哭。
    You might be telling me a lie .你也許在對(duì)我撒謊。
    must后面接進(jìn)行式 表示想必正在做某事,例如:
    You must be thinking where I learned it .你一定在想我是從哪兒知道這件事的。
    They must be following us just a little behind us .
    他們肯定在離我們不遠(yuǎn)的地方尾隨著我們。
    My brother must be sleeping in bed for it's so quiet in the house .
    家里這么安靜,我弟弟一定在床上睡覺(jué)。
    should后面接進(jìn)行式表示應(yīng)該正在做某事,例如:
    You should be doing your exercises instead of watching TV.
    現(xiàn)在你該在做作業(yè)而不是看電視。
    You shouldn't be thinking about the solution only in one way .
    你不應(yīng)該只用一種方法考慮解決問(wèn)題的辦法。
    Why should I be waiting here without doing anything ?
    我憑什么在這兒白等。
    B.關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面接完成式的情況
    can后面接完成式 表示可能已經(jīng)做了某事。例如:
    He can't have left home because the television is on .
    因?yàn)殡娨曔€開(kāi)著所以他不會(huì)離開(kāi)家了。
    Where can they have gone ?他們會(huì)去了哪兒呢?
    You can't have finished the novel so soon .
    你不可能這么快就看完了那本小說(shuō)。
    could后面接完成式 表示本可能發(fā)生或本可以做的事而沒(méi)有發(fā)生或沒(méi)有做;它的否定形式則表示本不可能發(fā)生或本不可以做的事而已經(jīng)發(fā)生或已經(jīng)做了。例如:
    The output could have been increased by 15% .產(chǎn)量本可以提高百分之十五的。
    How could he have forgotten him birthday ?他怎么會(huì)忘了自己的生日呢?
    Judging from her appearance and manner,she couldn't have been over fifty years old . 從她的儀表和舉止來(lái)看,她不可能已有五十多歲了。