自考英語(yǔ)(一)課堂筆記完整版(23)

字號(hào):

Unit12(第35講—第37講)
    Text A How Dictionaries Are Made
    本課主要單詞
    1. mainly adv. 主要地;大部分地
    1) I don't know what his interests are, because we talk mainly about work when we meet.
    (我不知道他的興趣是什么,因?yàn)槲覀円?jiàn)面時(shí)主要談工作。)
    2) The visitors were mainly students from Mainland China.(來(lái)訪者多半是來(lái)自中國(guó)大陸的學(xué)生。)
    3) He quit the job mainly because of health problem.(他辭了那份工用是由于健康原因。)
    2. grammarian n. 語(yǔ)法學(xué)家
    -ian或-an是一個(gè)名詞后綴,表示“…地方的人”,“精通…的人”,“信奉…的人”,如:American(美國(guó)人),Italian(意大利人),Musician(音樂(lè)家),Historian(歷史學(xué)家),Confucian(儒家),Christian(基督徒)
    grammarian這個(gè)單詞是由grammar加后綴-ian 構(gòu)成的。
    3. supreme adj. 高的;極度的,主要的
    1)He enjoys supreme power in this country(他在這個(gè)國(guó)家享有至高無(wú)上的權(quán)力。)
    2)They are fulfilling a task of supreme importance.(他們正在完成一項(xiàng)極其重要的任務(wù)。)
    3)No one expected that he would change his idea at the supreme moment.(誰(shuí)也沒(méi)料到他會(huì)在決定性的時(shí)刻改變主意。)
    Supreme court(美國(guó)聯(lián)邦(州)高法院。)
    The supreme commander (高統(tǒng)帥)
    Supreme Soviet (前蘇聯(lián)高蘇維埃)
    4. authority n. 官方,*;權(quán)利,權(quán)威
    1)The government is the highest authority in the country(政府是國(guó)家的高權(quán)利機(jī)構(gòu))
    2)Have you talked it over with the authorities concerned?(你已經(jīng)跟有關(guān)*討論過(guò)這個(gè)問(wèn)題了嗎?)
    3)What authority do you have for entering this house?(你有什么權(quán)利進(jìn)這個(gè)屋子?)
    4)Who is the authority on this subject?(誰(shuí)是這門學(xué)科的權(quán)威?)
    5)Chinese parents have more authority over their children(中國(guó)的父母對(duì)孩子更有權(quán)威。)
    5. usage n. 慣用法;使用;用法
    1)It's difficult to master the usage of these grammatical forms.(要掌握這些語(yǔ)法形式的用法很困難。)
    2)That phrase has gone out of usage.(那短語(yǔ)已不再為大家所慣用。)
    Usage 常表示語(yǔ)言等的“用法”,“使用”,“慣用法”,我們不能說(shuō)incorrect usage,而應(yīng)該說(shuō)incorrect use.
    6. dispute v. 爭(zhēng)吵;對(duì)…提出質(zhì)疑       n. 爭(zhēng)論,爭(zhēng)端
    1) They are disputing with each other on/about the ownership of the territory.
    (他們正在就領(lǐng)土所有權(quán)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)論。)(dispute做不及物動(dòng)詞用)
    2) They disputed how to get the best results. (他們爭(zhēng)論如何才能取得好的效果。)(dispute作及物動(dòng)詞用)
    3) Your honesty has never been disputed.(沒(méi)有人懷疑過(guò)你的誠(chéng)實(shí)。)(dispute作及物動(dòng)詞用)
    4) There has been much dispute, and the question is certainly not yet settled(爭(zhēng)論很多,所以這個(gè)問(wèn)題當(dāng)然還沒(méi)解決。)(dispute作不可數(shù)名詞用)
    5) They lived together happily without disputes.( 他們快樂(lè)地生活在一起,沒(méi)有任何爭(zhēng)吵。)(dispute作可數(shù)名詞用)
    6) Her ability to do the job is not in dispute.(對(duì)她的工作能力人們沒(méi)有疑問(wèn)。)
    7. self-assurance n. 自信
    1) His self-assurance was based upon his faith in his own ability(他的自信基于他堅(jiān)信自己的能力。)
    2) His self-assurance enabled him to pull through difficulties.(他的自信使他能夠渡過(guò)困難。
    assure v. 使確信;使放心;向…保證;保障
    1)Please assure my parents that I am safe and sound.(請(qǐng)讓我父母放心我安全而健康。)
    2)I can assure you of the reliability of the information.(我可以向你保證這消息是可靠的。)
    3)This film had assured him a place in movie history.(這部影片保證了他在電影的地位。)
    assurance n. 把握;信念;自信;保證
    1) I have full assurance of the feasibility of the plan.(我充分相信這個(gè)計(jì)劃的可行性。)
    2) “He will be here soon”, said Mary with assurance.(“他很快會(huì)到這兒”,瑪麗很有把握地說(shuō)。)
    3) He gave us the assurance that he wouldn't let out the secret.(他向我們保證他不會(huì)泄露秘密。)
    8. regard v. 看待,考慮;把…看作為;尊重       n. 關(guān)心,重視;尊重;(復(fù)數(shù))問(wèn)候
    1) I regard it as difficult.(我認(rèn)為這事是困難的。)
    2) They are regarded as the best table-tennis players.(他們被看作為好的乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。)
    3) He was regarded highly by his students.(他很受學(xué)生們的尊敬。)
    4) You have to pay regard to public opinions.(你得重視輿論。)
    5) My regard for him grew day by day.(我對(duì)他的尊敬與日俱增。)
    6) Give my regards to your parents.(請(qǐng)代我問(wèn)候你的父母。)
    9. peuiliar adj. 特殊的;獨(dú)特的,奇怪的
    1) She expressed her gratitude to him in her own peculiar way.(她用自己獨(dú)特的方式對(duì)他表達(dá)謝意。)
    2) He says this change is not peculiar to this small village.(他說(shuō)這個(gè)變化不是這個(gè)小村子所獨(dú)有的。)
    3) The young girl was wearing a very peculiar pair of glasses.(那個(gè)年輕姑娘戴著一副很古怪的眼鏡。)
    4) She gave him a peculiar look.(她朝他古怪地看了一眼。)
    10. occurrence n. 發(fā)生,出現(xiàn),事件
    1)Researchers are trying hard to find ways to reduce the occurrence of cancer.
    (研究人員正努力尋求減少癌癥發(fā)病率的方法。)
    2) The occurrence took place in 1978.(這一事件發(fā)生于1978年。)
    occur v. 發(fā)生;出現(xiàn);被想到
    1)Don't let the tragedy occur again.(不要讓這樣的悲劇再次發(fā)生。)
    2)These animals occur in Africa only.(這些動(dòng)物只在非洲才有。)
    3)It occurred to me that I didn't ask for his telephone number.(我想起沒(méi)有要他的電話號(hào)碼。)
    4)A good idea occurred to him(他想到了一個(gè)好主意。)
    11. occupy v. 占用,占領(lǐng),使忙碌
    1)The village was occupied by the enemy.(村子被敵人占領(lǐng)了。)
    2)I didn't expect this work would occupy so much of my time.(我沒(méi)料到這一工作會(huì)占用我這么多時(shí)間。)
    3)His speech occupied 5 minutes.(他的講話占了五分鐘。)
    4)He is occupied (in) repairing the bike.(他正忙著修理自行車。)
    5)The fridge occupies a big space in the kitchen.(這臺(tái)冰箱占了廚房很大的空間。)
    12. stack n. 整齊的一疊       v. 把…疊成堆
    1) He saw a stack of paper boxes in the room.(他看到房間里有一堆迭著的紙盒。)
    2)There are a stack of journals on the table.(桌子上有一疊雜志。)
    3)I have stacks of work to do. (我有一大堆工作要做。)
    4)It's dangerous to stack the firewood here. (把木柴堆在這兒很危險(xiǎn)。)
    5)The shelf was stacked with empty bottles. (架子上堆放著空瓶子。)
    6)Father stacked up the plates and put them in the sink.(父親把盤子疊放好,然后放入水池。)
    13. illustrate v. 說(shuō)明,闡明;(用圖或例子)說(shuō)明
    1) Nothing illustrates his selfishness more clearly than his behavior to his wife.(沒(méi)有什么比他對(duì)妻子的行為更能清楚地說(shuō)明他的自私。)
    2) He told us a story to illustrate the fact that bad habits die hard.(他通過(guò)給我們講故事來(lái)闡明積習(xí)難改的事實(shí)。)
    3) Children's books are often beautifully illustrated. (兒童書籍常常有美麗的插圖。)
    4) He gave us an example to illustrate his point. (他給了我們一個(gè)例子說(shuō)明自己的觀點(diǎn)。)
    14. historical adj. 歷史的,歷的;
    1)They played an important part in the historical process.(在歷史的進(jìn)程中他們起過(guò)重要的作用。)
    2)The historical event changed him completely. (這一歷史事件完全改變了他。)
    請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別historical和historic 這兩個(gè)形容詞。
    historical 指歷存在或發(fā)生過(guò)的(actually existed,or happened in history)。
    historic指歷有名的,有歷史意義的(important in history)。
    a historical event(歷史事件)-真實(shí)存在于歷;
    a historic event (歷史性事件)-具有歷史意義的;
    15. discard v. 丟棄,拋棄;
    1)I don't think it is necessary for them to discard the present assembly line entirely.(我認(rèn)為他們沒(méi)有必要完全丟棄現(xiàn)有的流水線。)
    2)They ate food discarded by the restaurant (他們吃飯店丟棄的食物。)
    3)How could he discard his old friends?(他怎么能拋棄老朋友呢?)
    16. reveal v. 揭露,泄露;展現(xiàn),顯示;
    1)He didn't reveal what he had felt about her.(他沒(méi)有透露對(duì)她的感覺(jué)。)
    2)David revealed a talent for fixing things.(大衛(wèi)展現(xiàn)出修理東西的才能。)
    3)He didn't want to reveal his identity at the time. (那時(shí)他不想暴露自己的身份。)
    17. influence n. 影響,v. 影響
    1)The old man had a great influence on the family.(那位老人對(duì)家庭的影響很大。)
    2)His teachings exerted a strong influence on the young people.(他的教導(dǎo)給年輕人施以深刻的影響。)
    3)The government would use its influence to try to make the talk successful.(政府將以其影響努力使會(huì)談成功。)
    4)I didn't want him to influence me in my choice.(我不想讓他影響我的選擇。)
    5) Do you think British art is influenced by American painting.(你認(rèn)為英國(guó)的藝術(shù)受美國(guó)繪畫的影響嗎?)
    請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別influence 和affect 這兩個(gè)詞。
    influence常指間接地、以一種無(wú)形的力量去潛移默化地影響人的行為、性格或觀點(diǎn)等。
    affect 表示對(duì)…產(chǎn)生(不良)影響,如:
    1)The economic crisis has seriously affected the export of that country.(經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)嚴(yán)重影響那個(gè)國(guó)家的出口。)
    2)Too much smoking may affect your lungs.(吸煙過(guò)多會(huì)影響你的肺。)
    18. scatter v. 撒;驅(qū)散;消散;
    1)Clouds were scattered by the wind.(風(fēng)起云散。)
    2)The books scattered on the desk.(書桌上撒滿了書。)
    3)The noise scattered the dogs and chickens(響聲使得雞、狗四散。)
    4)The Police scattered the demonstrators with tears gas. (警察用催淚彈驅(qū)散*者。)
    5)Don't scatter your strength. (不要分散精力。)
    19. invention n. 發(fā)明,創(chuàng)造;虛構(gòu);
    1)Telephone is the invention of Alexander Bell.(電話是亞歷山大·貝爾發(fā)明的。)
    2)The whole thing was an invention of a New York newspaper.(整件事都是一家紐約報(bào)紙?zhí)摌?gòu)的。)
    invent v. 發(fā)明、創(chuàng)造、虛構(gòu);
    1) When the teacher asked the pupil why he had not come to class, he invented an excuse.
    (老師問(wèn) 那個(gè)學(xué)生為什么沒(méi)來(lái)上課,他編造了一個(gè)借口。)
    2)Edison invented the electric bulb. (愛(ài)迪生發(fā)明了燈泡。)
    本課簡(jiǎn)介
    人們普遍認(rèn)為在每一個(gè)詞都有其正確的詞意。詞典和語(yǔ)法書是我們尋求詞意和用法的至上權(quán)威,但是我們甚少去詢問(wèn)詞典和語(yǔ)法的編著者以何為據(jù)。在本篇課文中,作者詳細(xì)介紹了詞典編寫的過(guò)程,并且強(qiáng)調(diào)編寫詞典不是對(duì)詞的意思,建立權(quán)威的解釋,而是竭盡所能記錄下每一個(gè)詞對(duì)其過(guò)去的作者而言是何意思。世界在變化,語(yǔ)言也在變化,我們不得不賦予舊詞以新的解釋、新的用法,因些詞典需要增補(bǔ)新的內(nèi)容。
    本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
    1. …dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage.
    本句中in matters of 也可用in the matter of,意思是“在……方面”,“就……而論”,如:
    1)It was impossible for them to reach an agreement because they had too many divergences in matters of detail. (他們不可能達(dá)成協(xié)議,因?yàn)樵诩?xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題上,他們有太多的分歧。)
    2)He is considered an expert in the matter of intellectual property.(他被看作是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)方面的專家。)
    3)He would suffer heavy losses in matters of money if he continued to believe those dishonest people.(如果他繼續(xù)相信那些不誠(chéng)實(shí)的人,他會(huì)遭受巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。)