Unit9（第26講—第28講）
本課簡介
在learned words and popular words這篇課文中，作者對學(xué)術(shù)詞匯和普通詞匯進行了定義。講述了兩類詞匯之間的差異，并且指出把詞分為學(xué)術(shù)的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人們必須注意，把普通詞匯理解為屬于大眾所有的詞，而不是某個特定階層的人們所擁有的東西。學(xué)術(shù)詞匯也并非有學(xué)問之人專用，只是它的存在是由于書籍和文學(xué)的培養(yǎng)而不是日常會話的實際需要。
本課主要語言點
1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary.
class在本句中的意思是“種類”，相當(dāng)于type， category.如：
1）It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.（要滿足各種讀者的需要十分困難）
2）How many classes are you going to divide these books？ （你打算把這些書分成幾類？）
class 還常用來表示“等級”，如：a second-class hotel （二等旅館）；
an economy-class ticket （經(jīng)濟艙票）；fly first class （乘頭等艙航空旅行）。
class 也可以用動詞用，意思是“把 …分類；把…看作”，如：
1）At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.（到了十九歲，你仍舊是青少年。）
2）He was classed as a genius （他被看作為天才）
make up 在本句中的意思是“組成、構(gòu)成”，請看例句：
1）Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class （二十六名男生和二十四名女生組成了這個班）
2）Twelve doctors made up the medical team （十二名醫(yī)生組成醫(yī)療隊）
用被動語態(tài)時則應(yīng)用be made up of，如：
This engine is made up of 490 parts （這臺發(fā)動機是由四百九十個部件裝配而成的）
taken together 過去分詞短語做后置定語，對中心詞做一些附加說明，相當(dāng)于一個非限定性定語從句，要用逗號和中心詞隔開，如：
All the letters in the drawer， written in pencil， are from my brother.（抽屜里的這些用鉛筆寫的信都是我弟弟寫的。）
2. First， there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation， which we learn， that is to say， from the members of our own family and from our friends， and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
句子中which引導(dǎo)的都是定語從句，修飾中心詞words.第一個which的前面有介詞with，這兒的with是familiar with中的介詞前置了。Familiar with 意為“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there？（站在那邊的那個人你熟悉嗎？）
請注意familiar with 與familiar to 的區(qū)別，familiar with 的主語通常是人，而familiar to的主語通常是物。如：
1）I am not familiar with this place.
2） This place is mot familiar to me.
that is to say 是插入語，其作用是對整個一句話進行解釋，類似的插入語還有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等，如：
1）I'd really rather not go， if you don't mind 我確實不想去，你如果不介意的話。
2） The new emperor was， so to speak， a puppet.新皇帝可以說是個傀儡。
3.They concern the common things of life， and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及，有關(guān)于”，如：
1）Don't interfere in things that don't concern you （別干預(yù)跟你無關(guān)的事）。
2）The energy problem concerns us all （能源問題關(guān)系到我們每個人）
stock的意思很多，如“存貨”，“股票”，“公債券”，“牲畜”等。
1）They hold a rich stock of information （他們掌握著豐富的材料）
2）You cannot buy it because it's out of stock （你買不成了，貨品已經(jīng)脫銷）
3）He used to have a stock farm （他曾經(jīng)擁有一個畜牧場）
4）The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.（冰箱里周到地放滿了食品）
stock in trade 也可以寫成stock in trade，意思是“例行工作”，“常規(guī)”，如：
1）Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job （機場經(jīng)理的工作就是常常面對投訴）
2）He was the master of black humor， it was his stock in trade （他是黑色幽默大師，黑色幽默是他的專長）
4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.
since 在句中引導(dǎo)的是一個原因狀語從句，請看例句：
1）Since it was Saturday， he got up very late （因為是周六，他起床很晚。）
2）You can take the place of him since he is not interested （你可以取代他，因為他對這事不感興趣）
at large 在本句中的意思是“整個”，這個詞組的意思還有很多，請看下面的句子：
1）The people at large love peace （大多數(shù)人熱愛和平）
2）The virus is still at large （這種病毒還在蔓延）
3）The murderer is still at large （殺人犯仍逍遙法外）
4）He talked at large about his plans （他詳盡地談了自己的計劃）
5）They made the arrangements at large （他們隨意地做了安排 ）
5. 請注意區(qū)別與possession 有關(guān)的兩個詞組：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb.
1）He is in possession of this house （他擁有這所房子）
2）The house is in the possession of him
3）On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.
英語中有許多表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞語，閱語中注意這些詞有助于我們提高理解力，寫作中注意用這些詞，有助于我們把文章寫得連貫、有條理。On the other hand 在本句中用來表示不同或相反的語氣，在前一段中講了popular word 這一段中作者則要講講learned words. 表示不同或相反語氣的詞還有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。
前面我們提到過number可以與可數(shù)名詞連用，而amount可與不可數(shù)名詞連用，如：
1）A large number of students have passed the exam （許多學(xué)生已經(jīng)通過了考試）
2）They paid a large amount of money for the house （他們付了一大筆錢買了這座房子）
6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home
occasion 通?？梢宰隹蓴?shù)名詞用，意思是“時刻、場合”；也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用，意思是：“必要性、需要；機會”。如：
1）They're met on several occasions （他們已相遇過好幾次）
2）They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。（有時候你會覺得說“再見”很難。）
3）I don't remember I had occasion to blame him （我不記得我有責(zé)備他的必要）
7.In the latter， we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning
在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .對兩件事分別進行表述時，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 這一類詞，條理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 來表述。derivation 是derive 的名詞形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁語詞源的詞”，請看例句：
1）These words are derived from Latin （這些詞由拉丁語派生而來）
2）The derivation of words is interesting （詞的派生很有意思）
8. The terms “popular” and “l(fā)earned”， as applied to words， are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“術(shù)語、名稱”，如：
1） I don't know how to put this term into Chinese （我不知道如何把這一術(shù)語譯成中文）
2） Writer is hardly the term to apply to him （“作家”這一名稱很難用在他身上）
term 還有“期限；任期；學(xué)期”的意思，如：
1）During his 4-year term of office， he did a lot of things for the common people.（在他四年的任職期間，他為普通百姓做了不少事。）
2） He decided to rum for a second term （他決定競選連任。）
3） The autumn term is coming to an end （秋學(xué)期快要結(jié)束了。）
apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如：
1）This rule applies to upper class students only （這條規(guī)則只適用于高年級學(xué)生。）
2）I don't think what he says applies to you （我想他的話對你不適用）
3）They are eager to apply the theory to practice （他們急切地想把這一理論用于實踐）
apply for 則是“申請”的意思，如：
1）How many people have applied for the job？（有多少人申請了這個工作？）
2）They applied for permission to use the tennis court （他們申請使用網(wǎng)球場。）
9. Still the classification into “l(fā)earned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容詞，意思是“正確的；明智的”，如：
1）He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.（做了正確的決定，他感到很高興。）
2）He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement（他被權(quán)力沖昏了頭腦，無法做出任何明智的判斷）
請看下面幾個句子，注意sound 在句中的意思：
1）He is sound in body and mind （他身心健康）
2）The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it （這所房了完好無損，別猶豫，買下它）
3）The baby is having a sound sleep.（寶寶在酣睡）
4）Father gave him a sound beating.（父親給他一頓痛打）
10.When we call a word “l(fā)earned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people
not （that）…。but （that）。意思“不是…。而是。”如：
1）I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .（我又來這兒，不是因為我多喜歡這兒的景色，而是我愛這兒的人們。）
2）By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.（叫他夏洛克，我不是說他的名字叫夏洛克，而是說他像夏洛克一樣吝嗇。）
due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如：
1）His failure was due to carelessness （他的失敗是由于粗心。）
2）Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.（由于缺少資金，他們不得不推遲計劃）
rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“與其……不如…”
1） He is a writer than a teacher （與其說他是教師，不如說他是作家。）
2）He lay rather than sit in the armchair （與其說他是坐在扶手椅上不如說是躺在里面。）
本課主要詞組
1.make up
2.be familiar with
3.learn from
4.belong to
5.at large
6.on the other hand
7.be knows to
8.acquaintance with
9.in a style
10. be of importance
11. in the first case
12. in the latter （case）
13. in print
14. apply to
15. come up
16. as to
17. as a whole
18. due to
19. rather than
Text B how should you build up your vocabulary？
短語表達
1. build up （建立；增強；增加）
They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries.
Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health.
2. come across （穿過，出現(xiàn)；遇到）
They came across the street to meet me.
A good idea came across my mind
We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them.
3. look up （查閱）
If there are words you don't understand， look them up in the dictionary .
For further information about this matter， look up this book.
4. at top speed （以高速度）
He drove his car at top speed
It's dangerous to corner at top speed
5. depend on （依靠；取決于）
We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem.
The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem.
6. make sense （有意義、講得通）
What he said just now didn't make any sense to me.
This sentence doesn't make any sense.
7. try doing sth（嘗試做某事）
You can try using another method to go it
He tried climbing the mountain without any help.
8. come up with （提出，想出；提供）
He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem.
The TV network will come up with better shows in the future.
9. lead to（導(dǎo)致）
Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life.
10. after all （畢竟）
Don't expect too much of him， he is， after all， a child of 10.
We didn't finish all the work. After all， we didn't have enough hands
11. provide with （提供）
It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment
We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils
12. begin with （以……開始）
The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter .
To begin with， we ought to know what we are here for.
本課簡介
在learned words and popular words這篇課文中，作者對學(xué)術(shù)詞匯和普通詞匯進行了定義。講述了兩類詞匯之間的差異，并且指出把詞分為學(xué)術(shù)的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人們必須注意，把普通詞匯理解為屬于大眾所有的詞，而不是某個特定階層的人們所擁有的東西。學(xué)術(shù)詞匯也并非有學(xué)問之人專用，只是它的存在是由于書籍和文學(xué)的培養(yǎng)而不是日常會話的實際需要。
本課主要語言點
1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary.
class在本句中的意思是“種類”，相當(dāng)于type， category.如：
1）It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.（要滿足各種讀者的需要十分困難）
2）How many classes are you going to divide these books？ （你打算把這些書分成幾類？）
class 還常用來表示“等級”，如：a second-class hotel （二等旅館）；
an economy-class ticket （經(jīng)濟艙票）；fly first class （乘頭等艙航空旅行）。
class 也可以用動詞用，意思是“把 …分類；把…看作”，如：
1）At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.（到了十九歲，你仍舊是青少年。）
2）He was classed as a genius （他被看作為天才）
make up 在本句中的意思是“組成、構(gòu)成”，請看例句：
1）Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class （二十六名男生和二十四名女生組成了這個班）
2）Twelve doctors made up the medical team （十二名醫(yī)生組成醫(yī)療隊）
用被動語態(tài)時則應(yīng)用be made up of，如：
This engine is made up of 490 parts （這臺發(fā)動機是由四百九十個部件裝配而成的）
taken together 過去分詞短語做后置定語，對中心詞做一些附加說明，相當(dāng)于一個非限定性定語從句，要用逗號和中心詞隔開，如：
All the letters in the drawer， written in pencil， are from my brother.（抽屜里的這些用鉛筆寫的信都是我弟弟寫的。）
2. First， there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation， which we learn， that is to say， from the members of our own family and from our friends， and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
句子中which引導(dǎo)的都是定語從句，修飾中心詞words.第一個which的前面有介詞with，這兒的with是familiar with中的介詞前置了。Familiar with 意為“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there？（站在那邊的那個人你熟悉嗎？）
請注意familiar with 與familiar to 的區(qū)別，familiar with 的主語通常是人，而familiar to的主語通常是物。如：
1）I am not familiar with this place.
2） This place is mot familiar to me.
that is to say 是插入語，其作用是對整個一句話進行解釋，類似的插入語還有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等，如：
1）I'd really rather not go， if you don't mind 我確實不想去，你如果不介意的話。
2） The new emperor was， so to speak， a puppet.新皇帝可以說是個傀儡。
3.They concern the common things of life， and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及，有關(guān)于”，如：
1）Don't interfere in things that don't concern you （別干預(yù)跟你無關(guān)的事）。
2）The energy problem concerns us all （能源問題關(guān)系到我們每個人）
stock的意思很多，如“存貨”，“股票”，“公債券”，“牲畜”等。
1）They hold a rich stock of information （他們掌握著豐富的材料）
2）You cannot buy it because it's out of stock （你買不成了，貨品已經(jīng)脫銷）
3）He used to have a stock farm （他曾經(jīng)擁有一個畜牧場）
4）The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.（冰箱里周到地放滿了食品）
stock in trade 也可以寫成stock in trade，意思是“例行工作”，“常規(guī)”，如：
1）Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job （機場經(jīng)理的工作就是常常面對投訴）
2）He was the master of black humor， it was his stock in trade （他是黑色幽默大師，黑色幽默是他的專長）
4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.
since 在句中引導(dǎo)的是一個原因狀語從句，請看例句：
1）Since it was Saturday， he got up very late （因為是周六，他起床很晚。）
2）You can take the place of him since he is not interested （你可以取代他，因為他對這事不感興趣）
at large 在本句中的意思是“整個”，這個詞組的意思還有很多，請看下面的句子：
1）The people at large love peace （大多數(shù)人熱愛和平）
2）The virus is still at large （這種病毒還在蔓延）
3）The murderer is still at large （殺人犯仍逍遙法外）
4）He talked at large about his plans （他詳盡地談了自己的計劃）
5）They made the arrangements at large （他們隨意地做了安排 ）
5. 請注意區(qū)別與possession 有關(guān)的兩個詞組：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb.
1）He is in possession of this house （他擁有這所房子）
2）The house is in the possession of him
3）On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.
英語中有許多表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞語，閱語中注意這些詞有助于我們提高理解力，寫作中注意用這些詞，有助于我們把文章寫得連貫、有條理。On the other hand 在本句中用來表示不同或相反的語氣，在前一段中講了popular word 這一段中作者則要講講learned words. 表示不同或相反語氣的詞還有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。
前面我們提到過number可以與可數(shù)名詞連用，而amount可與不可數(shù)名詞連用，如：
1）A large number of students have passed the exam （許多學(xué)生已經(jīng)通過了考試）
2）They paid a large amount of money for the house （他們付了一大筆錢買了這座房子）
6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home
occasion 通?？梢宰隹蓴?shù)名詞用，意思是“時刻、場合”；也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用，意思是：“必要性、需要；機會”。如：
1）They're met on several occasions （他們已相遇過好幾次）
2）They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。（有時候你會覺得說“再見”很難。）
3）I don't remember I had occasion to blame him （我不記得我有責(zé)備他的必要）
7.In the latter， we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning
在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .對兩件事分別進行表述時，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 這一類詞，條理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 來表述。derivation 是derive 的名詞形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁語詞源的詞”，請看例句：
1）These words are derived from Latin （這些詞由拉丁語派生而來）
2）The derivation of words is interesting （詞的派生很有意思）
8. The terms “popular” and “l(fā)earned”， as applied to words， are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“術(shù)語、名稱”，如：
1） I don't know how to put this term into Chinese （我不知道如何把這一術(shù)語譯成中文）
2） Writer is hardly the term to apply to him （“作家”這一名稱很難用在他身上）
term 還有“期限；任期；學(xué)期”的意思，如：
1）During his 4-year term of office， he did a lot of things for the common people.（在他四年的任職期間，他為普通百姓做了不少事。）
2） He decided to rum for a second term （他決定競選連任。）
3） The autumn term is coming to an end （秋學(xué)期快要結(jié)束了。）
apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如：
1）This rule applies to upper class students only （這條規(guī)則只適用于高年級學(xué)生。）
2）I don't think what he says applies to you （我想他的話對你不適用）
3）They are eager to apply the theory to practice （他們急切地想把這一理論用于實踐）
apply for 則是“申請”的意思，如：
1）How many people have applied for the job？（有多少人申請了這個工作？）
2）They applied for permission to use the tennis court （他們申請使用網(wǎng)球場。）
9. Still the classification into “l(fā)earned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容詞，意思是“正確的；明智的”，如：
1）He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.（做了正確的決定，他感到很高興。）
2）He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement（他被權(quán)力沖昏了頭腦，無法做出任何明智的判斷）
請看下面幾個句子，注意sound 在句中的意思：
1）He is sound in body and mind （他身心健康）
2）The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it （這所房了完好無損，別猶豫，買下它）
3）The baby is having a sound sleep.（寶寶在酣睡）
4）Father gave him a sound beating.（父親給他一頓痛打）
10.When we call a word “l(fā)earned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people
not （that）…。but （that）。意思“不是…。而是。”如：
1）I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .（我又來這兒，不是因為我多喜歡這兒的景色，而是我愛這兒的人們。）
2）By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.（叫他夏洛克，我不是說他的名字叫夏洛克，而是說他像夏洛克一樣吝嗇。）
due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如：
1）His failure was due to carelessness （他的失敗是由于粗心。）
2）Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.（由于缺少資金，他們不得不推遲計劃）
rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“與其……不如…”
1） He is a writer than a teacher （與其說他是教師，不如說他是作家。）
2）He lay rather than sit in the armchair （與其說他是坐在扶手椅上不如說是躺在里面。）
本課主要詞組
1.make up
2.be familiar with
3.learn from
4.belong to
5.at large
6.on the other hand
7.be knows to
8.acquaintance with
9.in a style
10. be of importance
11. in the first case
12. in the latter （case）
13. in print
14. apply to
15. come up
16. as to
17. as a whole
18. due to
19. rather than
Text B how should you build up your vocabulary？
短語表達
1. build up （建立；增強；增加）
They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries.
Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health.
2. come across （穿過，出現(xiàn)；遇到）
They came across the street to meet me.
A good idea came across my mind
We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them.
3. look up （查閱）
If there are words you don't understand， look them up in the dictionary .
For further information about this matter， look up this book.
4. at top speed （以高速度）
He drove his car at top speed
It's dangerous to corner at top speed
5. depend on （依靠；取決于）
We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem.
The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem.
6. make sense （有意義、講得通）
What he said just now didn't make any sense to me.
This sentence doesn't make any sense.
7. try doing sth（嘗試做某事）
You can try using another method to go it
He tried climbing the mountain without any help.
8. come up with （提出，想出；提供）
He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem.
The TV network will come up with better shows in the future.
9. lead to（導(dǎo)致）
Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life.
10. after all （畢竟）
Don't expect too much of him， he is， after all， a child of 10.
We didn't finish all the work. After all， we didn't have enough hands
11. provide with （提供）
It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment
We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils
12. begin with （以……開始）
The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter .
To begin with， we ought to know what we are here for.