公共英語等級考試PETS二級語法資料匯總(九)構詞法

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(九)構詞法
    1.概念及種類:
    英語單詞的構成有一定的規(guī)律,這些規(guī)律叫構詞法。主要有四種:合成、轉化、派生和縮略。常見的是前三種。見下圖。
    種類 構成方法 例詞
    合成 由兩個或兩個以上的詞合成為一個詞 Classroom,newspaper,blackboard
    Schoolmate,newly-born,hard-working
    轉化 由一詞類轉化為另一詞類 taste,answer,back,hand,empty
    派生 在詞根上加前綴或后綴 care,careful,carefully
    careless carelessness carelessly
    2.高中階段主要構詞方法歸納:派生法和合成法
    (1)派生法
    ①常用前綴
    表“否定” un- unfair unable unlikely
    in- impossible incapable
    dis- discover disagree dislike dishonest
    表“重復” re- rewrite retell repeat reconsider
    ②常用后綴
    類型 加法 后綴意義 例詞
    名
    詞
    后
    綴 -er/or
    -tion
    -ese
    -ist
    -ing
    -ment
    -ness
    -ian “動作的執(zhí)行者”
    變成了名詞
    “…地方的人”
    “人”
    名詞化
    名詞化
    變?yōu)槊~
    變?yōu)椤啊娜恕?teacher visitor inventor
    organization congratulation invention
    Chinese Japanese
    pianist scientist violinist
    living greeting wedding
    movement treatment
    happiness illness sickness carelessness
    Australian
    動
    詞
    后
    綴 -ify
    -ice
    -ise
    -en 使…變… beautify
    realise organise
    sacrifice
    lengthen strengthen
    形
    容
    詞
    后
    綴 -able
    -ful
    -y
    -ive
    -al
    -an 可…的,能…的
    充滿…的
    帶有…的
    有…特征的
    屬于…的
    …的 suitable comfortable movable
    beautiful careful useful
    sunny,windy,cloudy,snowy,sleepy,salty
    active,instructive
    musical medical physical
    American European Australian
    -ly 副詞后綴 carefully really certainly
    數
    詞
    后
    綴 -teen 表“十三至十九” fourteen fifteen nineteen
    -ty 表“二十、三十…七十” forty sixty eighty
    -th 表“第幾” fourth sixtieth ninth
    (2)合成法:
    police+man=policeman play+ground=playground
    birth+day=birthday after+noon=afternoon
    hand+bag=handbag every+where=everywhere
    bed+room=bedroom no+where=nowhere
    hand+writing=handwriting any+where=anywhere
    grand+parent=grandparent how+ever=however
    what+ever=whatever