Unit10(第29講—第31講)
本課簡介
在“Scientific Attitudes”這篇課文中,作者指出科學始于人類對周圍環(huán)境的疑問。當人類具有去偽存真的能力時,科學也開始迅猛發(fā)展。好奇和想像是有助于推動科學發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)展重要素質。作者還認為具有科學頭腦的人相信“因果”關系。任何現(xiàn)象的存在必有原因,只是有些尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)。思想開放、無偏見;尊重別人的觀點;凡事以事實為依據都是科學的態(tài)度。
人物背景
1.Benjamin Franklin:富蘭克林(1706-1790年),美國政治家及科學家。美國18世紀名列華盛頓后的的人物,參加起草獨立宣言。在科學方面進行過有名的電實驗,并對電做了理論說明。只受過極短的正規(guī)教育,全靠勤奮自學成才。法國經濟學家杜爾哥頌揚他“從天空抓到雷電,從專制統(tǒng)治者手中奪回權力”。
2.Thomas Edison:愛迪生(1847-1931年),美國發(fā)明家。技術歷史中顯著的天才之一,擁有白熾燈、留聲機、電影放映機等1093種發(fā)明專利,還創(chuàng)辦了世界上第一個工業(yè)研究實驗室。
3.Galileo:伽利略(1564-1642年),意大利物理學家及天文學家。對現(xiàn)代科學思想的發(fā)展作出過重大貢獻。早用望遠鏡觀察天體,并曾用大量事實證明地球環(huán)繞太陽轉,否定地心說。
4.Louis Pasteur:巴斯德(1822-1895年)法國化學家及微生物學家。證明發(fā)酵及傳染病是微生物引起的,創(chuàng)始并首先應用疫苗接種以預防狂犬病、雞霍亂等,挽救了法、英等國的養(yǎng)蠶業(yè)和啤酒業(yè)。
5.Edward Jenner:金納(1749-1823年),英國醫(yī)生,牛痘接種法創(chuàng)始人。歷經周折使牛痘接種法得以公認,并傳播到歐美大陸及全世界,使天花的病死率大為下降。
本課語言點
1.Science had its beginning when man started asking questions about his environment.
句中的beginning是一個名詞,意思是“開始、開端、” 例如:
1)We had too much rain at the beginning of the month. (月初雨水過多。)
2)He has made a good beginning in the field of publishing. (他在出版領域做出了良好的開端。)
在動詞start的后面,可以用動名詞作賓語,也可以用不定式。一般來說,如果表示有意識地“開始做某事”,多用動名詞,否則用不定式更多一些,如:
1)We started working on it in 1999. (我們是1999年開始這項工作的。)
2)Suddenly it started to rain.(突然下起雨來。)
2.He sought answers to these and other questions.
本句中的sought是動詞seek的過去分詞。seek answers to…“尋找…答案”,to是介詞,常與answer這類名詞連用。例如:
1)The answer to your question is very simple. (你的問題答案很簡單)
2)I haven't found the solution to the problem yet. (我還沒找到解決這個問題的辦法)
3)He couldn't find the key to the door. (他找不到開這個門的鑰匙)
3.Not all his answer were correct, but at least he did want to know.
Not all his answer were correct 這是一個部分否定的句子。部分否定一般用下列三種形式表達;
A.主語中有all/both/every/each, etc+否定謂語
B.主語中有not + all /both/every/each, etc+肯定謂語
C.否定謂語+ all /both/every/each, etc
1)All the students are not in the classroom.(學生們并不都在教室里。)
這句話相當于:Not all the students are in the classroom.
2)Every computer is not of high quality. (并非每一臺計算機都是高質量的。)
這句話相當于:Not every computer is of high quality.
3)I didn't see both of them. (我只見到了他們兩個中的一個。)
這句話相當于:I only saw one of the two men
… but at least he did want to know. 句子中的did是助動詞,隨人稱和時態(tài)的變化而變化,用于強調,如
1)He does know the way to the library. (他的確知道去圖書館的路)
2)I do enjoy pop music. (我的確喜歡流行音樂)
3)They did give us a lot of help. (他們的確幫了我們不少忙)
4.The child wants to take apart a watch to see what makes it work.
句子中“to take apart a watch”是不定式做賓語,后面的“to see what makes it work”則是不定式做目的狀語。請看下面的例句:
1)He offered to help me. (他提出要幫助我。)
2)I didn't expect to find you here.(沒想到在這兒碰到你。)
3)We all want to learn more knowledge. (我們都想學更多的知識。)
4)To do it well, you have to make more efforts. (你得更努力,才能做好。)
5)To protect the child, he laid down his life. (為了保護那個孩子,他獻出了自己的生命。)
6)They ran over to welcome the hero. (他們跑過去歡迎那位英雄。)
在上述6個句子中,前3句是不定式做賓語,而后3句則是不定式做目的狀語。
take apart 的意思是“拆開”,如:
1)He took the toy apart but found nothing unusual.(他把玩具拆開但沒發(fā)現(xiàn)任何異常。)
2)I'll have to take the bike apart to see what is wrong.(我得把自行車拆開看有什么毛病。)
5. He combined his curiosity with imagination and carried out his well-known experiment to show that lightening and electric spark are the same thing.
combine with 是一個常用詞組,意思為“使結合;使聯(lián)合”:例如:
1)Experience is fine when it is combined with the right personality. (經驗與健全的人格相結合是很好的。)
well-known是一個復合形容詞,意思為“出名的,眾所周知的”,例如:
A well-known film critic (有名的影評家),a well-known voice (熟悉的聲音)。除了做定語用以外,well-known(或寫成well known)也可以做表語,如:
1)It is well known that excessive drinking and smoking can be harmful to one's health.(眾所周知抽煙喝酒過多有害健康。)
2)It is well known that education of young people is vital to the future of a country.(眾所周知年輕人的教育對一個國家的未來至關重要。)
6. Scientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and effect”relationship
句子中的minded是一個形容詞,在minded前面常用形容詞或副詞,組成一個復合形容詞,如:a narrow-minded person(一個心胸狹窄的人),the absent-minded young man(心不在焉的年輕人),open-minded people(思想開放的人們),liberally-minded parents(思想開明的父母), a politically-minded old man(有政治頭腦的老人)
cause-and-effect是一個復合形容詞,修飾后面的名詞relationship.如此構成的復合形容詞在英語中很常見,如:
1)a never-to-be-forgotten moment (永遠難忘的時刻)
2)an epoch-making event(劃時代的大事)
3)a seven-year-old boy(一個七歲男孩)
4)a wait-and-see attitude(等著瞧的態(tài)度)
7. …there is a good reason why some leaves turn red and others yellow in the fall
句子中的why是一個關系副詞,它所引導的是一個定語從句,請看例句:
1)He didn't give the reason why was absent yesterday (他沒有提到昨天缺席的理由)
2) The reason why he missed the train was that he got up late (他沒趕上火車的原因是他起床晚了)
3) This is the reason why he did it(這就是他做那件事的原因)
有時,我們也會看到在reason后面用for的情況,用for的時候,后面只能接名詞,或動名詞短語,不能接句子,如:
1)I don't know the reason for his absence.(我不知道他缺席的理由)
2)One of the reasons for coming to England was to make money.(到英國來的原因之一是掙錢)
3)There is no reason for his poor work.(他的工作干不好是沒有理由的)
句子中的fall是一個名詞,意思為“秋天”,例如:
1)I met her again in the fall semester .(我在秋學期又見到了她)
2)They moved to Washington in the fall of 1998.(一九九八年秋天他們搬到了華盛頓)
8.In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered
句子中的where 是關系副詞,引導定語從句,修飾名詞cases,因此,in cases where the explanation is unknown可以譯為“在對一些的解釋還不為人們所知的情況下?!庇藐P系副詞 where引導定語從句也是很常見的,如:
1)Let's think of a situation where this idiom can be used (我們來想一個可以使用這個習語的場合)
2)Is there a library around where we can borrow books?(附近有什么圖書館可以借書嗎?)
句子中that引導的是一個表語從句。表語從句和主句中的連系動詞連用,結構為:主語+連系動詞+表詞從句,例如:
1) My idea is that we should do it as soon as possible(我的建議是我們應該盡早做這件事)
2) It looks that it is going to rain(看起來天要下雨)
句子中的if…。only 在此表示尚欠缺的條件,if it can only be discovered 可以譯為“ 只是尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)罷了”。
9. This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought.句子中的as是一個連詞,表示方式,意思是“按照;如同;例如”
1) We must state the facts as they are.(我們必須如實地陳述事實)
2) Give me the bike as it is, I'll get it repaired (把自行車照實給我,我去修理)
Regardless of是一個常用詞組,意思是“不顧”,例如:
1) Our manager often acts regardless of consequences (我們經理做事常常不顧后果)
2) He set out regardless of the heavy snow(他不顧天降大雪出發(fā)了)
10.The worker in science must face facts whether they are pleasant or unpleasant.
whether…or引導的是一個讓步狀語從句,意思是“無論,不管,”例如:
1) Whether you believe it or not it's truth (無論你信不信,那總是事實)
2) He will be here on time whether he drives or takes the train(不管他開汽車來還是乘火車來,他總會準時到達)
11.Scientists must be able to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered.
adapt 意為“使適應,使配合”,常指改變以適應新的情況,后面常接介詞to, 例如:
1)Some animals will modify their behavior to adapt to their environment(有些動物會改變習性來適應環(huán)境)
2)We have to adapt our thinking to the new conditions (我們得使自己的思想適應新的情況)
請注意區(qū)別動詞adapt和adopt,在詞匯部分,我們已作了講解。
12. A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time
in the light of 是一個常用詞組,意思是“根據,按照;考慮到”,例如:
1) To find truth in the light of science is the only correct way(憑借科學探求真理是正確的方法)
2) We must apply Marxism in the light of China's specific conditions(我們必須按照中國的具體情況應用馬克思主義)
This should be discussed more fully in the light of the developments in the University(考慮到學校的發(fā)展,這個問題應該討論得更充分一些。)
本課主要詞組
1. seek answers t
2. lay aside
3. be curious about
4. take apart
5. combine with
6. carry out
7. believe in
8. ergardless of
9. whether…or
10. be willing to
11. succeed in
12. in advance
13. adapt to
14. make up one's mind
15. once and for all
16. in the light of
17. respect for
18. come up
19. laugh at
20. change one's mind
21. experiment on
Text B solving problems scientifically
有用的詞和詞組 Useful words and expressions:
1. arouse one's curiosity
Once his curiosity is aroused, he will try every means to make everything clear.
2. first of all
First of all I want to thank you with all my sincerity.
3. arise
New problems will arise when old ones are solved.
4. result from
His failure resulted from his lack of experience.
5. bring about
The new policy has brought about a lot of changes in the rural areas.
6. in need of
I think we will be in need of your help soon.
7. build up
How can I build up my confidence when I meet failures time and again?
8. modify
Some animals will modify their behavior to adapt to new environment.
9. check with
I am not sure if these answers check with the key in the teacher's book.
10.turn out to be
His experiment turned out to be a great success.
本課簡介
在“Scientific Attitudes”這篇課文中,作者指出科學始于人類對周圍環(huán)境的疑問。當人類具有去偽存真的能力時,科學也開始迅猛發(fā)展。好奇和想像是有助于推動科學發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)展重要素質。作者還認為具有科學頭腦的人相信“因果”關系。任何現(xiàn)象的存在必有原因,只是有些尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)。思想開放、無偏見;尊重別人的觀點;凡事以事實為依據都是科學的態(tài)度。
人物背景
1.Benjamin Franklin:富蘭克林(1706-1790年),美國政治家及科學家。美國18世紀名列華盛頓后的的人物,參加起草獨立宣言。在科學方面進行過有名的電實驗,并對電做了理論說明。只受過極短的正規(guī)教育,全靠勤奮自學成才。法國經濟學家杜爾哥頌揚他“從天空抓到雷電,從專制統(tǒng)治者手中奪回權力”。
2.Thomas Edison:愛迪生(1847-1931年),美國發(fā)明家。技術歷史中顯著的天才之一,擁有白熾燈、留聲機、電影放映機等1093種發(fā)明專利,還創(chuàng)辦了世界上第一個工業(yè)研究實驗室。
3.Galileo:伽利略(1564-1642年),意大利物理學家及天文學家。對現(xiàn)代科學思想的發(fā)展作出過重大貢獻。早用望遠鏡觀察天體,并曾用大量事實證明地球環(huán)繞太陽轉,否定地心說。
4.Louis Pasteur:巴斯德(1822-1895年)法國化學家及微生物學家。證明發(fā)酵及傳染病是微生物引起的,創(chuàng)始并首先應用疫苗接種以預防狂犬病、雞霍亂等,挽救了法、英等國的養(yǎng)蠶業(yè)和啤酒業(yè)。
5.Edward Jenner:金納(1749-1823年),英國醫(yī)生,牛痘接種法創(chuàng)始人。歷經周折使牛痘接種法得以公認,并傳播到歐美大陸及全世界,使天花的病死率大為下降。
本課語言點
1.Science had its beginning when man started asking questions about his environment.
句中的beginning是一個名詞,意思是“開始、開端、” 例如:
1)We had too much rain at the beginning of the month. (月初雨水過多。)
2)He has made a good beginning in the field of publishing. (他在出版領域做出了良好的開端。)
在動詞start的后面,可以用動名詞作賓語,也可以用不定式。一般來說,如果表示有意識地“開始做某事”,多用動名詞,否則用不定式更多一些,如:
1)We started working on it in 1999. (我們是1999年開始這項工作的。)
2)Suddenly it started to rain.(突然下起雨來。)
2.He sought answers to these and other questions.
本句中的sought是動詞seek的過去分詞。seek answers to…“尋找…答案”,to是介詞,常與answer這類名詞連用。例如:
1)The answer to your question is very simple. (你的問題答案很簡單)
2)I haven't found the solution to the problem yet. (我還沒找到解決這個問題的辦法)
3)He couldn't find the key to the door. (他找不到開這個門的鑰匙)
3.Not all his answer were correct, but at least he did want to know.
Not all his answer were correct 這是一個部分否定的句子。部分否定一般用下列三種形式表達;
A.主語中有all/both/every/each, etc+否定謂語
B.主語中有not + all /both/every/each, etc+肯定謂語
C.否定謂語+ all /both/every/each, etc
1)All the students are not in the classroom.(學生們并不都在教室里。)
這句話相當于:Not all the students are in the classroom.
2)Every computer is not of high quality. (并非每一臺計算機都是高質量的。)
這句話相當于:Not every computer is of high quality.
3)I didn't see both of them. (我只見到了他們兩個中的一個。)
這句話相當于:I only saw one of the two men
… but at least he did want to know. 句子中的did是助動詞,隨人稱和時態(tài)的變化而變化,用于強調,如
1)He does know the way to the library. (他的確知道去圖書館的路)
2)I do enjoy pop music. (我的確喜歡流行音樂)
3)They did give us a lot of help. (他們的確幫了我們不少忙)
4.The child wants to take apart a watch to see what makes it work.
句子中“to take apart a watch”是不定式做賓語,后面的“to see what makes it work”則是不定式做目的狀語。請看下面的例句:
1)He offered to help me. (他提出要幫助我。)
2)I didn't expect to find you here.(沒想到在這兒碰到你。)
3)We all want to learn more knowledge. (我們都想學更多的知識。)
4)To do it well, you have to make more efforts. (你得更努力,才能做好。)
5)To protect the child, he laid down his life. (為了保護那個孩子,他獻出了自己的生命。)
6)They ran over to welcome the hero. (他們跑過去歡迎那位英雄。)
在上述6個句子中,前3句是不定式做賓語,而后3句則是不定式做目的狀語。
take apart 的意思是“拆開”,如:
1)He took the toy apart but found nothing unusual.(他把玩具拆開但沒發(fā)現(xiàn)任何異常。)
2)I'll have to take the bike apart to see what is wrong.(我得把自行車拆開看有什么毛病。)
5. He combined his curiosity with imagination and carried out his well-known experiment to show that lightening and electric spark are the same thing.
combine with 是一個常用詞組,意思為“使結合;使聯(lián)合”:例如:
1)Experience is fine when it is combined with the right personality. (經驗與健全的人格相結合是很好的。)
well-known是一個復合形容詞,意思為“出名的,眾所周知的”,例如:
A well-known film critic (有名的影評家),a well-known voice (熟悉的聲音)。除了做定語用以外,well-known(或寫成well known)也可以做表語,如:
1)It is well known that excessive drinking and smoking can be harmful to one's health.(眾所周知抽煙喝酒過多有害健康。)
2)It is well known that education of young people is vital to the future of a country.(眾所周知年輕人的教育對一個國家的未來至關重要。)
6. Scientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and effect”relationship
句子中的minded是一個形容詞,在minded前面常用形容詞或副詞,組成一個復合形容詞,如:a narrow-minded person(一個心胸狹窄的人),the absent-minded young man(心不在焉的年輕人),open-minded people(思想開放的人們),liberally-minded parents(思想開明的父母), a politically-minded old man(有政治頭腦的老人)
cause-and-effect是一個復合形容詞,修飾后面的名詞relationship.如此構成的復合形容詞在英語中很常見,如:
1)a never-to-be-forgotten moment (永遠難忘的時刻)
2)an epoch-making event(劃時代的大事)
3)a seven-year-old boy(一個七歲男孩)
4)a wait-and-see attitude(等著瞧的態(tài)度)
7. …there is a good reason why some leaves turn red and others yellow in the fall
句子中的why是一個關系副詞,它所引導的是一個定語從句,請看例句:
1)He didn't give the reason why was absent yesterday (他沒有提到昨天缺席的理由)
2) The reason why he missed the train was that he got up late (他沒趕上火車的原因是他起床晚了)
3) This is the reason why he did it(這就是他做那件事的原因)
有時,我們也會看到在reason后面用for的情況,用for的時候,后面只能接名詞,或動名詞短語,不能接句子,如:
1)I don't know the reason for his absence.(我不知道他缺席的理由)
2)One of the reasons for coming to England was to make money.(到英國來的原因之一是掙錢)
3)There is no reason for his poor work.(他的工作干不好是沒有理由的)
句子中的fall是一個名詞,意思為“秋天”,例如:
1)I met her again in the fall semester .(我在秋學期又見到了她)
2)They moved to Washington in the fall of 1998.(一九九八年秋天他們搬到了華盛頓)
8.In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered
句子中的where 是關系副詞,引導定語從句,修飾名詞cases,因此,in cases where the explanation is unknown可以譯為“在對一些的解釋還不為人們所知的情況下?!庇藐P系副詞 where引導定語從句也是很常見的,如:
1)Let's think of a situation where this idiom can be used (我們來想一個可以使用這個習語的場合)
2)Is there a library around where we can borrow books?(附近有什么圖書館可以借書嗎?)
句子中that引導的是一個表語從句。表語從句和主句中的連系動詞連用,結構為:主語+連系動詞+表詞從句,例如:
1) My idea is that we should do it as soon as possible(我的建議是我們應該盡早做這件事)
2) It looks that it is going to rain(看起來天要下雨)
句子中的if…。only 在此表示尚欠缺的條件,if it can only be discovered 可以譯為“ 只是尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)罷了”。
9. This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought.句子中的as是一個連詞,表示方式,意思是“按照;如同;例如”
1) We must state the facts as they are.(我們必須如實地陳述事實)
2) Give me the bike as it is, I'll get it repaired (把自行車照實給我,我去修理)
Regardless of是一個常用詞組,意思是“不顧”,例如:
1) Our manager often acts regardless of consequences (我們經理做事常常不顧后果)
2) He set out regardless of the heavy snow(他不顧天降大雪出發(fā)了)
10.The worker in science must face facts whether they are pleasant or unpleasant.
whether…or引導的是一個讓步狀語從句,意思是“無論,不管,”例如:
1) Whether you believe it or not it's truth (無論你信不信,那總是事實)
2) He will be here on time whether he drives or takes the train(不管他開汽車來還是乘火車來,他總會準時到達)
11.Scientists must be able to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered.
adapt 意為“使適應,使配合”,常指改變以適應新的情況,后面常接介詞to, 例如:
1)Some animals will modify their behavior to adapt to their environment(有些動物會改變習性來適應環(huán)境)
2)We have to adapt our thinking to the new conditions (我們得使自己的思想適應新的情況)
請注意區(qū)別動詞adapt和adopt,在詞匯部分,我們已作了講解。
12. A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time
in the light of 是一個常用詞組,意思是“根據,按照;考慮到”,例如:
1) To find truth in the light of science is the only correct way(憑借科學探求真理是正確的方法)
2) We must apply Marxism in the light of China's specific conditions(我們必須按照中國的具體情況應用馬克思主義)
This should be discussed more fully in the light of the developments in the University(考慮到學校的發(fā)展,這個問題應該討論得更充分一些。)
本課主要詞組
1. seek answers t
2. lay aside
3. be curious about
4. take apart
5. combine with
6. carry out
7. believe in
8. ergardless of
9. whether…or
10. be willing to
11. succeed in
12. in advance
13. adapt to
14. make up one's mind
15. once and for all
16. in the light of
17. respect for
18. come up
19. laugh at
20. change one's mind
21. experiment on
Text B solving problems scientifically
有用的詞和詞組 Useful words and expressions:
1. arouse one's curiosity
Once his curiosity is aroused, he will try every means to make everything clear.
2. first of all
First of all I want to thank you with all my sincerity.
3. arise
New problems will arise when old ones are solved.
4. result from
His failure resulted from his lack of experience.
5. bring about
The new policy has brought about a lot of changes in the rural areas.
6. in need of
I think we will be in need of your help soon.
7. build up
How can I build up my confidence when I meet failures time and again?
8. modify
Some animals will modify their behavior to adapt to new environment.
9. check with
I am not sure if these answers check with the key in the teacher's book.
10.turn out to be
His experiment turned out to be a great success.

