Many people today have an idea of“culture”that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries．This notion of culture reflected inequalities within European societies，and between European powers and their colonies around the world．
It identifies“culture”with“civilization”and contrasts it with“nature”．According to this way of thinkin9，one can classify some countries as more civilized than others，and some people as more cultured than others．Some cultural theorists have thus tried to eliminate popular or mass culture from the definition of culture．Theorists such as Matthew Arnold(1822—1888)or the Leavises regard culture as simply the result of“the best that has been thought and said in the world”．Arnold contrasted culture with social chaos or anarchy．On this account，culture links closely with social cultivation：the progressive refinement of human behavior．Arnold consistently uses the word this way：“…culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know，on all the matters which most concern us，the best which has been thought and said in the world．
In practice，culture referred t0 elite goods and activities，and the word cultured described people who knew about，and took part in，these activities．For example，someone who used“culture”in the sense of“cultivation”might argue that classical music is more refined than music produced by working-class people，such as punk rock or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples of Australia．
People who use the term“culture”in this way tend not to use it in the plural as“cultures”．They do not believe that distinct cultures exist，each with their own internal logic and values；but rather that only a single standard of refinement suffices，against which one can measure all groups．Thus，according to this worldview，people with different customs from those who regard themselves as cultured do not usually count as“having a different culture”．but are classed as“uncultured”．People lackin9“culture” often seemed more“natural”，and observers often defended(or criticized)elements of high culture for repressin9“human nature”．
From the l8th century onwards，some social critics have accepted this contrast between cultured and uncultured，but have stressed the interpretation of refinement and of sophistication as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people’s essential nature．
Today most social scientists reject the monadic conception of culture，and the opposition of culture to nature． They recognize non-61ites as just as cultured as 6fites(and non-Westerners as just as civilized)--simply regarding them as just cultured in a different way．Thus social observers contrast the“high”culture of 6rites topopular”or pop culture，meaning goods and activities produced for，and consumed by the Inasses． [452 words]
1. According to the European notion of culture，culture______
A. derives from social inequalities
B. has been the privilege of social 61ites
C. is more refined than nature
D. is as soDhisticated as civilization
2. The definition of culture given by Matthew Arnold is used to illustrate______
A. the notion of culture developed in Europe
B. the difference between culture and social chaos
C. the progressive refinement of human behavior
D. the pursuit of total perfection of human behavior
3. Those who identify culture with cultivation argue that______
A. no more than one culture exists
B. there exist many different cultures
C. working-class people can also be highly refined
D. few cultured people can be found in each society
4. According to some social critics, refinement can be thought of as______
A. social corruption
B. being original, but superficial
C. honest expression of natural life
D. something against human nature
5. Most social scientists today believe that
A. high culture is closely related to pop culture
B. high culture might be produced by the masses
C. the single definition of culture has been out of date
D. pop culture is more likely to be consumed by the masses
難句透析
①For example，someone[-who used“culture”in the sense of“cultivation”]might argue[-that classical music is more refined than music(produced by workin9—class people)，such as punk rock or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples of Australia]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“who used…of‘cultivation”是“someone”的后置定語(yǔ)從句。方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“that classical music…of Australia”是“argue”的賓語(yǔ)從句。圓括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的過去分詞短語(yǔ)“produced by working-class people”是“music”的后置定語(yǔ)。
【釋義】例如，有人使用“文化”這個(gè)詞時(shí)意思是“文明”，他可能說(shuō)，古典音樂高雅，勝過勞動(dòng)人民的音樂，比如，朋克搖滾或澳洲土著民族的本地傳統(tǒng)音樂。
②They do not believe[that distinct cultures exist，each with their own internal logic and values]；but rather[that only a single standard of refinement suffices，(against which one can measure all groups)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“that distinct cultures…values”和“that only…groups”是“believe”的兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句。圓括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“against which one can measure all groups”是“a single standard of refinement”的后置定語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】他們不相信存在截然不同的文化，每種文化都有其內(nèi)在的邏輯和價(jià)值。他們寧愿相信，只需要一種單一的文化高雅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就足夠了，可以用來(lái)衡量所有群體。
③Thus，according to this worldview，people with different customs from those[who regard themselves as cul— tured]do not usually count as“having a different culture”。but are classed as“uncultured”．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】本句主語(yǔ)是“people”，有兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“do not…count”和“are classed”。方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“who regard themselves as cultured”是“those”的后置定語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】因而，根據(jù)這種世界觀。那些自認(rèn)為有教養(yǎng)的人，對(duì)于習(xí)俗不同的人，通常并不認(rèn)為他們有“不同的文化”，而把他們看做“沒有教養(yǎng)”。
④From the l8th century onwards，some social critics”have accepted this contrast between cultured and uncul— tured．hut 2’have stressed the interpretation 0f refinement and 0f sophistication as corrupting and unnatural de velopments[that obscure and distort people’S essential nature]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】本句主語(yǔ)是“some social critics”，有兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“have accepted”和“have stressed”。兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)“0f refinement”和“of sophistication”并列，用做“the interpretation”的后置定語(yǔ)。方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“that obscure…essential nature”是“developments”的后置定語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】l8世紀(jì)以來(lái)，一些社會(huì)批評(píng)家接受了有教養(yǎng)和沒有教養(yǎng)之間的這種差別，但是，他們特別強(qiáng)調(diào)要把高雅和完美看做一種腐蝕人的、違背自然規(guī)律的演變結(jié)果，這種演變掩蓋并扭曲了人的本性。
⑤Thus social observers contrast the“high”culture of 61ites to“popular”or pop culture，[meaning goods and activ— ities produced for，and consumed by the masses)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)“meaning…the masses”是“popular’or pop culture”的后置定語(yǔ)。兩個(gè)過去分詞短語(yǔ)“produced for”和“consumed by”并列，用做“goods and activities”的后置定語(yǔ)。
【釋義】因而，社會(huì)觀察家把社會(huì)精英階層的“雅”文化與“俗”文化或流行文化區(qū)別開來(lái)。“俗”文化或流行文化指的是人民大眾自己創(chuàng)造、自己享受的產(chǎn)品和活動(dòng)。
全文翻譯
如今，很多人對(duì)18世紀(jì)到19世紀(jì)初在歐洲發(fā)展的“文化”形成了一種看法。這種“文化”的提法反映了歐洲社會(huì)內(nèi)部，歐洲強(qiáng)國(guó)與他們世界范圍內(nèi)的殖民地之間的不平等。不僅僅將文化和文明區(qū)分開來(lái)，而且將文化與“自然狀態(tài)”做對(duì)比。根據(jù)這種思考方式，人們可以認(rèn)為部分國(guó)家比另外一部分國(guó)家文明程度更高，部分人比另一部分人更有文化。某些文化理論家曾試圖將流行或大眾文化排除在文化的定義外。諸如Mattew Arnold(1822 1888)或Leavises的理論家簡(jiǎn)單地認(rèn)為文化是“世界上人類思考及講述的最美好事物”的結(jié)果。Arnold將文化區(qū)別于社會(huì)*或無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。這種說(shuō)法將文化與社會(huì)的開化程度緊密相連：人類行為循序漸進(jìn)的教養(yǎng)。Arnold堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為：“……通過求知欲了解與人類利益密切相關(guān)的事情，世界上人類思考及講述的最美好事物，文化就構(gòu)成了我們所有的完美追求?！?BR> 實(shí)際上，文化指的是最精致的物品及活動(dòng)，而文化詞用來(lái)描述了解并參加這些活動(dòng)的人們。例如，有人使用“文化”這個(gè)詞時(shí)意思是“文明”，他可能說(shuō)，古典音樂高雅，勝過勞動(dòng)人民的音樂，比如，朋克搖滾或澳洲土著民族的本地傳統(tǒng)音樂。
從這個(gè)角度使用“文化”這個(gè)詞的人往往不會(huì)使用它的復(fù)數(shù)形式。他們不相信存在截然不同的文化，每種文化都有其內(nèi)在的邏輯和價(jià)值。他們寧愿相信，只需要一種單一的文化高雅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就足夠了，可以用來(lái)衡量所有群體。因而，根據(jù)這種世界觀，那些自認(rèn)為有教養(yǎng)的人，對(duì)于習(xí)俗不同的人，通常并不認(rèn)為他們有“不同的文化”，而把他們看做“沒有教養(yǎng)”。缺少“文化”的人往往看起來(lái)更加“自然”，而觀察者通常會(huì)捍衛(wèi)(或批評(píng))良好修養(yǎng)的要素，用以壓制“人類的本性”。
18世紀(jì)以來(lái)，一些社會(huì)批評(píng)家接受了有教養(yǎng)和沒有教養(yǎng)之間的這種差別，但是，他們特別強(qiáng)調(diào)要把高雅和完美看做一種腐蝕人的、違背自然規(guī)律的演變結(jié)果，這種演變掩蓋并扭曲了人的本性，考試大。
如今，大部分的社會(huì)科學(xué)家都不接受單一的文化概念，反對(duì)將文化與自然狀態(tài)對(duì)立起來(lái)。他們認(rèn)為非精英與精英的教養(yǎng)程度相同，(非西方人也同樣文明有禮)——認(rèn)為他們有教養(yǎng)的方式有所不同而已。因而，社會(huì)觀察家把社會(huì)精英階層的“雅”文化與“俗”文化或流行文化區(qū)別開來(lái)?！八住蔽幕蛄餍形幕傅氖侨嗣翊蟊娮约簞?chuàng)造、自己享受的產(chǎn)品和活動(dòng)。
超綱詞匯
Indigenous adj．本土的，土生土長(zhǎng)的
monadic adj．單一
Elite n．精英，精華，中堅(jiān)
Reject vt．拒絕，不接受
punk rock n．朋克搖滾樂
distort vt．歪曲，曲解
sophistication n．完善度，技巧
anarchy n．無(wú)政府狀態(tài)，政治混亂
repress vt．抑制，鎮(zhèn)壓
aboriginal adj．原始的，土著的
obscure vt．遮掩，使模糊，使朦朧
suffice vi／vt．足夠，充足
參考答案：1．B 2．A 3．A 4．D 5．C
It identifies“culture”with“civilization”and contrasts it with“nature”．According to this way of thinkin9，one can classify some countries as more civilized than others，and some people as more cultured than others．Some cultural theorists have thus tried to eliminate popular or mass culture from the definition of culture．Theorists such as Matthew Arnold(1822—1888)or the Leavises regard culture as simply the result of“the best that has been thought and said in the world”．Arnold contrasted culture with social chaos or anarchy．On this account，culture links closely with social cultivation：the progressive refinement of human behavior．Arnold consistently uses the word this way：“…culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know，on all the matters which most concern us，the best which has been thought and said in the world．
In practice，culture referred t0 elite goods and activities，and the word cultured described people who knew about，and took part in，these activities．For example，someone who used“culture”in the sense of“cultivation”might argue that classical music is more refined than music produced by working-class people，such as punk rock or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples of Australia．
People who use the term“culture”in this way tend not to use it in the plural as“cultures”．They do not believe that distinct cultures exist，each with their own internal logic and values；but rather that only a single standard of refinement suffices，against which one can measure all groups．Thus，according to this worldview，people with different customs from those who regard themselves as cultured do not usually count as“having a different culture”．but are classed as“uncultured”．People lackin9“culture” often seemed more“natural”，and observers often defended(or criticized)elements of high culture for repressin9“human nature”．
From the l8th century onwards，some social critics have accepted this contrast between cultured and uncultured，but have stressed the interpretation of refinement and of sophistication as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people’s essential nature．
Today most social scientists reject the monadic conception of culture，and the opposition of culture to nature． They recognize non-61ites as just as cultured as 6fites(and non-Westerners as just as civilized)--simply regarding them as just cultured in a different way．Thus social observers contrast the“high”culture of 6rites topopular”or pop culture，meaning goods and activities produced for，and consumed by the Inasses． [452 words]
1. According to the European notion of culture，culture______
A. derives from social inequalities
B. has been the privilege of social 61ites
C. is more refined than nature
D. is as soDhisticated as civilization
2. The definition of culture given by Matthew Arnold is used to illustrate______
A. the notion of culture developed in Europe
B. the difference between culture and social chaos
C. the progressive refinement of human behavior
D. the pursuit of total perfection of human behavior
3. Those who identify culture with cultivation argue that______
A. no more than one culture exists
B. there exist many different cultures
C. working-class people can also be highly refined
D. few cultured people can be found in each society
4. According to some social critics, refinement can be thought of as______
A. social corruption
B. being original, but superficial
C. honest expression of natural life
D. something against human nature
5. Most social scientists today believe that
A. high culture is closely related to pop culture
B. high culture might be produced by the masses
C. the single definition of culture has been out of date
D. pop culture is more likely to be consumed by the masses
難句透析
①For example，someone[-who used“culture”in the sense of“cultivation”]might argue[-that classical music is more refined than music(produced by workin9—class people)，such as punk rock or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples of Australia]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“who used…of‘cultivation”是“someone”的后置定語(yǔ)從句。方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“that classical music…of Australia”是“argue”的賓語(yǔ)從句。圓括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的過去分詞短語(yǔ)“produced by working-class people”是“music”的后置定語(yǔ)。
【釋義】例如，有人使用“文化”這個(gè)詞時(shí)意思是“文明”，他可能說(shuō)，古典音樂高雅，勝過勞動(dòng)人民的音樂，比如，朋克搖滾或澳洲土著民族的本地傳統(tǒng)音樂。
②They do not believe[that distinct cultures exist，each with their own internal logic and values]；but rather[that only a single standard of refinement suffices，(against which one can measure all groups)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“that distinct cultures…values”和“that only…groups”是“believe”的兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句。圓括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“against which one can measure all groups”是“a single standard of refinement”的后置定語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】他們不相信存在截然不同的文化，每種文化都有其內(nèi)在的邏輯和價(jià)值。他們寧愿相信，只需要一種單一的文化高雅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就足夠了，可以用來(lái)衡量所有群體。
③Thus，according to this worldview，people with different customs from those[who regard themselves as cul— tured]do not usually count as“having a different culture”。but are classed as“uncultured”．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】本句主語(yǔ)是“people”，有兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“do not…count”和“are classed”。方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“who regard themselves as cultured”是“those”的后置定語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】因而，根據(jù)這種世界觀。那些自認(rèn)為有教養(yǎng)的人，對(duì)于習(xí)俗不同的人，通常并不認(rèn)為他們有“不同的文化”，而把他們看做“沒有教養(yǎng)”。
④From the l8th century onwards，some social critics”have accepted this contrast between cultured and uncul— tured．hut 2’have stressed the interpretation 0f refinement and 0f sophistication as corrupting and unnatural de velopments[that obscure and distort people’S essential nature]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】本句主語(yǔ)是“some social critics”，有兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“have accepted”和“have stressed”。兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)“0f refinement”和“of sophistication”并列，用做“the interpretation”的后置定語(yǔ)。方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的“that obscure…essential nature”是“developments”的后置定語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】l8世紀(jì)以來(lái)，一些社會(huì)批評(píng)家接受了有教養(yǎng)和沒有教養(yǎng)之間的這種差別，但是，他們特別強(qiáng)調(diào)要把高雅和完美看做一種腐蝕人的、違背自然規(guī)律的演變結(jié)果，這種演變掩蓋并扭曲了人的本性。
⑤Thus social observers contrast the“high”culture of 61ites to“popular”or pop culture，[meaning goods and activ— ities produced for，and consumed by the masses)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)所標(biāo)示的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)“meaning…the masses”是“popular’or pop culture”的后置定語(yǔ)。兩個(gè)過去分詞短語(yǔ)“produced for”和“consumed by”并列，用做“goods and activities”的后置定語(yǔ)。
【釋義】因而，社會(huì)觀察家把社會(huì)精英階層的“雅”文化與“俗”文化或流行文化區(qū)別開來(lái)。“俗”文化或流行文化指的是人民大眾自己創(chuàng)造、自己享受的產(chǎn)品和活動(dòng)。
全文翻譯
如今，很多人對(duì)18世紀(jì)到19世紀(jì)初在歐洲發(fā)展的“文化”形成了一種看法。這種“文化”的提法反映了歐洲社會(huì)內(nèi)部，歐洲強(qiáng)國(guó)與他們世界范圍內(nèi)的殖民地之間的不平等。不僅僅將文化和文明區(qū)分開來(lái)，而且將文化與“自然狀態(tài)”做對(duì)比。根據(jù)這種思考方式，人們可以認(rèn)為部分國(guó)家比另外一部分國(guó)家文明程度更高，部分人比另一部分人更有文化。某些文化理論家曾試圖將流行或大眾文化排除在文化的定義外。諸如Mattew Arnold(1822 1888)或Leavises的理論家簡(jiǎn)單地認(rèn)為文化是“世界上人類思考及講述的最美好事物”的結(jié)果。Arnold將文化區(qū)別于社會(huì)*或無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。這種說(shuō)法將文化與社會(huì)的開化程度緊密相連：人類行為循序漸進(jìn)的教養(yǎng)。Arnold堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為：“……通過求知欲了解與人類利益密切相關(guān)的事情，世界上人類思考及講述的最美好事物，文化就構(gòu)成了我們所有的完美追求?！?BR> 實(shí)際上，文化指的是最精致的物品及活動(dòng)，而文化詞用來(lái)描述了解并參加這些活動(dòng)的人們。例如，有人使用“文化”這個(gè)詞時(shí)意思是“文明”，他可能說(shuō)，古典音樂高雅，勝過勞動(dòng)人民的音樂，比如，朋克搖滾或澳洲土著民族的本地傳統(tǒng)音樂。
從這個(gè)角度使用“文化”這個(gè)詞的人往往不會(huì)使用它的復(fù)數(shù)形式。他們不相信存在截然不同的文化，每種文化都有其內(nèi)在的邏輯和價(jià)值。他們寧愿相信，只需要一種單一的文化高雅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就足夠了，可以用來(lái)衡量所有群體。因而，根據(jù)這種世界觀，那些自認(rèn)為有教養(yǎng)的人，對(duì)于習(xí)俗不同的人，通常并不認(rèn)為他們有“不同的文化”，而把他們看做“沒有教養(yǎng)”。缺少“文化”的人往往看起來(lái)更加“自然”，而觀察者通常會(huì)捍衛(wèi)(或批評(píng))良好修養(yǎng)的要素，用以壓制“人類的本性”。
18世紀(jì)以來(lái)，一些社會(huì)批評(píng)家接受了有教養(yǎng)和沒有教養(yǎng)之間的這種差別，但是，他們特別強(qiáng)調(diào)要把高雅和完美看做一種腐蝕人的、違背自然規(guī)律的演變結(jié)果，這種演變掩蓋并扭曲了人的本性，考試大。
如今，大部分的社會(huì)科學(xué)家都不接受單一的文化概念，反對(duì)將文化與自然狀態(tài)對(duì)立起來(lái)。他們認(rèn)為非精英與精英的教養(yǎng)程度相同，(非西方人也同樣文明有禮)——認(rèn)為他們有教養(yǎng)的方式有所不同而已。因而，社會(huì)觀察家把社會(huì)精英階層的“雅”文化與“俗”文化或流行文化區(qū)別開來(lái)?！八住蔽幕蛄餍形幕傅氖侨嗣翊蟊娮约簞?chuàng)造、自己享受的產(chǎn)品和活動(dòng)。
超綱詞匯
Indigenous adj．本土的，土生土長(zhǎng)的
monadic adj．單一
Elite n．精英，精華，中堅(jiān)
Reject vt．拒絕，不接受
punk rock n．朋克搖滾樂
distort vt．歪曲，曲解
sophistication n．完善度，技巧
anarchy n．無(wú)政府狀態(tài)，政治混亂
repress vt．抑制，鎮(zhèn)壓
aboriginal adj．原始的，土著的
obscure vt．遮掩，使模糊，使朦朧
suffice vi／vt．足夠，充足
參考答案：1．B 2．A 3．A 4．D 5．C