3.Given the amount of time that children watch television，it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
given在本句中用作介詞，意思是considering， taking into account（考慮到），在詞匯部分我們已作了比較詳細的講解，再請看兩個例句：
1）Given they are fresh from university，they've done a great job.（考慮到他們剛走出大學校園，他們干得不錯。）
2）Given that he has always been dreaming of visiting the great wall， it seems cruel not to take him to Beijing.（他一直夢想游長城，不帶他去北京似乎太殘酷了。）
除了作“考慮到”解釋外，given還有如下意思：
1）規(guī)定的，特點的（形容詞）
The work must be done within the given time. （工作必須在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成。）
2）假設的；作為前提的（形容詞）
Given the chance， she could have done as well as you have.（如果給他這個機會，她會干得跟你一樣好。）
4.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.
Shown on and advertised during these programs 在本句中的作用是分詞短語作定語，相當于被動語態(tài)的定語從句，修飾toys.
1）Last night， we saw a documentary dubbed in English.（昨晚，我們看了一部用英文譯制的記錄片。）
2）The play put on by the first-year students was very good.（一年級學生演出的劇目很好。）
3）The letters written in pencil are from my brother.（那些用鉛筆寫的信是我弟弟帶來的。）
These programs 是 shown on 和advertised during 這兩個詞組中的介詞的共用賓語。如：
He doesn't care about and has no interest in other people’s opinion.（對別人的觀點他不在乎也沒興趣。）
5.With these toys， their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative.
With 在本句中表示原因，意思是“由于，因”，如：
1）He is in bed with flu.（他因患流感臥病在床。）
2）Her eyes were dim with tears.（她的雙眼因淚水而模糊。）
3）The boy's face was white with nervousness.（那個男孩的臉因緊張而發(fā)白。）
tend 的后面接不定式，意思是“易于，往往會”，如：
1）Plants tend to die in hot weather if you don't water them.（植物在炎熱天氣如不澆水容易枯死。）
2）He tends to get impatient if you ask him more than two questions.（如果你問他兩個以上的問題，他往往會不耐煩。）
6.The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.
在第三單元中，我們已經(jīng)學過range這個詞，意思是“山脈”，“（在某范圍內(nèi)）變動，變化”。而在本句中，range的意思是“范圍”，如：
1）His reading is of very wide range.（他的閱讀面很廣。）
2）Over the long range， the most important step will be a general tax reform.（從長遠看，重要的步驟是全面實行稅制改革。）
Make sense of 意思是“了解；弄明白”。如：
1）I can not make any sense of what he says.（他的話我弄不懂。）
2）His lecture helped me make better sense of the poem.（他的講解幫助我更好地理解這首詩。）
3）I could make no sense of his carelessly written letter.（我看不懂他馬馬虎虎寫的那封信。）
7.Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter.
have…toy weapons brought into the classroom（把玩具武器帶進教室。）have sth. done 是極為常見的用法，如：
1）I need to have my bike repaired.（我需要把自行車修一下。）
2）He had his files destroyed before he left.（在離開前，他把文件都毀了。）
3）She wanted to have the rooms repainted before moving in.（她想在搬入前把房間重新粉刷一遍。）
welcome 在本舉句中作動詞用，這個詞也可以作名詞和形容詞用。請看下面的例句，注意welcome在各例句中的詞類。
1）He ran to the door to welcome his friends. （他向門口跑去，歡迎他的朋友。）
2）Welcome to Beijing.（歡迎到北京來。）
3）Her marriage was not welcomed by the family.（她的婚姻不被家人接受。）
4）They gave her a warm welcome.（他們給她以熱烈歡迎。）
5）He received a hero's welcome at the airport.（他在機場受到英雄般的歡迎。）
6）You are welcome to use my bike.（我的自行車你盡管用。）
7）He is a welcome guest.（他是個受歡迎的客人。）
concern about sth. 意思是“對…的關(guān)心”，在第九單元中，我們學過be concerned about. 如：
1）We are all concerned about his education.（我們都關(guān)心他的教育。）
2）His parents are very much concerned about his health.（他的父母非常關(guān)心他的健康。）
3）My concern about the matter is known to all.（人人知道我對這件事的關(guān)心。）
本課主要詞組
1. a quarter of 2. expose to
3. have an effect on 4. allocate…to
5. point out 6. distinguish from
7. tend to 8. make sense of
9. apply…to 10. be crazy about
11. put together 12. ask sb. about sth.
13. have sth. done 14. concern about
15. an alternative to sth. 16. look for
Text B Why don't girls think like boys？
短語表達
1. do well
Many people believe that boys do well in science.
Mr. Smith didn't expect that he could do so well in industrial engineering.
2. in one's opinion
In my opinion， what he said could be true.
Parents should be friendly with their children in his opinion.
3. be good at
He is good at English， but he is better at computer.
She is good at imitating other people's way of talking.
4. according to
According to some doctors， only 1 out of 20 patients who had lung cancer could survive.
According to the text， aggression in boys is caused by mothers.
5. on the average
On the average， girls score higher on tests that measure vocabulary， spelling， and memory.
We made 65 miles an hour on the average.
6. be determined by
People's abilities are not determined by sex.
The rise and fall of the prices is determined by supply and demand.
7. be headed by
One of the scientific research teams was headed by Mr. Watson.
This company is headed by John's twin brother.
8. be ready to
He is always ready to help people in need.
She is not ready to take on that kind of responsibility.
9. take notes
He is amazed to see that students take notes on what he says in class.
He decided to take notes of the development of the political events.
10. lean against/on
She felt weak， so leaned against the wall.
He leaned the bike against a tree.
11. insist upon/on
He insisted on paying the meal.
Most companies insist upon having an interview before they accept an employee.
given在本句中用作介詞，意思是considering， taking into account（考慮到），在詞匯部分我們已作了比較詳細的講解，再請看兩個例句：
1）Given they are fresh from university，they've done a great job.（考慮到他們剛走出大學校園，他們干得不錯。）
2）Given that he has always been dreaming of visiting the great wall， it seems cruel not to take him to Beijing.（他一直夢想游長城，不帶他去北京似乎太殘酷了。）
除了作“考慮到”解釋外，given還有如下意思：
1）規(guī)定的，特點的（形容詞）
The work must be done within the given time. （工作必須在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成。）
2）假設的；作為前提的（形容詞）
Given the chance， she could have done as well as you have.（如果給他這個機會，她會干得跟你一樣好。）
4.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.
Shown on and advertised during these programs 在本句中的作用是分詞短語作定語，相當于被動語態(tài)的定語從句，修飾toys.
1）Last night， we saw a documentary dubbed in English.（昨晚，我們看了一部用英文譯制的記錄片。）
2）The play put on by the first-year students was very good.（一年級學生演出的劇目很好。）
3）The letters written in pencil are from my brother.（那些用鉛筆寫的信是我弟弟帶來的。）
These programs 是 shown on 和advertised during 這兩個詞組中的介詞的共用賓語。如：
He doesn't care about and has no interest in other people’s opinion.（對別人的觀點他不在乎也沒興趣。）
5.With these toys， their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative.
With 在本句中表示原因，意思是“由于，因”，如：
1）He is in bed with flu.（他因患流感臥病在床。）
2）Her eyes were dim with tears.（她的雙眼因淚水而模糊。）
3）The boy's face was white with nervousness.（那個男孩的臉因緊張而發(fā)白。）
tend 的后面接不定式，意思是“易于，往往會”，如：
1）Plants tend to die in hot weather if you don't water them.（植物在炎熱天氣如不澆水容易枯死。）
2）He tends to get impatient if you ask him more than two questions.（如果你問他兩個以上的問題，他往往會不耐煩。）
6.The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.
在第三單元中，我們已經(jīng)學過range這個詞，意思是“山脈”，“（在某范圍內(nèi)）變動，變化”。而在本句中，range的意思是“范圍”，如：
1）His reading is of very wide range.（他的閱讀面很廣。）
2）Over the long range， the most important step will be a general tax reform.（從長遠看，重要的步驟是全面實行稅制改革。）
Make sense of 意思是“了解；弄明白”。如：
1）I can not make any sense of what he says.（他的話我弄不懂。）
2）His lecture helped me make better sense of the poem.（他的講解幫助我更好地理解這首詩。）
3）I could make no sense of his carelessly written letter.（我看不懂他馬馬虎虎寫的那封信。）
7.Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter.
have…toy weapons brought into the classroom（把玩具武器帶進教室。）have sth. done 是極為常見的用法，如：
1）I need to have my bike repaired.（我需要把自行車修一下。）
2）He had his files destroyed before he left.（在離開前，他把文件都毀了。）
3）She wanted to have the rooms repainted before moving in.（她想在搬入前把房間重新粉刷一遍。）
welcome 在本舉句中作動詞用，這個詞也可以作名詞和形容詞用。請看下面的例句，注意welcome在各例句中的詞類。
1）He ran to the door to welcome his friends. （他向門口跑去，歡迎他的朋友。）
2）Welcome to Beijing.（歡迎到北京來。）
3）Her marriage was not welcomed by the family.（她的婚姻不被家人接受。）
4）They gave her a warm welcome.（他們給她以熱烈歡迎。）
5）He received a hero's welcome at the airport.（他在機場受到英雄般的歡迎。）
6）You are welcome to use my bike.（我的自行車你盡管用。）
7）He is a welcome guest.（他是個受歡迎的客人。）
concern about sth. 意思是“對…的關(guān)心”，在第九單元中，我們學過be concerned about. 如：
1）We are all concerned about his education.（我們都關(guān)心他的教育。）
2）His parents are very much concerned about his health.（他的父母非常關(guān)心他的健康。）
3）My concern about the matter is known to all.（人人知道我對這件事的關(guān)心。）
本課主要詞組
1. a quarter of 2. expose to
3. have an effect on 4. allocate…to
5. point out 6. distinguish from
7. tend to 8. make sense of
9. apply…to 10. be crazy about
11. put together 12. ask sb. about sth.
13. have sth. done 14. concern about
15. an alternative to sth. 16. look for
Text B Why don't girls think like boys？
短語表達
1. do well
Many people believe that boys do well in science.
Mr. Smith didn't expect that he could do so well in industrial engineering.
2. in one's opinion
In my opinion， what he said could be true.
Parents should be friendly with their children in his opinion.
3. be good at
He is good at English， but he is better at computer.
She is good at imitating other people's way of talking.
4. according to
According to some doctors， only 1 out of 20 patients who had lung cancer could survive.
According to the text， aggression in boys is caused by mothers.
5. on the average
On the average， girls score higher on tests that measure vocabulary， spelling， and memory.
We made 65 miles an hour on the average.
6. be determined by
People's abilities are not determined by sex.
The rise and fall of the prices is determined by supply and demand.
7. be headed by
One of the scientific research teams was headed by Mr. Watson.
This company is headed by John's twin brother.
8. be ready to
He is always ready to help people in need.
She is not ready to take on that kind of responsibility.
9. take notes
He is amazed to see that students take notes on what he says in class.
He decided to take notes of the development of the political events.
10. lean against/on
She felt weak， so leaned against the wall.
He leaned the bike against a tree.
11. insist upon/on
He insisted on paying the meal.
Most companies insist upon having an interview before they accept an employee.