Chapter 2
第二章
The Origins of a Nation （5000BC-1066）
英國(guó)的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）
I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）
早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）
1.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.
人們所知的英國(guó)最早居民是伊比利來人。
2. At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.
約公元前2000年，從現(xiàn)在的荷蘭和萊茵蘭地區(qū)來了寬口陶器人。
3. The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
約公元前700年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。
4. The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.
克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.
第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來臨。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.
第二次高潮是約公元前400年布立吞（不列顛）人的抵達(dá)。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.
第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達(dá)。
II. Roman Britain （55BC-410AD）
羅馬人統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的英國(guó)（公元前55年—410年）
1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC， Julius Caesar， a Roman general， invaded Britain twice. In AD 43， the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years， Britain was under the Roman occupation， though it was never a total occupation.
有記錄的英國(guó)歷史開始于羅馬人的入侵。公元前55年和54年，羅馬將軍朱略斯•；凱撒兩次入侵英國(guó)，均未成功。直到公元43年，克勞鍬才成功占領(lǐng)不列顛。將近四百年里，英國(guó)人處于羅馬人的占領(lǐng)下，但這并非是完全的占領(lǐng)。
2. Roman‘s influence on Britain.
The Roman built many towns， road， baths， temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain‘s natural resources. They also brought the new religion， Christianity， to Britain.
羅馬人修建了許多城鎮(zhèn)網(wǎng)，道路，澡堂，廟宇和其他建筑物。他們還很好地利用了英國(guó)的自然資源。羅馬人還把基督教這門新宗教帶到不列顛。
3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.
羅馬對(duì)不列顛的影響有限的原因。
First， the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second， never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third， the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.
首先，羅馬人把不列顛人當(dāng)作奴隸階段的屬民來對(duì)待。其次，在四世紀(jì)對(duì)羅馬人和不列顛人通婚。最后，羅馬人也未影響普通不列顛人的語言和文化。
Summary： This is the second part of Chapter 2 （The Origins of a Nation）。 It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons‘ invasion； The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest.
（簡(jiǎn)要：這是第二章“國(guó)家的起源”的第二部分。在這一部分里，主要是介紹了英國(guó)從公元446年到1066年所發(fā)生的重要事件及人物。這些重要事件分別是盎格魯—撒克遜人的入侵，北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵及諾曼征服）。
III. The Anglo-Saxons （446-871）
盎格魯—撒克遜人（公元446—871年）
1. Basis of Modern English race： the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格魯—薩克遜時(shí)代（奠定了英國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)）
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders， Jutes， Saxons， and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.
The Jutes， who fished and farmed in Jutland， came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons， users of the short-sword from northern Germany， established their kingdom in Essex， Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century， the Angles， who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people， settled in East Anglia， Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent， Essex， Sussex， Wessex， East Anglia， Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.
五世紀(jì)中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。
居住在朱特蘭島（現(xiàn)丹麥南部）上從事打漁農(nóng)耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。后來從德國(guó)北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國(guó)，統(tǒng)治期從五世紀(jì)末至六世紀(jì)初。六世紀(jì)后半葉，同樣來自德國(guó)北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時(shí)也他們也把名字給了英國(guó)人。這七個(gè)主要王國(guó)（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東盎格利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國(guó)。
2.The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格魯—撒克遜人改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared， except among the Celts of Cornwall， Wales， Scotland and Ireland. In 597， Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine， the Prior of St. Andrew‘s Monastery in Rome， to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility， but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.
盎格魯—撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國(guó)。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的副院長(zhǎng)圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國(guó)人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。在使國(guó)王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北部修士們的傳教活動(dòng)。
3.The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.
早期盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國(guó)做出的貢獻(xiàn)。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly， they divided the country into shires， with shire courts and shire reeves， or sheriffs， responsible for administering law. Secondly， they devised the narrow-strip， three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly， they also established the manorial system. Finally， they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king， the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.
盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國(guó)國(guó)家的形成打下了基礎(chǔ)。首先，他們把國(guó)家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長(zhǎng)官負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)法。其次，他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的窄條三圃田農(nóng)耕制延用至18世紀(jì)。此外，他們還建立了領(lǐng)地制。最后，他們還創(chuàng)立了議會(huì)（賢人會(huì)議），向國(guó)王提供建議，這就成為了今天仍存在的樞密院的基礎(chǔ)。
IV.Viking and Danish invasions
北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵
1.The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century， especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York， an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century， the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.
入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀(jì)末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個(gè)地方。9世紀(jì)，尤其是公元835-878年間已成為嚴(yán)重問題。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元867年時(shí)的基督教中心。到9世紀(jì)中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國(guó)的安全。
2.King Alfred （849-899） and his contributions
艾爾弗雷德國(guó)王（849-899）和他所做出的貢獻(xiàn)
Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east， while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.
He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”。 He reorganized the Saxon army， making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”
阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國(guó)王。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元879年與他們達(dá)成了友好協(xié)議。協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。他還勸服一些丹麥?zhǔn)最I(lǐng)成為基督教徒。
他因?yàn)榻⒘藦?qiáng)大艦隊(duì)，而以“英國(guó)海軍之父”聞名于世。他改組了“弗立德”（撒克遜軍隊(duì)），使之更為高效。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。同時(shí)他還建立了學(xué)校，并且闡明了法律制度。所有這一切使他當(dāng)之無愧于“阿爾弗雷德大王?！钡姆Q號(hào)。
V.The Norman Conquest （1066）
諾曼征服（公元1066年）
1.Reasons for William‘s invasion of England after Edward’s death.
威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國(guó)的原因。
It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William， but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066， during the important battle of Hastings， William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day， William was crowned king of England， thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
據(jù)說，愛德華國(guó)王曾答應(yīng)把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會(huì)議挑選了哈羅德為國(guó)王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊(duì)，同時(shí)哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中戰(zhàn)死。
2.The Norman Conquest and its consequences
諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響。
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened， and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture， language， manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome， and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.
1066年的諾曼征服也許是英國(guó)歷的最事件。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其分發(fā)給他的諾曼追隨者。他用強(qiáng)有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。于是，封建制度在英國(guó)完全建立。開放了與歐洲大陸的關(guān)系，文明和商業(yè)得到發(fā)展，引進(jìn)了諾曼—法國(guó)文化、語言、舉止和建筑。教會(huì)與羅馬的聯(lián)系更為密切，教會(huì)法庭與世俗法庭分離。
3.The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.
英國(guó)是一個(gè)集不同民族于一體的國(guó)家。許多英國(guó)人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。而還有一些英國(guó)人的是諾曼血統(tǒng)。
This is one of the most difficult parts. In this part， I will introduce some Kings in English history and their reformations. Though we have to remember a lot of things in this part， we also learn more about English history.
第二章
The Origins of a Nation （5000BC-1066）
英國(guó)的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）
I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）
早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）
1.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.
人們所知的英國(guó)最早居民是伊比利來人。
2. At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.
約公元前2000年，從現(xiàn)在的荷蘭和萊茵蘭地區(qū)來了寬口陶器人。
3. The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
約公元前700年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。
4. The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.
克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.
第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來臨。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.
第二次高潮是約公元前400年布立吞（不列顛）人的抵達(dá)。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.
第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達(dá)。
II. Roman Britain （55BC-410AD）
羅馬人統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的英國(guó)（公元前55年—410年）
1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC， Julius Caesar， a Roman general， invaded Britain twice. In AD 43， the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years， Britain was under the Roman occupation， though it was never a total occupation.
有記錄的英國(guó)歷史開始于羅馬人的入侵。公元前55年和54年，羅馬將軍朱略斯•；凱撒兩次入侵英國(guó)，均未成功。直到公元43年，克勞鍬才成功占領(lǐng)不列顛。將近四百年里，英國(guó)人處于羅馬人的占領(lǐng)下，但這并非是完全的占領(lǐng)。
2. Roman‘s influence on Britain.
The Roman built many towns， road， baths， temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain‘s natural resources. They also brought the new religion， Christianity， to Britain.
羅馬人修建了許多城鎮(zhèn)網(wǎng)，道路，澡堂，廟宇和其他建筑物。他們還很好地利用了英國(guó)的自然資源。羅馬人還把基督教這門新宗教帶到不列顛。
3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.
羅馬對(duì)不列顛的影響有限的原因。
First， the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second， never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third， the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.
首先，羅馬人把不列顛人當(dāng)作奴隸階段的屬民來對(duì)待。其次，在四世紀(jì)對(duì)羅馬人和不列顛人通婚。最后，羅馬人也未影響普通不列顛人的語言和文化。
Summary： This is the second part of Chapter 2 （The Origins of a Nation）。 It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons‘ invasion； The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest.
（簡(jiǎn)要：這是第二章“國(guó)家的起源”的第二部分。在這一部分里，主要是介紹了英國(guó)從公元446年到1066年所發(fā)生的重要事件及人物。這些重要事件分別是盎格魯—撒克遜人的入侵，北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵及諾曼征服）。
III. The Anglo-Saxons （446-871）
盎格魯—撒克遜人（公元446—871年）
1. Basis of Modern English race： the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格魯—薩克遜時(shí)代（奠定了英國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)）
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders， Jutes， Saxons， and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.
The Jutes， who fished and farmed in Jutland， came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons， users of the short-sword from northern Germany， established their kingdom in Essex， Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century， the Angles， who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people， settled in East Anglia， Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent， Essex， Sussex， Wessex， East Anglia， Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.
五世紀(jì)中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。
居住在朱特蘭島（現(xiàn)丹麥南部）上從事打漁農(nóng)耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。后來從德國(guó)北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國(guó)，統(tǒng)治期從五世紀(jì)末至六世紀(jì)初。六世紀(jì)后半葉，同樣來自德國(guó)北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時(shí)也他們也把名字給了英國(guó)人。這七個(gè)主要王國(guó)（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東盎格利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國(guó)。
2.The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格魯—撒克遜人改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared， except among the Celts of Cornwall， Wales， Scotland and Ireland. In 597， Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine， the Prior of St. Andrew‘s Monastery in Rome， to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility， but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.
盎格魯—撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國(guó)。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的副院長(zhǎng)圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國(guó)人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。在使國(guó)王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北部修士們的傳教活動(dòng)。
3.The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.
早期盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國(guó)做出的貢獻(xiàn)。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly， they divided the country into shires， with shire courts and shire reeves， or sheriffs， responsible for administering law. Secondly， they devised the narrow-strip， three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly， they also established the manorial system. Finally， they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king， the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.
盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國(guó)國(guó)家的形成打下了基礎(chǔ)。首先，他們把國(guó)家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長(zhǎng)官負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)法。其次，他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的窄條三圃田農(nóng)耕制延用至18世紀(jì)。此外，他們還建立了領(lǐng)地制。最后，他們還創(chuàng)立了議會(huì)（賢人會(huì)議），向國(guó)王提供建議，這就成為了今天仍存在的樞密院的基礎(chǔ)。
IV.Viking and Danish invasions
北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵
1.The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century， especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York， an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century， the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.
入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀(jì)末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個(gè)地方。9世紀(jì)，尤其是公元835-878年間已成為嚴(yán)重問題。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元867年時(shí)的基督教中心。到9世紀(jì)中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國(guó)的安全。
2.King Alfred （849-899） and his contributions
艾爾弗雷德國(guó)王（849-899）和他所做出的貢獻(xiàn)
Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east， while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.
He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”。 He reorganized the Saxon army， making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”
阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國(guó)王。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元879年與他們達(dá)成了友好協(xié)議。協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。他還勸服一些丹麥?zhǔn)最I(lǐng)成為基督教徒。
他因?yàn)榻⒘藦?qiáng)大艦隊(duì)，而以“英國(guó)海軍之父”聞名于世。他改組了“弗立德”（撒克遜軍隊(duì)），使之更為高效。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。同時(shí)他還建立了學(xué)校，并且闡明了法律制度。所有這一切使他當(dāng)之無愧于“阿爾弗雷德大王?！钡姆Q號(hào)。
V.The Norman Conquest （1066）
諾曼征服（公元1066年）
1.Reasons for William‘s invasion of England after Edward’s death.
威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國(guó)的原因。
It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William， but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066， during the important battle of Hastings， William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day， William was crowned king of England， thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
據(jù)說，愛德華國(guó)王曾答應(yīng)把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會(huì)議挑選了哈羅德為國(guó)王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊(duì)，同時(shí)哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中戰(zhàn)死。
2.The Norman Conquest and its consequences
諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響。
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened， and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture， language， manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome， and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.
1066年的諾曼征服也許是英國(guó)歷的最事件。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其分發(fā)給他的諾曼追隨者。他用強(qiáng)有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。于是，封建制度在英國(guó)完全建立。開放了與歐洲大陸的關(guān)系，文明和商業(yè)得到發(fā)展，引進(jìn)了諾曼—法國(guó)文化、語言、舉止和建筑。教會(huì)與羅馬的聯(lián)系更為密切，教會(huì)法庭與世俗法庭分離。
3.The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.
英國(guó)是一個(gè)集不同民族于一體的國(guó)家。許多英國(guó)人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。而還有一些英國(guó)人的是諾曼血統(tǒng)。
This is one of the most difficult parts. In this part， I will introduce some Kings in English history and their reformations. Though we have to remember a lot of things in this part， we also learn more about English history.