Where brain drains lead？人才究竟去了哪里？
And Canada thought it had a brain drain？ Eight of every 10 Haitians and Jamaicans with college or university degrees live outside the country of their birth， the World Bank says in a new report. In five African countries， more than 50 per cent of skilled workers have left. （The figures aren't precise； they include those who emigrated as children and went on to university in their new homeland.） Now that's a brain drain.
加拿大從來(lái)就認(rèn)為自己有人才流失問(wèn)題？世界銀行一份新報(bào)告指出，每10名接受過(guò)大專(zhuān)或大學(xué)教育的海地和牙買(mǎi)加人中就有8人不在自己的祖國(guó)居住。在五個(gè)非洲國(guó)家中，超過(guò)50%的技術(shù)工人離開(kāi)自己國(guó)家。（這些數(shù)字并不精確；這些人包括了那些早年移民國(guó)外的兒童并在所移民的國(guó)家繼續(xù)大學(xué)教育的人）。這才叫真正的人才流失。
Canada has no overall brain drain. Its net gain of those with postsecondary education was 2.25 million people in 2000， up from 1.5 million 10 years earlier， the World Bank says. The bank says Canada and the West are draining poor countries of their best minds. By giving hope and opportunity to individuals， this country and other rich countries deprive entire nations of those qualities. Countries fail when their institutions are weak； strong institutions need smart， trained people. "When a Humpty Dumpty falls and cracks， just who is going to put it together？" ask John McHale， a Queen's University economist， and Devesh Kapur， a development expert at the University of Texas， in their recent book Give Us Your Best and Brightest.
總體來(lái)說(shuō)，加拿大并沒(méi)有人才流失。世界銀行稱(chēng)，加國(guó)2000年接受高等教育的凈人數(shù)從十年前的150萬(wàn)增加到225萬(wàn)。世界銀行還指出，是加拿大和西方國(guó)家將貧窮國(guó)家優(yōu)秀的人才給挖走了。通過(guò)向個(gè)人提供希望和機(jī)會(huì)，加拿大和其他富裕國(guó)家使所有貧困國(guó)家完全喪失了那些人才。當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家的政府和企業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)不能起作用時(shí)，這個(gè)國(guó)家就沒(méi)有希望；強(qiáng)有力的政府和企業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)需要聰明、訓(xùn)練有素的人才。加拿大皇后大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家John McHale和美國(guó)德克薩斯大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展專(zhuān)家Devesh Kapur在他們新近出版的《Give Us Your Best and Brightest》一書(shū)中就問(wèn)到：“當(dāng)一個(gè)懦夫跌倒和摔傷，靠誰(shuí)去幫助他？”
The question is what， if anything， rich countries should do about it. One answer， say Professors McHale and Kapur， is not to recruit doctors and nurses from poor African countries where those people are desperately needed for the fight against AIDS. That seems reasonable enough.
現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是，富裕國(guó)家應(yīng)該為貧窮國(guó)家做些什么？McHale教授和Kapur教授對(duì)這樣的問(wèn)題的回答是，不要從貧困的非洲國(guó)家招募醫(yī)生和護(hù)士，因?yàn)槟抢锏娜藗兤惹行枰麄兊膸椭ヅc艾滋病作斗爭(zhēng)。這個(gè)回答看上去非常合理。
Other options are to bar educated people from leaving， impose exit taxes on them， make them pay taxes to their homeland once they begin earning money in their new country， and have their new country set aside a share of immigrant taxes to compensate their countries of origin. These suggestions range from the impractical to the offensive. The right to leave one's homeland is basic； the world needs no more Berlin Walls， whether of bricks or exit taxes. The idea that a Canadian citizen such as Ottawa software engineer Maher Arar would need to pay his birthplace of Syria a portion of his income earned in this country （or that Canada would have to pay part of its take from him） seems bizarre. Freedom of movement implies the right to shed obligations to the nation in which， through no fault of the migrant， he was born.
兩位教授建議的其他防止人才外流的方法包括：向那些外流的人征收出國(guó)稅，一但他們?cè)谛碌膰?guó)度里掙錢(qián)，迫使他們向自己的祖國(guó)交稅，同時(shí)讓接納他們的國(guó)家拿出一部分稅收來(lái)補(bǔ)償培養(yǎng)他們的祖國(guó)。以上這些建議既不切實(shí)際，亦沒(méi)有道理。選擇離開(kāi)自己的祖國(guó)是每個(gè)人的基本權(quán)利；不管出境的關(guān)卡是用磚砌的，還是用收稅的方式建立的，當(dāng)今的世界不再需要柏林墻。如果按照這種建議，渥太華軟件工程師Maher Arar這樣的加拿大公民就需要將他在這里所得的收入的一部分支付給他的祖國(guó)敘利亞（或者加拿大必須向敘利亞支付部分他交納的移民稅）。我們實(shí)在看不出這樣的做法有何意義。行動(dòng)自由意味著移民有權(quán)擺脫對(duì)祖國(guó)的義務(wù)。畢竟，出生在哪個(gè)國(guó)家不是他們自己的選擇。
It is hard to see where Canada offers unfair inducements to educated people in poor countries. Immigration Minister Joseph Volpe announced pilot projects in the spring to entice more international students， but the decision to stay or return home is the student's. The streets， alas， are not paved with gold. Immigrants need to cover great distances， learn new languages and survive in a climate or social setting that may be very different from the ones they are accustomed to. Only a powerful inner need could take them that far. It is the same need —— the yearning to be free from war， or corruption， or poverty， or hopelessness —— that has driven the movement of peoples throughout history. （Roughly 175 million people now live outside the country of their birth， about twice the number of 25 years ago， but that's still only about 3 per cent of the world's population.） More and more， it is the middle classes rather than the huddled masses who are moving. But they， like the poor， have the right to build better lives for themselves and their families.
我們實(shí)在看不出加拿大用哪種不公平的方式誘惑那些在貧困國(guó)家受過(guò)教育的人來(lái)這個(gè)國(guó)家。為了吸引更多國(guó)際留學(xué)生學(xué)成后留在加拿大，聯(lián)邦移民部長(zhǎng)Joseph Volpe今年春季宣布一個(gè)非常前衛(wèi)的移民項(xiàng)目。盡管如此，那些國(guó)際留學(xué)生們可以自己選擇他們畢業(yè)后是留在加國(guó)還是回到自己的祖國(guó)。畢竟，移民并非是一條金光大道。移民需要重新適應(yīng)一個(gè)新環(huán)境，學(xué)習(xí)新語(yǔ)言，并要在一個(gè)可能與他們的祖國(guó)截然不同的社會(huì)文化中生存。只有強(qiáng)烈的愿望才會(huì)使他們決定如此背井離鄉(xiāng)。在人類(lèi)歷，同樣的愿望：遠(yuǎn)離戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、腐敗、貧窮、絕望等因素，讓人們作出背井離鄉(xiāng)的決定。（目前大約有1.75億人旅居外國(guó)，幾乎比25年前增加了一倍，但那仍然大約只占到世界人口的3%.）是越來(lái)越多的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)，而不是不分男女老少在毫無(wú)目的移民。這些同平民一樣的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)，他們有權(quán)為他們自己和家人營(yíng)造更美好的生活。
The First World is not feasting on the misery of the Third. It is， slowly， realizing that discriminatory barriers only hurt itself in the growing international competition for skilled labour. It is a happy coincidence that an end to discrimination is in the West's interest. But there are costs to absorbing immigrants （language training， housing， security） and benefits to countries of origin （immigrants worldwide sent back remittances of $225-billion in 2005）。 Educated people do not rush to leave prosperous， safe democracies in which their skills can be put to work. The loss of talent， say Professors McHale and Kapur， is a wake-up call to poorer countries. The West's obligation is to help those countries build the infrastructure they need to prosper.
第一世界并不想把自己的享樂(lè)建筑在第三世界的痛苦之上。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家開(kāi)始發(fā)覺(jué)，在爭(zhēng)奪全球技術(shù)勞工的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)當(dāng)中，設(shè)置歧視性的政策只會(huì)損害自己的利益。為了西方的利益，停止對(duì)技術(shù)勞工的歧視是個(gè)皆大歡喜的巧合。吸引移民也是有代價(jià)的（語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)，安置，安全檢查），而且，移民對(duì)移民輸出國(guó)有益（全世界的移民在2005年給自己祖國(guó)的匯款達(dá)到2250億美元）。受過(guò)教育的人不會(huì)輕易離開(kāi)繁榮且安全的、并可以充分發(fā)揮自己的技能的民主國(guó)家。McHale和Kapur兩位教授稱(chēng)，人才的流失是對(duì)貧困國(guó)家的一個(gè)警告。西方國(guó)家有義務(wù)幫助那些國(guó)家建造他們發(fā)展所需要的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。
And Canada thought it had a brain drain？ Eight of every 10 Haitians and Jamaicans with college or university degrees live outside the country of their birth， the World Bank says in a new report. In five African countries， more than 50 per cent of skilled workers have left. （The figures aren't precise； they include those who emigrated as children and went on to university in their new homeland.） Now that's a brain drain.
加拿大從來(lái)就認(rèn)為自己有人才流失問(wèn)題？世界銀行一份新報(bào)告指出，每10名接受過(guò)大專(zhuān)或大學(xué)教育的海地和牙買(mǎi)加人中就有8人不在自己的祖國(guó)居住。在五個(gè)非洲國(guó)家中，超過(guò)50%的技術(shù)工人離開(kāi)自己國(guó)家。（這些數(shù)字并不精確；這些人包括了那些早年移民國(guó)外的兒童并在所移民的國(guó)家繼續(xù)大學(xué)教育的人）。這才叫真正的人才流失。
Canada has no overall brain drain. Its net gain of those with postsecondary education was 2.25 million people in 2000， up from 1.5 million 10 years earlier， the World Bank says. The bank says Canada and the West are draining poor countries of their best minds. By giving hope and opportunity to individuals， this country and other rich countries deprive entire nations of those qualities. Countries fail when their institutions are weak； strong institutions need smart， trained people. "When a Humpty Dumpty falls and cracks， just who is going to put it together？" ask John McHale， a Queen's University economist， and Devesh Kapur， a development expert at the University of Texas， in their recent book Give Us Your Best and Brightest.
總體來(lái)說(shuō)，加拿大并沒(méi)有人才流失。世界銀行稱(chēng)，加國(guó)2000年接受高等教育的凈人數(shù)從十年前的150萬(wàn)增加到225萬(wàn)。世界銀行還指出，是加拿大和西方國(guó)家將貧窮國(guó)家優(yōu)秀的人才給挖走了。通過(guò)向個(gè)人提供希望和機(jī)會(huì)，加拿大和其他富裕國(guó)家使所有貧困國(guó)家完全喪失了那些人才。當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家的政府和企業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)不能起作用時(shí)，這個(gè)國(guó)家就沒(méi)有希望；強(qiáng)有力的政府和企業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)需要聰明、訓(xùn)練有素的人才。加拿大皇后大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家John McHale和美國(guó)德克薩斯大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展專(zhuān)家Devesh Kapur在他們新近出版的《Give Us Your Best and Brightest》一書(shū)中就問(wèn)到：“當(dāng)一個(gè)懦夫跌倒和摔傷，靠誰(shuí)去幫助他？”
The question is what， if anything， rich countries should do about it. One answer， say Professors McHale and Kapur， is not to recruit doctors and nurses from poor African countries where those people are desperately needed for the fight against AIDS. That seems reasonable enough.
現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是，富裕國(guó)家應(yīng)該為貧窮國(guó)家做些什么？McHale教授和Kapur教授對(duì)這樣的問(wèn)題的回答是，不要從貧困的非洲國(guó)家招募醫(yī)生和護(hù)士，因?yàn)槟抢锏娜藗兤惹行枰麄兊膸椭ヅc艾滋病作斗爭(zhēng)。這個(gè)回答看上去非常合理。
Other options are to bar educated people from leaving， impose exit taxes on them， make them pay taxes to their homeland once they begin earning money in their new country， and have their new country set aside a share of immigrant taxes to compensate their countries of origin. These suggestions range from the impractical to the offensive. The right to leave one's homeland is basic； the world needs no more Berlin Walls， whether of bricks or exit taxes. The idea that a Canadian citizen such as Ottawa software engineer Maher Arar would need to pay his birthplace of Syria a portion of his income earned in this country （or that Canada would have to pay part of its take from him） seems bizarre. Freedom of movement implies the right to shed obligations to the nation in which， through no fault of the migrant， he was born.
兩位教授建議的其他防止人才外流的方法包括：向那些外流的人征收出國(guó)稅，一但他們?cè)谛碌膰?guó)度里掙錢(qián)，迫使他們向自己的祖國(guó)交稅，同時(shí)讓接納他們的國(guó)家拿出一部分稅收來(lái)補(bǔ)償培養(yǎng)他們的祖國(guó)。以上這些建議既不切實(shí)際，亦沒(méi)有道理。選擇離開(kāi)自己的祖國(guó)是每個(gè)人的基本權(quán)利；不管出境的關(guān)卡是用磚砌的，還是用收稅的方式建立的，當(dāng)今的世界不再需要柏林墻。如果按照這種建議，渥太華軟件工程師Maher Arar這樣的加拿大公民就需要將他在這里所得的收入的一部分支付給他的祖國(guó)敘利亞（或者加拿大必須向敘利亞支付部分他交納的移民稅）。我們實(shí)在看不出這樣的做法有何意義。行動(dòng)自由意味著移民有權(quán)擺脫對(duì)祖國(guó)的義務(wù)。畢竟，出生在哪個(gè)國(guó)家不是他們自己的選擇。
It is hard to see where Canada offers unfair inducements to educated people in poor countries. Immigration Minister Joseph Volpe announced pilot projects in the spring to entice more international students， but the decision to stay or return home is the student's. The streets， alas， are not paved with gold. Immigrants need to cover great distances， learn new languages and survive in a climate or social setting that may be very different from the ones they are accustomed to. Only a powerful inner need could take them that far. It is the same need —— the yearning to be free from war， or corruption， or poverty， or hopelessness —— that has driven the movement of peoples throughout history. （Roughly 175 million people now live outside the country of their birth， about twice the number of 25 years ago， but that's still only about 3 per cent of the world's population.） More and more， it is the middle classes rather than the huddled masses who are moving. But they， like the poor， have the right to build better lives for themselves and their families.
我們實(shí)在看不出加拿大用哪種不公平的方式誘惑那些在貧困國(guó)家受過(guò)教育的人來(lái)這個(gè)國(guó)家。為了吸引更多國(guó)際留學(xué)生學(xué)成后留在加拿大，聯(lián)邦移民部長(zhǎng)Joseph Volpe今年春季宣布一個(gè)非常前衛(wèi)的移民項(xiàng)目。盡管如此，那些國(guó)際留學(xué)生們可以自己選擇他們畢業(yè)后是留在加國(guó)還是回到自己的祖國(guó)。畢竟，移民并非是一條金光大道。移民需要重新適應(yīng)一個(gè)新環(huán)境，學(xué)習(xí)新語(yǔ)言，并要在一個(gè)可能與他們的祖國(guó)截然不同的社會(huì)文化中生存。只有強(qiáng)烈的愿望才會(huì)使他們決定如此背井離鄉(xiāng)。在人類(lèi)歷，同樣的愿望：遠(yuǎn)離戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、腐敗、貧窮、絕望等因素，讓人們作出背井離鄉(xiāng)的決定。（目前大約有1.75億人旅居外國(guó)，幾乎比25年前增加了一倍，但那仍然大約只占到世界人口的3%.）是越來(lái)越多的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)，而不是不分男女老少在毫無(wú)目的移民。這些同平民一樣的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)，他們有權(quán)為他們自己和家人營(yíng)造更美好的生活。
The First World is not feasting on the misery of the Third. It is， slowly， realizing that discriminatory barriers only hurt itself in the growing international competition for skilled labour. It is a happy coincidence that an end to discrimination is in the West's interest. But there are costs to absorbing immigrants （language training， housing， security） and benefits to countries of origin （immigrants worldwide sent back remittances of $225-billion in 2005）。 Educated people do not rush to leave prosperous， safe democracies in which their skills can be put to work. The loss of talent， say Professors McHale and Kapur， is a wake-up call to poorer countries. The West's obligation is to help those countries build the infrastructure they need to prosper.
第一世界并不想把自己的享樂(lè)建筑在第三世界的痛苦之上。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家開(kāi)始發(fā)覺(jué)，在爭(zhēng)奪全球技術(shù)勞工的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)當(dāng)中，設(shè)置歧視性的政策只會(huì)損害自己的利益。為了西方的利益，停止對(duì)技術(shù)勞工的歧視是個(gè)皆大歡喜的巧合。吸引移民也是有代價(jià)的（語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)，安置，安全檢查），而且，移民對(duì)移民輸出國(guó)有益（全世界的移民在2005年給自己祖國(guó)的匯款達(dá)到2250億美元）。受過(guò)教育的人不會(huì)輕易離開(kāi)繁榮且安全的、并可以充分發(fā)揮自己的技能的民主國(guó)家。McHale和Kapur兩位教授稱(chēng)，人才的流失是對(duì)貧困國(guó)家的一個(gè)警告。西方國(guó)家有義務(wù)幫助那些國(guó)家建造他們發(fā)展所需要的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。