重點(diǎn)語法知識(shí)講解
1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一覽表
時(shí)態(tài)
語態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過去時(shí) 一般將來時(shí)
主動(dòng)
被動(dòng) do
are done did
were done will do
will be done
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
主動(dòng)
被動(dòng) are doing are being done were doing
were being done will be doing
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 將來完成時(shí)
主動(dòng)
被動(dòng) have done
have been done had done
had been done will have done
will have been done
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
主動(dòng)
被動(dòng) have been doing
1.1 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在仍有影響。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades
1.2 過去完成時(shí)
過去的過去。
1）said， reported， thought 等引導(dǎo)的間接引語中。
He missed the train.
He said he had missed the train.
2）hardly…when， no sooner… than句型中表示先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
3）與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣中
If I had tried harder， I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.
1.3 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，沒有間斷。漢語提示語：一直
The water has been running the whole night.
1.4 過去時(shí)
過去某一具體時(shí)間發(fā)生的事，不考慮與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。
過去時(shí)的標(biāo)志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。
2.非謂語動(dòng)詞
2.1 非謂語動(dòng)詞一覽表
非謂語動(dòng)詞 形式 意義
現(xiàn)在分詞
一 般 式 doing 主動(dòng) , 正在進(jìn)行
被 動(dòng) 式 being done 被動(dòng) , 正在進(jìn)行
完成主動(dòng)式 having done 主動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成
完成被動(dòng)式 having been done 被動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成
過去分詞 done 被動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成
動(dòng)詞不定式
一 般 式 to do 主動(dòng) , 將要進(jìn)行
被 動(dòng) 式 to be done 被動(dòng) , 將要進(jìn)行
完成主動(dòng)式 to have done 主動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成
進(jìn)行主動(dòng)式 to be doing 主動(dòng) , 正在進(jìn)行
2.2. 非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語
動(dòng)詞不定式：1）目的狀語；2）結(jié)果狀語
I came here to meet you. （目的）
He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （結(jié)果）
分詞：1） 伴隨狀語；2）原因狀語；3）條件狀語 4）讓步狀語；5）時(shí)間狀語
Walking along the street， he met his old friend. （時(shí)間）
Being very tired， my father didn’t go out with us. （原因）
Made by hand， the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）
Seen from the space， the earth looks like a blue ball. （條件）
2.3 非謂語動(dòng)詞，狀語從句和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
1） Having done their homework， the children began to play. （分詞作狀語）
2） After having done their homework， the children began to play. （連詞+分詞）
3） After they had done their homework， the children began to play. （狀語從句）
4） With homework done， the children began to play. （獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
2.4 非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語
1） If there is no choice， there is no decision ___ （make）。 （to be made）
2） Do you know the man ____ （ stand） in front of the house？ （standing）
3） The question ____ （discuss） at the moment is very important. （being discussed）
4） The bridge ____ （build） in the 1950s is still in good condition. （built）
2.5 動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式
作主語和表語
動(dòng)名詞作主語/表語表示一般、抽象的情況；動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)作主語表示具體某次的情況。
Rising early is good for health.
To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.
It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.
My biggest wish is to go abroad.
Seeing is believing.
作賓語
接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞：
admit， acknowledge， avoid， appreciate， consider， delay， enjoy， escape， excuse， forgive， finish， include， involve， mind， put off， postpone， suggest， feel like， look forward to， be used to， be accustomed to， etc.
接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞：
want， tend， intend， pretend， hope， plan， expect， be supposed to， seem， be likely to， used to， be willing to， desire， force， prefer， start， begin
接動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式有不同含義的動(dòng)詞：
1） forget， remember， regret
2） stop， continue
3） need/ want
4） allow doing/ allow sb to do
（1） How can I forget meeting you for the first time？
Sorry， I forgot to lock the door.
（2） I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand？
（3） The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.
（4） We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.
1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一覽表
時(shí)態(tài)
語態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過去時(shí) 一般將來時(shí)
主動(dòng)
被動(dòng) do
are done did
were done will do
will be done
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
主動(dòng)
被動(dòng) are doing are being done were doing
were being done will be doing
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 將來完成時(shí)
主動(dòng)
被動(dòng) have done
have been done had done
had been done will have done
will have been done
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
主動(dòng)
被動(dòng) have been doing
1.1 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在仍有影響。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades
1.2 過去完成時(shí)
過去的過去。
1）said， reported， thought 等引導(dǎo)的間接引語中。
He missed the train.
He said he had missed the train.
2）hardly…when， no sooner… than句型中表示先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
3）與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣中
If I had tried harder， I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.
1.3 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，沒有間斷。漢語提示語：一直
The water has been running the whole night.
1.4 過去時(shí)
過去某一具體時(shí)間發(fā)生的事，不考慮與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。
過去時(shí)的標(biāo)志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。
2.非謂語動(dòng)詞
2.1 非謂語動(dòng)詞一覽表
非謂語動(dòng)詞 形式 意義
現(xiàn)在分詞
一 般 式 doing 主動(dòng) , 正在進(jìn)行
被 動(dòng) 式 being done 被動(dòng) , 正在進(jìn)行
完成主動(dòng)式 having done 主動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成
完成被動(dòng)式 having been done 被動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成
過去分詞 done 被動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成
動(dòng)詞不定式
一 般 式 to do 主動(dòng) , 將要進(jìn)行
被 動(dòng) 式 to be done 被動(dòng) , 將要進(jìn)行
完成主動(dòng)式 to have done 主動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成
進(jìn)行主動(dòng)式 to be doing 主動(dòng) , 正在進(jìn)行
2.2. 非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語
動(dòng)詞不定式：1）目的狀語；2）結(jié)果狀語
I came here to meet you. （目的）
He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （結(jié)果）
分詞：1） 伴隨狀語；2）原因狀語；3）條件狀語 4）讓步狀語；5）時(shí)間狀語
Walking along the street， he met his old friend. （時(shí)間）
Being very tired， my father didn’t go out with us. （原因）
Made by hand， the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）
Seen from the space， the earth looks like a blue ball. （條件）
2.3 非謂語動(dòng)詞，狀語從句和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
1） Having done their homework， the children began to play. （分詞作狀語）
2） After having done their homework， the children began to play. （連詞+分詞）
3） After they had done their homework， the children began to play. （狀語從句）
4） With homework done， the children began to play. （獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
2.4 非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語
1） If there is no choice， there is no decision ___ （make）。 （to be made）
2） Do you know the man ____ （ stand） in front of the house？ （standing）
3） The question ____ （discuss） at the moment is very important. （being discussed）
4） The bridge ____ （build） in the 1950s is still in good condition. （built）
2.5 動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式
作主語和表語
動(dòng)名詞作主語/表語表示一般、抽象的情況；動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)作主語表示具體某次的情況。
Rising early is good for health.
To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.
It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.
My biggest wish is to go abroad.
Seeing is believing.
作賓語
接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞：
admit， acknowledge， avoid， appreciate， consider， delay， enjoy， escape， excuse， forgive， finish， include， involve， mind， put off， postpone， suggest， feel like， look forward to， be used to， be accustomed to， etc.
接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞：
want， tend， intend， pretend， hope， plan， expect， be supposed to， seem， be likely to， used to， be willing to， desire， force， prefer， start， begin
接動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式有不同含義的動(dòng)詞：
1） forget， remember， regret
2） stop， continue
3） need/ want
4） allow doing/ allow sb to do
（1） How can I forget meeting you for the first time？
Sorry， I forgot to lock the door.
（2） I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand？
（3） The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.
（4） We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.