The term childhood diseases denotes those diseases that characte stically occur during an age span that begins with the fetus and extends through adolescence．This is a period typified by change，both in the child himself and in his immediate environment．Changes in the child related to growth and development are so striking that it is almost as if the child were a series of distinct yet related individuals as he passes through infancy，childhood，and adolescence．Changes in the environment occur as the surroundings and contacts of a totally dependent infant become those of a progressively more independent child and adolescent．⑦Health and disease during the period from conception to adolescence must be understood against this backdrop of changes．
Although，for the most part，the diseases of childhood are similar to those of the adult，there are several important differences．For example，certain specific disorders，such as precocious puberty，are unique to children；others，such as acute nephritis--inflammation of the kidney--are common in children and infrequent in adults．At the same time，some diseases that are common in adults are infrequent in children．These include essential hypertension(high blood pressure of unknown cause)and gout． Finally,a major segment of pediatric care concerns the treatment and prevention of congenital anomalies，both functional and structural．
Apart from variations in disease due to differences between children and adults，certain other features of diseases in children need to be emphasized．Infectious disorders are prevalent and remain 8 leading cause of death，although individual illnesses are often mild and of minor consequence．Most instances of the common communicable diseases，such as measles，chicken pox，and mumps，are encountered in childhood．Disorders of nutrition，still of great concern，especially but not exclusively in developing countries，are of extreme importance to the growing and developing child．The unique nutritional requirements of children make them unusually susceptible to deficiency states：vitamin-D deficiency causes rickets，a common disorder of children in developing countries，and only rarely causes any disease in adults．The major environmental hazards that endanger the health of young children are either unavoidable，as in air pollution，or accidental，as in poisoning and in traffic injuries．0lder children，especially adolescents，are exposed，as are adults，to environmental hazards that they deliberately seek，such as cigarette smoking and the use of alcohol and other drugs．[390 words]
1．Childhood diseases are______．
A．generally caused by the change of the child himself
B．caused primarily by the change of the child’S immediate environment
C．usually associated with the changes that a child has to undergo in his growth and development
D．characterized by a series of distinct yet related stages
2．The disease that an adult unusually suffers from is______．
A．a(chǎn)cute nephritis
B．hypertension
C．mental disorders
D．precocious puberty
3．According to this passage，______.
A．childhood diseases are often mild and of minor consequence
B．childhood diseases never lead to death
C．children are rarely exposed to major environmental hazards
D．some children even intentionally pursue particular environmental hazards
4．It iS TRUE that______．
A．the diseases infrequent in adults may not be So in children
B．childhood diseases are often mild and of minor consequence
C．children are less susceptible to infections than adults
D．children are more susceptible to infections than adults
5．The last paragraph is mainly about______．
A．variations in childhood diseases
B．some remarkable characteristics of childhood diseases
C．prevalent infectious disorders in children
D．several important differences between childhood diseases and adult diseases
難句透析
①Changes in the child[related to growth and development]are so striking[that it is almost(as if the child were a series of distinct yet related individuals)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】其中，過去分詞短語“related to growth and development”用做后置定語，修飾“changes”；“s0…that…”引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句“as if”引導(dǎo)的從句中動(dòng)詞為虛擬語氣。
【釋義】小孩成長發(fā)育時(shí)期變化極大。一個(gè)小孩經(jīng)歷嬰兒期、兒童期和青春期幾乎就像經(jīng)歷幾個(gè)完全不同但又彼此相關(guān)的人的人生一樣。
②Changes in the environment Occur[as the surroundings and contacts of a totally dependent infant become those of a progressively more independent child and adolescent]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】其中，“as”引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從旬；“those”代替“the surroundings and contacts”。
【釋義】當(dāng)一個(gè)完全依賴他人的嬰兒逐步變成一個(gè)越來越獨(dú)立的兒童和青少年時(shí)，周圍的環(huán)境和接觸的人都發(fā)生了變化。
③The unique nutritional requirements of children make them unusually susceptible to deficiency states：vitamin-D deficiency”causes rickets，a common disorder of children in developing countries，and only rarely”causes any disease in adults．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】本句由兩個(gè)分句組成，之問用冒號(hào)分開。第一個(gè)分句的主語是“requirements”；謂語動(dòng)詞是“make"；賓語是“them”；“them”代替“children”。第二個(gè)分句的主語是“vitamin-D deficiency”；有兩個(gè)并列的謂語動(dòng)詞“causes”。
【釋義】小孩在營養(yǎng)方面的獨(dú)特需求使他們特別容易受到營養(yǎng)缺乏的影響：缺乏維生索D會(huì)引起佝僂病，這是發(fā)展中國家兒童的一種常見病；缺乏維生素D很少使成年人得病。
④The major environmental hazards[that endanger the health of young children]are either unavoidable，as in air pollution，or accidental，as in poisoning and in traffic injuries．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】其中，“that”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾“hazards”；“either…or…”連接兩個(gè)用做表語的形容詞“unavoidable”和“accidental”。
【釋義】環(huán)境方面威脅幼兒健康的主要危險(xiǎn)可能是不可避免的，比如，空氣污染；也可能是偶然性的，比如，中毒或交通事故受傷。
全文翻譯
兒童疾病一詞暗示這些疾病通常只發(fā)生在人生從胚胎至青春期這一時(shí)期之內(nèi)。這個(gè)時(shí)期的顯著特點(diǎn)就是變化，不僅是兒童本身還有他身邊最密切的環(huán)境。小孩成長發(fā)育時(shí)期變化極大。一個(gè)小孩經(jīng)歷嬰兒期、兒童期和青春期幾乎就像經(jīng)歷幾個(gè)完全不同但又彼此相關(guān)的人的人生一樣。①當(dāng)一個(gè)完全依賴他人的嬰兒逐步變成一個(gè)越來越獨(dú)立的兒童和青少年時(shí)，周圍的環(huán)境和接觸的人都發(fā)生了變化。②從懷孕到青春期這個(gè)時(shí)期內(nèi)孩子的健康和疾病狀況必須在這種不斷變化的背景知識(shí)下來了解。
雖然從大多數(shù)情況來看，兒童疾病與成人所患的病癥大同小異，但是其中還是存在幾個(gè)重要的差別。比如說，某些特殊的癥狀如青春期早熟就是兒童所特有的；其他的，比如說嚴(yán)重的腎炎一一即腎臟發(fā)炎一在兒童中常見但是在成人中卻不多。與此同時(shí)，有些病癥在成人身J二多發(fā)而在兒童中則少見。這類病癥包括中樞神經(jīng)緊張(即原因不明的高血壓)以及痛風(fēng)等。最后，兒科當(dāng)中還有一個(gè)重要的分支是專門研究先天異常的預(yù)防和治療的，這其中包括功能性和組織性障礙。
除去由于兒童與成人年齡差異所造成的患病差異外，一些其他的兒童疾病的特征也值得強(qiáng)調(diào)一下。傳染性疾病普遍存在仍然是導(dǎo)致死亡的重要原因之一。而個(gè)體疾病通常只帶來中度或輕微的后果。許多常見的傳染病，比如麻疹、水痘和腮腺炎，都是在兒童時(shí)期獲得的。營養(yǎng)失衡也仍然是關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)，發(fā)展中國家尤其是這樣，但不僅僅是發(fā)展中國家，因?yàn)檫@關(guān)系到正在生長發(fā)育的孩子們的狀況。小孩在營養(yǎng)方面的獨(dú)特需求使他們特別容易受到營養(yǎng)缺乏的影響：缺乏維生素D會(huì)引起佝僂病，這是發(fā)展中國家兒童的一種常見病；缺乏維生素D很少使成年人得病。環(huán)境方面威脅幼兒健康的主要危險(xiǎn)可能是不可避免的，比如，空氣污染；也可能是偶然性的，比如，中毒或交通事故受傷。④年齡較大的孩子，特別是青春期的孩子們就如同成人一樣暴露在一些自己制造的環(huán)境危害當(dāng)中．比如說吸煙、飲酒和吸毒等。
超綱詞匯
Anomaly n．不規(guī)則，異常的人或物
Backdrop n．背景幕，(事件的)背景
chicken pox n．水痘
Conception n．受孕
Congenital n.天生的，先天的，天賦的
hypertension n．高血壓，過度緊張
Inflammation n．[醫(yī)]炎癥，發(fā)炎
measles n．麻疹，風(fēng)疹
mumps n．腮腺炎
nephritis n．腎炎
pediatric adj．小兒科的
Precocious adj．早熟的
puberty n．青春期
Rickets n．軟骨病，佝僂病，駝背
gout n．[醫(yī)]痛風(fēng)
參考答案：1．C 2．A 3．D 4．A 5．B
Although，for the most part，the diseases of childhood are similar to those of the adult，there are several important differences．For example，certain specific disorders，such as precocious puberty，are unique to children；others，such as acute nephritis--inflammation of the kidney--are common in children and infrequent in adults．At the same time，some diseases that are common in adults are infrequent in children．These include essential hypertension(high blood pressure of unknown cause)and gout． Finally,a major segment of pediatric care concerns the treatment and prevention of congenital anomalies，both functional and structural．
Apart from variations in disease due to differences between children and adults，certain other features of diseases in children need to be emphasized．Infectious disorders are prevalent and remain 8 leading cause of death，although individual illnesses are often mild and of minor consequence．Most instances of the common communicable diseases，such as measles，chicken pox，and mumps，are encountered in childhood．Disorders of nutrition，still of great concern，especially but not exclusively in developing countries，are of extreme importance to the growing and developing child．The unique nutritional requirements of children make them unusually susceptible to deficiency states：vitamin-D deficiency causes rickets，a common disorder of children in developing countries，and only rarely causes any disease in adults．The major environmental hazards that endanger the health of young children are either unavoidable，as in air pollution，or accidental，as in poisoning and in traffic injuries．0lder children，especially adolescents，are exposed，as are adults，to environmental hazards that they deliberately seek，such as cigarette smoking and the use of alcohol and other drugs．[390 words]
1．Childhood diseases are______．
A．generally caused by the change of the child himself
B．caused primarily by the change of the child’S immediate environment
C．usually associated with the changes that a child has to undergo in his growth and development
D．characterized by a series of distinct yet related stages
2．The disease that an adult unusually suffers from is______．
A．a(chǎn)cute nephritis
B．hypertension
C．mental disorders
D．precocious puberty
3．According to this passage，______.
A．childhood diseases are often mild and of minor consequence
B．childhood diseases never lead to death
C．children are rarely exposed to major environmental hazards
D．some children even intentionally pursue particular environmental hazards
4．It iS TRUE that______．
A．the diseases infrequent in adults may not be So in children
B．childhood diseases are often mild and of minor consequence
C．children are less susceptible to infections than adults
D．children are more susceptible to infections than adults
5．The last paragraph is mainly about______．
A．variations in childhood diseases
B．some remarkable characteristics of childhood diseases
C．prevalent infectious disorders in children
D．several important differences between childhood diseases and adult diseases
難句透析
①Changes in the child[related to growth and development]are so striking[that it is almost(as if the child were a series of distinct yet related individuals)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】其中，過去分詞短語“related to growth and development”用做后置定語，修飾“changes”；“s0…that…”引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句“as if”引導(dǎo)的從句中動(dòng)詞為虛擬語氣。
【釋義】小孩成長發(fā)育時(shí)期變化極大。一個(gè)小孩經(jīng)歷嬰兒期、兒童期和青春期幾乎就像經(jīng)歷幾個(gè)完全不同但又彼此相關(guān)的人的人生一樣。
②Changes in the environment Occur[as the surroundings and contacts of a totally dependent infant become those of a progressively more independent child and adolescent]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】其中，“as”引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從旬；“those”代替“the surroundings and contacts”。
【釋義】當(dāng)一個(gè)完全依賴他人的嬰兒逐步變成一個(gè)越來越獨(dú)立的兒童和青少年時(shí)，周圍的環(huán)境和接觸的人都發(fā)生了變化。
③The unique nutritional requirements of children make them unusually susceptible to deficiency states：vitamin-D deficiency”causes rickets，a common disorder of children in developing countries，and only rarely”causes any disease in adults．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】本句由兩個(gè)分句組成，之問用冒號(hào)分開。第一個(gè)分句的主語是“requirements”；謂語動(dòng)詞是“make"；賓語是“them”；“them”代替“children”。第二個(gè)分句的主語是“vitamin-D deficiency”；有兩個(gè)并列的謂語動(dòng)詞“causes”。
【釋義】小孩在營養(yǎng)方面的獨(dú)特需求使他們特別容易受到營養(yǎng)缺乏的影響：缺乏維生索D會(huì)引起佝僂病，這是發(fā)展中國家兒童的一種常見病；缺乏維生素D很少使成年人得病。
④The major environmental hazards[that endanger the health of young children]are either unavoidable，as in air pollution，or accidental，as in poisoning and in traffic injuries．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】其中，“that”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾“hazards”；“either…or…”連接兩個(gè)用做表語的形容詞“unavoidable”和“accidental”。
【釋義】環(huán)境方面威脅幼兒健康的主要危險(xiǎn)可能是不可避免的，比如，空氣污染；也可能是偶然性的，比如，中毒或交通事故受傷。
全文翻譯
兒童疾病一詞暗示這些疾病通常只發(fā)生在人生從胚胎至青春期這一時(shí)期之內(nèi)。這個(gè)時(shí)期的顯著特點(diǎn)就是變化，不僅是兒童本身還有他身邊最密切的環(huán)境。小孩成長發(fā)育時(shí)期變化極大。一個(gè)小孩經(jīng)歷嬰兒期、兒童期和青春期幾乎就像經(jīng)歷幾個(gè)完全不同但又彼此相關(guān)的人的人生一樣。①當(dāng)一個(gè)完全依賴他人的嬰兒逐步變成一個(gè)越來越獨(dú)立的兒童和青少年時(shí)，周圍的環(huán)境和接觸的人都發(fā)生了變化。②從懷孕到青春期這個(gè)時(shí)期內(nèi)孩子的健康和疾病狀況必須在這種不斷變化的背景知識(shí)下來了解。
雖然從大多數(shù)情況來看，兒童疾病與成人所患的病癥大同小異，但是其中還是存在幾個(gè)重要的差別。比如說，某些特殊的癥狀如青春期早熟就是兒童所特有的；其他的，比如說嚴(yán)重的腎炎一一即腎臟發(fā)炎一在兒童中常見但是在成人中卻不多。與此同時(shí)，有些病癥在成人身J二多發(fā)而在兒童中則少見。這類病癥包括中樞神經(jīng)緊張(即原因不明的高血壓)以及痛風(fēng)等。最后，兒科當(dāng)中還有一個(gè)重要的分支是專門研究先天異常的預(yù)防和治療的，這其中包括功能性和組織性障礙。
除去由于兒童與成人年齡差異所造成的患病差異外，一些其他的兒童疾病的特征也值得強(qiáng)調(diào)一下。傳染性疾病普遍存在仍然是導(dǎo)致死亡的重要原因之一。而個(gè)體疾病通常只帶來中度或輕微的后果。許多常見的傳染病，比如麻疹、水痘和腮腺炎，都是在兒童時(shí)期獲得的。營養(yǎng)失衡也仍然是關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)，發(fā)展中國家尤其是這樣，但不僅僅是發(fā)展中國家，因?yàn)檫@關(guān)系到正在生長發(fā)育的孩子們的狀況。小孩在營養(yǎng)方面的獨(dú)特需求使他們特別容易受到營養(yǎng)缺乏的影響：缺乏維生素D會(huì)引起佝僂病，這是發(fā)展中國家兒童的一種常見病；缺乏維生素D很少使成年人得病。環(huán)境方面威脅幼兒健康的主要危險(xiǎn)可能是不可避免的，比如，空氣污染；也可能是偶然性的，比如，中毒或交通事故受傷。④年齡較大的孩子，特別是青春期的孩子們就如同成人一樣暴露在一些自己制造的環(huán)境危害當(dāng)中．比如說吸煙、飲酒和吸毒等。
超綱詞匯
Anomaly n．不規(guī)則，異常的人或物
Backdrop n．背景幕，(事件的)背景
chicken pox n．水痘
Conception n．受孕
Congenital n.天生的，先天的，天賦的
hypertension n．高血壓，過度緊張
Inflammation n．[醫(yī)]炎癥，發(fā)炎
measles n．麻疹，風(fēng)疹
mumps n．腮腺炎
nephritis n．腎炎
pediatric adj．小兒科的
Precocious adj．早熟的
puberty n．青春期
Rickets n．軟骨病，佝僂病，駝背
gout n．[醫(yī)]痛風(fēng)
參考答案：1．C 2．A 3．D 4．A 5．B