新概念英語（第二版第四冊）新概念英語Lesson 44
新概念英語Lesson 44 The Backward Society
落后的社會
If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the
expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could
be used for developing the country, And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in
a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are
correspondingly low.
This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private Business
enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in Business. For our
purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managing and administering the
business. Such administrative overhead in a Business is analogous to the cost of government in a
nation. The administrative overhead of a Business is low to the extent that everyone working in the
Business can, be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can
each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their
sphere, then administrative overhead will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have
only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing,
keep him in line, and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and
responsible manner towards his job, then the Business will require armies of administrators,
checkers, and foremen, and administrative overhead will rise correspondingly. As administrative
overhead rises, so the earnings of the Business, after meeting the expense of administration, will fall;
and the Business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future
progress and development.
It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a
loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to
keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the
people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people
accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.
New words and expressions 生詞短語
Disunited
Incur
Administrative
Analogous
Sphere
Checker
Dividend
a.分裂的
vt.承擔
a.行政管理的
a.類似的
n.范圍
n.檢查人員
n.紅利
Economic resource
Backward
Overhead
Behave
Keep sb. in line
Foreman
Civil servant
經(jīng)濟實力
a.落后的
a.一般費用
vi.行動
使某人協(xié)調(diào)
n.監(jiān)工
文職人員
- 121 –
文字錄入：benrose 整理發(fā)布：kaiziliu
新概念英語（第二版第四冊）新概念英語Lesson 44
Notes on the text 課文注釋
Unite ~all the people 團結(jié)所有的人民
Unify （思想）統(tǒng)一 Union Unification Reunion 團聚
In China, spring festival/mid autumn day is a good time for reunion.
在中國，中秋節(jié)/春節(jié)是團聚的好時間
Chinese people are hoping/expecting the reunion between the mainland and Taiwan Island.
中國人希望大陸兩岸統(tǒng)一。
In 199x, the two Germanies reunifaction. 在 199X 年東西德統(tǒng)一
Incur
承擔 后面跟抽象名詞 （費用，成本） I have a family to support/feed.
招致，導致 （不好的惡果） Pride incur failure.
BackwardForward 先進的 Backward nation Forward country
Under developed 欠發(fā)達Developing 發(fā)展中
Organ 機構 Administrator 管理者Administration
Bush administrationbush *（西方用人名，中國用地名）
Beijing administration MBA master of Business and administration
Sphere Hemisphere 半球Eastern hemisphere 西半球
Western hemisphere 東半球Semi-colony半殖民 Feudal society 封建社會
Semi-feudal半封建Semifinal 半決賽
Domain 域 Fieldscope 眼界
provinceHe is very provincial 他沒有遠見
Dividend（入股的）紅利 Allowance津貼Bonus獎金
Civil marriage 不在教堂舉行的婚禮
She keeps the family in line. 她把家打理得井井有條。
State 有政治概念State lawState visit 政事訪問
Correspondingly; therefore so
He wrote me 5 letters, correspondingly I answered 5.
Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly now.
Where 可當作 if 翻譯 Where there is life, there is hope
Compare with 與….. 比較
Contrast 比較，側(cè)重異 compare 側(cè)重 相同 Compare to 比作
Private (Business) enterprise /individual enterprise /one man enterprise 私企
Out of Business 破產(chǎn)Concern with :talk about
Concern for/about 關心I concern for your health.
Is low to the extent/degree that ……..= is so low that
Exercise initiative 發(fā)揮能動性 Initiative stage 初級階段
Within their sphere/ to their utmost 盡其大力量
Report sth 報道 Report on 匯報
I’m reading carefully. I’m reading with care. I’m reading in a careful manner.
An army (group) of
Meet expense 收支相抵
On one’s behalf For one’s benefit 代表某人的利益It’s in your interest to tell truth (be honest).
- 122 –
文字錄入：benrose 整理發(fā)布：kaiziliu
新概念英語Lesson 44 The Backward Society
落后的社會
If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the
expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could
be used for developing the country, And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in
a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are
correspondingly low.
This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private Business
enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in Business. For our
purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managing and administering the
business. Such administrative overhead in a Business is analogous to the cost of government in a
nation. The administrative overhead of a Business is low to the extent that everyone working in the
Business can, be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can
each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their
sphere, then administrative overhead will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have
only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing,
keep him in line, and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and
responsible manner towards his job, then the Business will require armies of administrators,
checkers, and foremen, and administrative overhead will rise correspondingly. As administrative
overhead rises, so the earnings of the Business, after meeting the expense of administration, will fall;
and the Business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future
progress and development.
It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a
loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to
keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the
people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people
accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.
New words and expressions 生詞短語
Disunited
Incur
Administrative
Analogous
Sphere
Checker
Dividend
a.分裂的
vt.承擔
a.行政管理的
a.類似的
n.范圍
n.檢查人員
n.紅利
Economic resource
Backward
Overhead
Behave
Keep sb. in line
Foreman
Civil servant
經(jīng)濟實力
a.落后的
a.一般費用
vi.行動
使某人協(xié)調(diào)
n.監(jiān)工
文職人員
- 121 –
文字錄入：benrose 整理發(fā)布：kaiziliu
新概念英語（第二版第四冊）新概念英語Lesson 44
Notes on the text 課文注釋
Unite ~all the people 團結(jié)所有的人民
Unify （思想）統(tǒng)一 Union Unification Reunion 團聚
In China, spring festival/mid autumn day is a good time for reunion.
在中國，中秋節(jié)/春節(jié)是團聚的好時間
Chinese people are hoping/expecting the reunion between the mainland and Taiwan Island.
中國人希望大陸兩岸統(tǒng)一。
In 199x, the two Germanies reunifaction. 在 199X 年東西德統(tǒng)一
Incur
承擔 后面跟抽象名詞 （費用，成本） I have a family to support/feed.
招致，導致 （不好的惡果） Pride incur failure.
BackwardForward 先進的 Backward nation Forward country
Under developed 欠發(fā)達Developing 發(fā)展中
Organ 機構 Administrator 管理者Administration
Bush administrationbush *（西方用人名，中國用地名）
Beijing administration MBA master of Business and administration
Sphere Hemisphere 半球Eastern hemisphere 西半球
Western hemisphere 東半球Semi-colony半殖民 Feudal society 封建社會
Semi-feudal半封建Semifinal 半決賽
Domain 域 Fieldscope 眼界
provinceHe is very provincial 他沒有遠見
Dividend（入股的）紅利 Allowance津貼Bonus獎金
Civil marriage 不在教堂舉行的婚禮
She keeps the family in line. 她把家打理得井井有條。
State 有政治概念State lawState visit 政事訪問
Correspondingly; therefore so
He wrote me 5 letters, correspondingly I answered 5.
Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly now.
Where 可當作 if 翻譯 Where there is life, there is hope
Compare with 與….. 比較
Contrast 比較，側(cè)重異 compare 側(cè)重 相同 Compare to 比作
Private (Business) enterprise /individual enterprise /one man enterprise 私企
Out of Business 破產(chǎn)Concern with :talk about
Concern for/about 關心I concern for your health.
Is low to the extent/degree that ……..= is so low that
Exercise initiative 發(fā)揮能動性 Initiative stage 初級階段
Within their sphere/ to their utmost 盡其大力量
Report sth 報道 Report on 匯報
I’m reading carefully. I’m reading with care. I’m reading in a careful manner.
An army (group) of
Meet expense 收支相抵
On one’s behalf For one’s benefit 代表某人的利益It’s in your interest to tell truth (be honest).
- 122 –
文字錄入：benrose 整理發(fā)布：kaiziliu