英語四級闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文的寫作要領(lǐng)

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一、 中文提綱式作文的類型
    二、 闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文的出題形式
    三、 闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和寫作方法
    四、 闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文練習(xí)及其參考范文
    第一節(jié) 中文提綱式作文的類型考試大論壇
    我對1991到2001年間的四級考試的作文題做了一番分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)這11年里的二十二次的寫作題目除1991年6月的試題為圖表作文和2001年6月的試題為書信作文外,其余的二十次均為中文提綱式作文。這二十次作文題主要可分為五種類型:
    (1) 闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型
    (2) 說明利弊型
    (3) 解決問題型來源:www.examda.com
    (4) 解釋原因或理由型
    (5) 闡述名言型
    第二節(jié) 闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文的出題形式
    在四級考試中,我們常常會遇到要我們就兩種對立的觀點(diǎn)表明自己的態(tài)度的題目。請大家看看此類題型的幾個例子:
    例1:標(biāo)題:Is Failure a Bad Thing? (1992, 6)
    1. 失敗是常有的事
    2. 人們對失敗有各種不同的態(tài)度
    3. 我對失敗的態(tài)度
    例2:標(biāo)題:Can Money Buy Happiness? (1995, 1)
    1. 有人認(rèn)為金錢是幸福之本(source of happiness)
    2. 也有人認(rèn)為金錢是萬惡之源(root of all evil)
    3. 我的看法
    例3:標(biāo)題:Reading Selectively or Extensively? (1999, 6)
    1. 有人認(rèn)為讀書要有選擇
    2. 有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書
    3. 我的看法
    可見,闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文的標(biāo)題往往以問句的形式出現(xiàn),而且題目往往可以改寫為兩種對立的觀點(diǎn)或做法。例如例1-3的標(biāo)題就可以改寫為:
    闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文的中文提綱則往往是這樣的:
    1.有(些)人認(rèn)為……
    2.也有(些)人認(rèn)為……
    3.我的看法/觀點(diǎn)
    第三節(jié) 闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和寫作方法
    在動手寫闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文前,我們必須根據(jù)所提供的中文提綱,考慮一下這類文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)以及實(shí)現(xiàn)其篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的一些常用的模式或套路,以便使文章的組織顯得有條理,層次分明,脈絡(luò)清晰。
    6.3.1 闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文的兩種篇章結(jié)構(gòu)及其寫作套路
    6.3.1.1 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)1
    第一段:引言(引出討論的主題(X),提出兩種對立的觀點(diǎn)(A和B),有時(shí)還可略提及支持這兩種觀點(diǎn)的理由)
    第二段:正文(表明自己的看法,闡述自己支持某一觀點(diǎn)的理由,或/和駁斥自己反對的觀點(diǎn))
    第三段:結(jié)論(總結(jié)全文,重申自己的觀點(diǎn))
    這種篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的重點(diǎn)放在表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)上,更能充分地闡述自己的觀點(diǎn),使自己的觀點(diǎn)更充實(shí)、更有說服力。
    6.3.1.2 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)1的寫作套路
    下面介紹篇章結(jié)構(gòu)1的兩種寫作套路。
    套路1:
    ①People’s views/ideas/opinions on X vary from person to person. Some people think that ②______________________. They hold this opinion because ③__________________. However, others hold/don’t believe that ④_______________, for ⑤______________________.⑥As to me, I am in favor of the first/ second idea. The following are the reasons of/for my choice/personal inclination. First, ⑦ while it is true that ____________, it doesn’t mean that ________________. Second, ⑧___________________. Furthermore, ⑨_________________.⑩Therefore/In conclusion/From the foregoing, __________.①引出主題②觀點(diǎn)A③支持觀點(diǎn)A的 理由④觀點(diǎn)B⑤支持觀點(diǎn)B的理由⑥我的觀點(diǎn)⑦理由一⑧理由二⑨理由三⑩結(jié)論
    套路2:
    ①When asked about X, different people will offer different opinions. Some people say/think/believe/take it for granted that ②__________________________, while others hold that ③ ______________________________.④As far as I am concerned, I agree with the first/second view. The reasons are as follows. First, ⑤there is an element of truth that __________________________, but ⑥it doesn’t follow that ______________________. Therefore, ⑦the first view doesn’t hold water/can not bear much analysis/can not stand up to close examination.⑧In conclusion, _______________________________.①引出主題②觀點(diǎn)A③觀點(diǎn)B④我的觀點(diǎn)⑤略提反對的觀點(diǎn)的正確性⑥批駁反對的觀點(diǎn)⑦小結(jié):指出反對的觀點(diǎn)經(jīng)不起分析/檢驗(yàn)⑧結(jié)論
    6.3.1.3 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
    對立觀點(diǎn)型作文也可采用另一種篇章結(jié)構(gòu):
    第一段:引出討論的主題(X),提出第一種觀點(diǎn)(A),闡述支持這一觀點(diǎn)的理由
    第二段:提出第二種觀點(diǎn)(B),闡述支持這一觀點(diǎn)的理由
    第三段:表明自己的觀點(diǎn),闡述自己的理由,或批駁反對的觀點(diǎn)
    第四段:總結(jié)全文,重申自己的觀點(diǎn),或呼吁別人采取行動
    這種篇章結(jié)構(gòu)用于闡述A、B兩種對立的觀點(diǎn)和自己的觀點(diǎn)的筆墨都差不多,會給人“平均用力”的感覺,不能像第一種篇章結(jié)構(gòu)那樣突出自己的觀點(diǎn)。為了避免給人留下這種印象,在闡述自己支持的觀點(diǎn)及其理由時(shí),可多用些筆墨,而在闡述自己反對的觀點(diǎn)及其理由時(shí),則可相對簡略些。
    6.3.1.4 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)2的寫作套路
    套路3:
    ①When asked about X, different people will offer different opinions/views/answers. Some people think/prefer that ② ________________. They hold this idea/opinion/view because ③____________________. ④However/On the other hand, there are still many people who won’t agree. They argue that ⑤_______________. Besides/In addition, ⑥_____________.⑦Personally, I am on the side of the latter argument. For one thing, ⑧____________________.For another, ⑨_______________________. ⑩Therefore/In conclusion, __________________. ①引出主題②觀點(diǎn)A③支持觀點(diǎn)A的 理由④觀點(diǎn)B⑤支持觀點(diǎn)B的理由一⑥理由二⑦我的觀點(diǎn)⑧理由一⑨理由二⑩結(jié)論
    值得注意的是,不論采用哪種寫作套路,在表明自己的看法后,一定要闡述自己支持這一觀點(diǎn)的理由,這樣才能使自己的觀點(diǎn)顯得有說服力。
    6.3.1.5 對立觀點(diǎn)型作文的段落發(fā)展方法
    在寫對立觀點(diǎn)型作文時(shí),闡述兩種對立的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)往往可以采用對照法(見第一講)展開段落,而在闡述自己支持的觀點(diǎn)的理由時(shí),則可采用列舉法或舉例法(見第一講)展開段落。這樣,文章才可能顯得既有條理,又有說服力。
    這一講我主要講了闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文的出題形式、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、寫作套路及其段落的發(fā)展方法。關(guān)于闡述對立觀點(diǎn)型作文的寫作就介紹到這里,下面我們進(jìn)行寫作練習(xí)。我將給大家一個作文題,請大家根據(jù)這一講的內(nèi)容,在30分鐘內(nèi)完成。大家在寫作的過程中要注意審題、考慮文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和采用的寫作套路。
    練習(xí)六:
    Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
    1. 有些人認(rèn)為某些數(shù)字會帶來好運(yùn)。
    2. 也有些人認(rèn)為數(shù)字與運(yùn)氣無關(guān)。
    3. 試說明你的看法。
    參考文章:
    ①When asked about lucky numbers, different people will offer different opinions. Some people think that ② lucky numbers can bring good luck. They hold this view because ③they believe lucky numbers will help them fulfill their wishes - to be rich or successful.
    ④However, there are still many people who won't agree. They argue that ⑤ such kind of idea is only ignorant and superstitious belief. Besides, ⑥they think numbers are just numbers and each number is equal in its importance.
    ⑦Personally, I am on the side of the latter argument. For one thing, ⑧ numbers, including lucky numbers, are just a tool for counting, They don't have magic power. For another, ⑨whether we will have good luck or not depends on ourselves instead of lucky numbers, If we work hard and make good preparations, good luck will come to us.
    ⑩Therefore, lucky numbers don't bring good luck. It is our hard work and good preparations that bring us good luck.