自考“英語(一)”筆記(59)

字號:

15. connect v. 連接
    connection n. 連接,關(guān)系
    1)the bridge connects the island with / to the mainland.(這座橋接連著這個島嶼與大陸。)
    2)Please connect me with Shanghai.(請給我接通上海。)
    3)He doesn't know anything about the connection between the moon and the tides.
    (他對月球與潮汐的關(guān)系一無所知。)
    4)He has no connection with the criminal case.(他與那件刑事案件無關(guān)。)
    16. sufficient adj 足夠的,充分的
    1)The food is sufficient to feed 10 people.(這些食物足夠十個人吃。)
    2)Japan has a sufficient reserve of oil.(日本有充足的石油儲備。)
    請注意區(qū)別adequate,enough和sufficient.三個詞都有“足夠的”意思。enough為一般用語,有時可與adequate互換。enough常用來表示數(shù)量或程度,不宜用于表示性質(zhì)、質(zhì)量;而adequate 既可用于描述數(shù)量或程度,也可用于描述性質(zhì)、質(zhì)量。sufficient與enough同義,前者多用于書面語。
    1)Do you have enough time?
    2)His income is not adequate to his needs.
    We haven't sufficient time to do the work.
    本課簡介
    心臟病在西方國家已成了健康的頭號殺手,僅在英國,每天就有約400人死于心臟病。于是人們投入大量的人力、物力施行心臟手術(shù)。心臟手術(shù)無疑使無數(shù)患者受益,但是過分強調(diào)對心臟病進行手術(shù)治療則帶來了三個弊端。其一是對心臟病的預(yù)防不加重視;其二是醫(yī)療費用攀升;其三是由于有現(xiàn)成的設(shè)備和技術(shù),醫(yī)生們往往會給不需要動手術(shù)的病人做手術(shù)。近期的醫(yī)學(xué)研究強調(diào),人們必須對引發(fā)心臟病的因素,如壓力、抽煙、缺少體育運動等加以重視。生活方式與心臟病之間是有聯(lián)系的,因此,人們意識到自己必須為自身的健康負責(zé),改變飲食習(xí)慣,減輕生活壓力,減少抽煙,多多運動都是預(yù)防心臟病的有效方式。預(yù)防心臟病比治療心臟病更重要。
    本課語言點
    1. One of the greatest killers in the Western World is heart disease.
    請注意主謂一致的問題
    A:one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時,后面的謂語用單數(shù)形式:
    1)One of the longest rivers in the world is in China. (世界上長的河流之一在中國。)
    2)One of the most famous circuses in East Europe is coming to China. (東歐有名的馬戲團之一將來中國。)
    3)One of the most expensive cars in the parking lot belongs to Mr. Watson.(停車場里昂貴的汽車之一是華生先生的。)
    B:one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句時,定語從句一般被看作修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,因此從句中的謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
    1)This is one of the best films that have released this year. (這是今年發(fā)行的佳影片之一。)
    2)Mr. Wang is one of those people who are hard to deal with. (王先生屬于那種很難打交道的人。)
    3)He is one of those persons who always think they are right. (他屬于那些總認為自己正確的人。)
    2. The death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years.
    本句中的時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成進行時,由has (have) been加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,主要表現(xiàn)以前這一段時間里一直在進行的一個動作,這個動作也可能仍然在進行,如:
    1)What book have you been reading recently? (你近在看什么書?)
    2)How have you been getting on with your work? (工作進行得怎么樣?)
    3)All these years they have been contributing articles to our newspaper. (這些年來他們一直為我們報紙寫稿。)
    at an alarming speed的意思是“以驚人的速度”
    1)We are driving at the speed of 60 miles an hour. (我們正以每小時60英里的速度行駛。)
    2)He is running at top speed. (他正以快速度奔跑。)
    3)Tom is working at it at full speed. (湯姆正在拼命地干。)
    4)He found the small town changing at an astonishing speed. (他發(fā)現(xiàn)那個小城正以驚人的速度變化著。)
    3. Today in Britain, for example, about four hundred people a day die of heart disease.
    在英語中die of和die from都表示“死于”,這兩者之間的區(qū)別在于:
    die of 通常指因疾病、情感而死。如:
    1)The lady died of grief after the death of her husband. (丈夫去世后,這位女士也因哀傷而死。)
    2)In that country many children died of malnutrition. (在那個國家,許多孩子死于營養(yǎng)不良。)
    3)I'm dying of boredom. (我煩死了。)
    4)Many sheep died of starvation in the thick snow.(許多綿羊在厚厚的積雪中餓死。)
    die from 通常指死于意外的原因及不正常的原因。如:
    1)My grandfather died from a heart attack.(我爺爺死于心臟病。)
    2)She died from a traffic accident.(她死于一場交通事故。)
    3)He is said to have died from working too hard till late every night.(據(jù)說他因每晚熬夜而勞累致死。)
    4)The workman died from the explosion.(那位工人因發(fā)生爆炸而死。)
    4. Western health-care systems are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.
    首先我們看一下,spend…on 和spend … in 的區(qū)別。它們共同的意思是“把…發(fā)費在…上”。
    當spend 的賓語是金錢時,spend on 后面接名詞,spend in 后面接動名詞,in 有時可省略。
    當spend 的賓語是時間時, spend on 和 spend in 后都可接名詞或動名詞,接名詞時意思相同;接動名詞時 spend on 的含意是“把時間花在…上”, spend in 的含意是“在…上花了時間”。如:
    1)He spends nearly one third of his monthly income (in) buying books.(他把每月收入的三分之一用來買書。)
    2)She spent a great deal of money on the new car.(她花了許多錢買這輛新車。)
    3)He doesn't spend much time on his homework.(他花在做作業(yè)上的時間不多。)
    4)She spent three hours (in )watching TV.(她看電視耗掉了三個小時。)
    我們再來看一下cost,spend,pay,take的區(qū)別。
    spend和pay的主語只能是人;cost的主語是物。take在接時間主語也可以是人。take和cost還可以用動詞不定式或動詞不定式短語作真實主語,而it作形式主語。
    pay的搭配范圍較窄,多接金錢;cost的搭配范圍很寬,除了金錢和時間外還可以接勞力、精力、財富、健康甚至生命等。
    spend 可接動名詞,而cost,pay,take只接動詞不定式。
    spend,take,pay可用于被動結(jié)構(gòu);而cost不能用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)。
    1)That bike cost me 350 yuan. (那輛自行車花了我350元。)
    2)The work cost me a lot of time and effort.(這項工作花了我大量的時間和精力。)
    3)Careless driving cost him his life.(粗心駕車使他喪了命。)
    4)I paid him 200yuan for this painting.(我付他200元買了這幅畫。)
    5)They refused to pay us the money.(他們拒絕給我們付錢。)
    6)They spend all his earrings. (他掙多少花多少。)
    7)They spend a lot of money on advertising.(他們花大筆的錢做廣告。)
    8)Two hours a day were spent in practising.(每天花兩個小時進行訓(xùn)練。)
    9)The work took us a week to finish.(我們花了一星期的時間完成這項工作。)
    10)It takes him an hour to finish his homework every day.(他每天要用一小時完成作業(yè)。)
    5. This emphasis on treatment is clearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past 10 to 15 years.
    在emphasis的后面通常接介詞on,常用于搭配使用的動詞有place,put,lay等 ,如:
    He places (puts,lays) great emphasis on education. 他特別強調(diào)教育的重要。)
    associate with 意思是“使…聯(lián)系在一起”,“交往”。
    1)We naturally associate the name of Darwin with the doctrine of evolution.(我們很自然地把達爾文的名字和進化論聯(lián)系在一起。)
    2)They were closely associated with each other during the war.(戰(zhàn)爭期間,他們之間關(guān)系密切。)
    3)Rain fall is associated with humidity.(下雨與濕度有關(guān)。)
    4)They prefer to associate with young people.(他們更喜歡與年輕人交往。)
    6. …modern technology has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques and procedures.
    請注意本句中的enable 是動詞,其用法是 enable sb. to do sth. 在詞匯部分我們已有詳細講解,再請看兩個例句:
    1)His patience enabled him to make the child tell him the truth. (他的耐心使他能讓那孩子對他說實話。)
    2)His efficiency enabled him to finish the work a head of schedule. (他的高效率使他能提前完成這項工作。)
    7.…it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise.
    本句中cause用作動詞,cause sb. to do sth. (使某人做某事),cause sth. to happen (使某事發(fā)生),如:
    1)What caused you to change your mind?(什么使你改變了主意?)
    2)What caused the boat of turn over? (是什么致使翻船?)
    1)His laziness caused him to fall behind others.(他的懶惰使他落在了別人后面。)
    句中的cost 不是動詞,而是個名詞,意思是“費用、開銷”。
    1)The price is high because production costs are very great. (價格昂貴,因為生產(chǎn)成本極大。)
    2)There is no way to reduce the living cost.(沒有辦法降低生活費用。)