專題一 名詞
1. 名詞的數(shù)
概述: 名詞按其表示的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
可數(shù)名詞及其單復(fù)數(shù)：可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)變化，其前通常用不定冠詞和數(shù)詞來修飾，還可用many, few, a few, some, any, plenty of, lots of, a number of 等修飾。構(gòu)成名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的方法分為規(guī)則法和不規(guī)則法兩種。
復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則構(gòu)成法：絕大多數(shù)英語中的名詞復(fù)數(shù)都是在單數(shù)名詞后加上詞尾-s或-es構(gòu)成的。具體規(guī)則如下圖：
規(guī)則 |
例詞 |
一般情況下加-s |
apple-apples, ruler-rulers |
以s, x, ch，sh,結(jié)尾的加-es |
bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches, brush-brushes |
以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的，把y變成i再加-es |
city-cities, county-countries |
以f或fe結(jié)尾的，把f或fe變成v,再加-es |
knife-knives, leaf-leaves |
以o結(jié)尾的，有的詞尾加-es，有的加-s |
在初中英語范圍內(nèi)加-es的主要有以下4個：tomato-tomatoes，potato-potatoes Hero-heroes， Negro-Negroes |
2) 復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則構(gòu)成法：
a.單復(fù)同形的：Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, deer-deer, sheep-sheep, fish-fish(表示魚的數(shù)量)
b. 熟記下列詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children
c. 以man, woman做定語構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時要全變：a man teacher-two men teachers; 其他情況一般只變主體名詞而作定語的名詞不變：a girl student-two girl students
3. 不可數(shù)名詞：不可數(shù)名詞沒有單復(fù)數(shù)。如：water, meat, air等。在表示數(shù)量時，通常用以下方法。
1)用some, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等表示多少。
There is little milk at home.
The old man has lots of money.
2) 若要表示不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量，應(yīng)用“數(shù)詞+量詞+of+名詞”這種形式，若數(shù)字超過一，量詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a glass of water-two glasses of water, a piece of bread-two pieces of bread
2. 專有名詞：專有名詞是表示特定的人，事物， 地點等，如：Tom, China, the United Kingdom. 專有名詞的第一個字母一般大寫，大部分專有名詞前一般不用冠詞。
3. 名詞的所有格：
1. 概述：名詞的所有格在句中是表示所有關(guān)系，作定語。
2. 名詞所有格的構(gòu)成：名詞所有格包括 –s所有格和of所有格兩種形式。無生命的名詞的所有格通常用of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。如：the name of the school, the window of the house等。–s所有格主要用于有生命的東西和表示時間，距離，國家等的名詞后。構(gòu)成方法如下：
一般直接在名詞后加’s. 如：Jim’s book
復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格，若以s/es結(jié)尾只加撇號，不以s/es結(jié)尾仍加’s。如：
Children’s Day, the teachers’ office.
3)“ and”連接的并列名詞的所有格，表示兩人“共有”只在后一個名詞尾加’s; 表示“各自擁有”，兩個名詞尾都要加’s. 如：Jim and Lucy’s book(共有); Jane’s and Tom’s books(不共有)
4)表示店鋪或某人的家等處所時，常在名詞的所有格后省去shop, house, home等。如：the barber’s, at my uncle’s
5) 表示時間，距離，國家，城市的無生命名詞，可以在詞尾加’s或’表示所有格，如：today’s newspaper, five minutes’ walk.
3. 雙重所有格
1)名詞雙重所有格的含義：of+名詞所有格稱為雙重所有格，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，of前面是一部分，of后面是一個整體。
例如：Mr Wang is a friend of my father's. (=Mr Wang is one of my father's friends.) 王先生 是我父親的一個朋友.
2)名詞雙重所有格的構(gòu)成方法：
a. of前面的名詞前面通常有一個含泛指意義的限定詞，如a, any, some, no, few, several以及two, three等。例如：
Have you read any stories of Lei Feng's? 你看過雷鋒的故事嗎?
They gave me some books of theirs. 他們把他們的一些書給了我。
Three classmates of my sister's have found good jobs. 我姐姐的三個同學(xué)已經(jīng)找到了好工作。
b. 有時of前面的名詞前面可以用指示代詞this, that表示某種感情色彩。例如：
That answer of Jim's was right. 吉姆的那個回答是對的。
Something is wrong with this eye of mine. 我的這只眼睛出了毛病。
c. of后面帶有's的名詞或名詞性物主代詞通常是特指的人。例如：
That's a book of Lu Xun's. 這是魯迅的一本書。
This is a child of theirs. 那是他們的一個孩子。
3)名詞的雙重所有格與“of + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)之間的區(qū)別：
a.. 句子所表達的側(cè)重點不同。試比較：
He is a friend of my father's. (著重說明“父親”的朋友不止一個)
He is a friend of my father. (著重說明“他”是父親的一個朋友)
b. of前面是picture等詞時，含義不同。試比較：
This is a picture of my teacher's. 這是我老師收藏的一張照片。
This is a picture of my teacher. 這是我老師的一張照片。
實戰(zhàn)演練(2×50)
1. June 1st is ____ Day all over the world.
A. Child’s B. Children’s C. Childrens’
2. September 10th is ___ Day in China.
A. Teacher’s B. Teachers’ C. Teacher
3. This is _______ news.
A. such a good B. a very good C. such good
4.—What ______ it is!
—Let’s go out to have a picnic.
A. a fine weather B. fine day C. a fine day
5. Tom and I go to school _____ every day.
A. on feet B. on foot C. by foot
6. –Are those _____?
-No, they aren’t. They’re _____.
A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cow C. sheeps; cow
7. A group of ____ are talking with two ___ over there.
A. Frenchmen; Germans B. Frenchmen; Germen C. German; Frenchmen
8. That doctor drank two _____.
A. glass of water B. glasses of waters C. cups of tea
9. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _______.
A. Bob mother B. Bob’s mother’s C. mother of Bob
10. The tall man with a big nose is _______ classmate.
A. Tom and Carl B. Tom’s and Carl’s C. Tom and Carl’s
11.In ____ time, there will be more tall buildings in our city.
A. few year B. a few years’ C. a few year’s
12. How many ___ do you want every month?
A. milk B. water C. apples
13. –Whose is this new bicycle?
-It’s _____.
A. Sue and Jim’s B . Sue and Jim C. Sue’s and Jim’s
14. –Would you like _____tea?
-No, thanks. I’ve drunk two __.
A. any; bottles of orange B. a little; bottle of oranges C. some; bottles of orange
15. –How many _____ do you want?
-Two, please.
A. kilos of egg B. kilo of eggs C. kilos of eggs
16. The bus stop is two _____ from our house.
A. hour’s drive B. hours’ drive C. hour-drive
17. –Where are you going, Amy?-_______.
A. To my uncle B. To my uncle’s C. At my uncle
18. Have you read _____?
A. a newspaper of today’s B. today newspaper C. today's newspaper
19. Lucy put a lot of ____ in ____ of tea.
A. sugar; the two cup B. sugars; the two cups C. sugar; the two cups
20. Tomatoes, broccoli, and ____ are vegetables.
A. bananas B. potatoes C. noodles
21. –Help yourself to some _________.
-Thank you. I really like them.
A. fish B. orange C. cakes
22. The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth B. a tooth C. teeth
23. We all had ______ last month. Did you travel to anywhere?
A. three days’ holiday B. three day’s holiday C. three-days holiday
24. When autumn comes, ______ of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.
A. leaf B. leave C. leaves
25. Tomorrow I'm going to my________. It's a _________.
A aunt...five minutes' walk B aunt's...five minute's walk
C aunt's...five minutes' walk
26. A computer is one of the greatest ________in this century.
A inventors B inventions C invitations
27. We haven't ________ homework to do today.
A many B some C much
28. Three hours________enough for a__________boy to read books.
A is...ten-year-old B are...ten-year-old C is...ten-years-old
29. _________that pair of new_________nice?
A Is...shoe B Are...shoes C Is...shoes
30.Mary, I've bought many_______. Now let's make the birthday cake.
A fresh eggs B chocolate milk C food
31. The two ________are my________.
A woman doctors... friends B women doctors... friends
C women doctors... friend
32. These are________houses.
A Lee and my uncle B the Lee's and my uncle's
C theLees' and my uncle
33. We are__________.They are_________.
A Chinese...Germen B Chinese...German
C Chinese...Germans
34. There ______ a pencil and two books on the desk.
A. has B. is C.are
35. A number of students ______ for the school bus now.
A. is waiting B. are waiting C. waits
36. The number of students in the class ______ large.
A. are B. has C.is
37. A _____ is used for keeping warm.
A. stamp B. scarf C. key
38. There is no _______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.
A. room B. a room C. rooms
39. ---This is a photo of _________ when they were young.
---OK, how happy they both looked!
A. my father and mother B. my mother and father's
C. my mother's and father's
40. The new student is in __________ , Grade Two.
A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three
41. --- What would you like to drink, girls?
--- _________, please.
A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffee C. Two coffee
42 During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for ______
A. fun B. wishes C. interest
43. They are those _________ bags. Please put them on the bus.
A. visitor B. visitor's C. visitors'
44.--- How many students are there in your school?
--- There are two ___________.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundreds of
45. ---What do you think of the _______ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?
-- It sounds really wonderful.
A. subject B. music C. book
46. There is not enough _________ in the corner for the TV.
A. place B. room C. field
47. If you don't take more ________, you'll get fat.
A. medicine B. lessons C. exercise
48. My school is about twenty ________ walk from here.
A. minute B. minutes' C. minutes
49. Mum, I have _______ to tell you!
A. a good news B. some good news C. many good news
50. Maths ________ not easy to learn.
A. are B. is C. am
參考答案：
1-5:BBCCB; 6-10:AACBC; 11-15: BCACC; 16-20:BBCCB; 21-25:CCACC;26-30：BCACA