"貌" 相近 意相遠(yuǎn)
英語(yǔ)中有許多拼寫相近的單詞,有的僅一個(gè)字母之差,意義卻相差較遠(yuǎn),可謂"貌"相近,意相遠(yuǎn).因其"貌"近,難辨者眾,常指鹿為馬.其實(shí)這些詞有很多都是同"根"生的"兄弟姐妹".本文試圖把某些常用"貌"近之詞依"貌"分組列出,結(jié)合構(gòu)詞法分析其"根",配以語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行對(duì)比,希望能幫助英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者辨其"貌",知其意.
1. inspect, respect, expect, prospect
"貌"同處spect,詞根:看.各相異處前綴in-:里面、內(nèi),in + spect "看里面"乃為"檢查";re-:反復(fù)、回,re + spect "回頭反復(fù)看"是為"尊重";ex-:外面、出,ex + spect "看外面"是在"期待";pro-:前、朝前,pro + spect "朝前看"就是"展望、前景".
(1) The customs inspectors are inspecting the outgoing baggage. 海關(guān)稽查員正在檢查出關(guān)的行李.
(2) The candidate is widely respected and expected to be elected mayor of this city. 候選人廣受尊重,有望當(dāng)選為該市市長(zhǎng).
(3) I see little much prospect of his company. 我看他公司發(fā)展前景渺茫.
2. expose, propose, dispose, compose, oppose, impose
"貌"同處pos,詞根 + 結(jié)尾字母e:放置.各相異處前綴ex-:外面、出,ex + pose "擺出來(lái)"是為"揭發(fā)、暴露";pro-:前、朝前,pro + pose "向前呈"引為"提出、提議";dis-:分開(kāi),dis + pose "分開(kāi)放置"引為"布置、安排";com=con-:共同、一起,com + pose "放到一起"即為"組成、構(gòu)成";op-:相反,op + pose "置于相反位置"引為"反抗";im=in:內(nèi)、里面,im + pose "把……硬置于里面"乃"把……強(qiáng)加".
(1) The leaders opposed the idea of exposing these photos to the public. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們反對(duì)將這些照片公之于眾.
(2) Man proposes; God disposes. 謀事在人,成事在天.
(3) Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. 水是由氫和氧組成的.
(4) The director always attempts to impose his idea into every decision that is made by his office staff. 這位主任總是企圖把他的個(gè)人意見(jiàn)強(qiáng)加于全體工作人員的每一項(xiàng)決定之上.
3. express, impress, depress, compress
"貌"同處press,詞根:壓.各相異處前綴ex-:外面、出,ex + press "把……壓出"引為"表示、表明";im=in:內(nèi)、里面,im + press "壓入"乃"銘刻、給留下深刻印象";de-:向下,de + press "使壓下"就是"使沮喪";com=con-:共同、一起,com + press "壓在一起"即為"壓縮".
(1) Children are encouraged to express feelings of sadness which they may be holding inside. 應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓勵(lì)孩子們把他們可能藏在心里的不愉快表達(dá)出來(lái).
(2) His words are strongly impressed on my memory. 他的話深深地銘刻在我心上.
(3) News of his father’s death depressed Mr. Zhou; he felt as if a heavy weight had been placed on his spirit. 父親去世的消息使周先生消沉,他感到心里好像壓了一塊重石.
(4) Compress your composition into a shorter one within 100 words. 把你的作文縮寫成100字以內(nèi)的短文.
4. contribute, distribute, attribute
"貌"同處tribute,詞根:貢品、獻(xiàn)禮.各相異處前綴con-:共同、一起,con + tribute "貢品一起"引為"貢獻(xiàn)、捐獻(xiàn)";dis-:分開(kāi),dis + tribute "分貢品"就是"分發(fā)";at- 可表原因,at + tribute "表述奉獻(xiàn)貢品之由"引為"歸因于".
(1) Song Dynasty contributed three inventions to world civilization. 宋朝有三大發(fā)明對(duì)世界文明做出了貢獻(xiàn).
(2) The organizing committee distributed prizes
among the winners. 組委會(huì)把獎(jiǎng)品分發(fā)給了獲勝者.
(3) He attributes his success to his hard work. 他認(rèn)為他的成就是他刻苦的結(jié)果.
5. constitute, substitute, institute
"貌"同處stitute,詞根:站立.各相異處前綴con-:共同、一起,con + stitute "同在一起"乃為"組成、構(gòu)成";sub-:下面,"使一件東西站到另一件東西之下"就是"用……代替某人或某物";in-:內(nèi)、里面,"在里面站的"即為"機(jī)構(gòu)、學(xué)院".
(1) The three men were driving a stolen car from a scientific institute in which the police found a quantity of illegal drug substances; these facts constituted enough evidence for the three to be charged and brought to trial. 三名男子駕駛一輛從一家科研所偷來(lái)的汽車,警方在他們的車上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一批違禁毒品,這些事實(shí)足以構(gòu)成對(duì)這三名男子進(jìn)行控告和審判的證據(jù).
(2) Of course daydreaming is no substitute for hard work. 當(dāng)然白日做夢(mèng)絕不能代替艱苦的努力.
6. statue, status, stature
"貌"同處stat,詞根:站立.stat + ue 雕像;stat + us 地位、身份;stat + ure 身材、身高.
例:The artist in imposing stature enjoys high social status, for he’s made a series of classical statues.
那位身材魁梧的藝術(shù)家因塑造了系列經(jīng)典雕像而享有盛名.
7. infer, refer, prefer, confer
"貌"同處fer,詞根:拿、攜帶.各相異處前綴in-:內(nèi)、里面,in + fer "拿內(nèi)含的東西"乃"推斷";re-:回,往原處,re + fer "反復(fù)拿書或資料"就是"參考、查閱";pre-:前面,pre + fer"拿在前面,先拿"肯定是"喜歡";con-:共同、一起,con + fer "在對(duì)話中共同采納"引為"協(xié)商、商議".
例: (1) What can you infer from this passage?
你能從該短文中推斷出什么?
(2) When writing papers, we have to refer to a lot of references concerned.
寫論文時(shí)我們得查閱許多有關(guān)資料.
(3) It is a good idea to ask what your guests prefer to drink before you bring in the refreshments.
端上茶點(diǎn)之前先問(wèn)一下你的客人喜歡喝什么飲料.
(4) We need to confer with the whole committee before making this important decision.
在做出這一重大決策之前,我們必須與全體委員交換意見(jiàn).
8. acquire, inquire, require
該組雖不宜說(shuō)是詞根加詞綴構(gòu)成,但我們可以用同樣的方式去分析,再加聯(lián)想以幫助記憶."貌"同處quire:一刀紙.各相異處ac-:加強(qiáng)意義, 使……,acquire聯(lián)想"使紙中的即書中的成為自己的"那就是"獲得,尤指獲取知識(shí)";in-:內(nèi)、里面,inquire 聯(lián)想"想知道書中不懂的"就去"詢問(wèn)或咨詢";re-:反復(fù),require 聯(lián)想"在紙條上反復(fù)寫重要內(nèi)容"就是"要求".
例: (1) I have acquired the basic knowledge of writing required in high school.
我已掌握中學(xué)階段要求掌握的寫作基礎(chǔ)知識(shí).
(2) Mary inquired of me the reason for my quitting the job.
瑪麗問(wèn)我辭職的原因.
9. distinct, instinct, extinct
"貌"同處tinct,詞根tin + ct:保持、容納.各相異處前綴dis-:分開(kāi),dis + tinct "分開(kāi)保持"乃"明顯的、區(qū)別的";in-:內(nèi)、里面,in + stinct "內(nèi)在保持"是為"本能";ex-:外面、出,ex + tinct "出了容納范圍"不就是"滅絕"了嗎?
例:These animals have a distinct instinct of protecting themselves from being extinct.
這些動(dòng)物有一種明顯的本能,能保護(hù)自己不滅絕.
10. persist, insist, exist, resist, consist
"貌"同處sist,詞根:站立.各相異處前綴除per-之外,其余上文都已出現(xiàn)并分析過(guò),就不再贅述.per-:始終、貫穿,per + sist"始終站立"乃"堅(jiān)持";in + sist "站在內(nèi)"引為"堅(jiān)決主張/認(rèn)為";ex + sist "站出來(lái)了"就能"生存、繼續(xù)存在";re + sist "站在背面"表示"反抗";con + sist "站在一起"就是"組成".
例:(1) You must persist in your studies even when you feel discouraged and exhausted.
即使當(dāng)感到泄氣和疲勞時(shí)也須堅(jiān)持你的學(xué)業(yè).
(2) The chairman insisted the meeting be cancelled.
主席堅(jiān)持要把會(huì)議取消.
(3) There exists in that country a resisting force against the government which consists mainly of the unemployed.
那個(gè)國(guó)家存在一股主要由失業(yè)者組成的反政府勢(shì)力.
11. conform, confirm
它們可稱得上是一對(duì)"貌"差無(wú)幾的"雙胞胎",僅一字母之差.con-:共同、一起,form:形式、形成,con + form"形式相同"是為"一致、符合";firm:堅(jiān)硬、牢固,con + firm "一起堅(jiān)硬"引為"確定、證實(shí)".
例:(1) This phrase does’’t conform to present-day usage.
這一短語(yǔ)不合現(xiàn)代慣用法.
(2) The expected result confirmed me in my belief that I was right.
預(yù)期的結(jié)果使我確信我是對(duì)的.
12. contract, contact
tract:拉、拖,con + tract"拉向一處之物,常指法律文件"即"合同、契約";tact:碰,con + tact "碰到一起"乃為"聯(lián)系、接觸".
例:We’ll contact again and sign the contract as soon as possible.
我們還會(huì)再次聯(lián)系,盡快把合同簽了.
13. contend, content
tend:伸張、奮力,con + tend"一起伸張"乃"競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、角逐";tent:保持、容納,con + tent"保持在一起的東西"就是"目錄、容量".
例:(1) The content of the report concerns the new building plans.
報(bào)告的內(nèi)容涉及新的建筑計(jì)劃.
(2) A good teacher can contend with several problems at the same time.
好教師能同時(shí)應(yīng)付幾個(gè)難題.
英語(yǔ)中這種"貌"近之詞還有很多,本文只擇以上幾組,個(gè)別分析可能還欠科學(xué),主要是想幫助英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者利用一切辦法并舉一反三,掌握其"貌"同處,辨清相異點(diǎn),最終識(shí)得這些"雙胞胎或多胞胎兄弟姐妹",并準(zhǔn)確使用.
英語(yǔ)中有許多拼寫相近的單詞,有的僅一個(gè)字母之差,意義卻相差較遠(yuǎn),可謂"貌"相近,意相遠(yuǎn).因其"貌"近,難辨者眾,常指鹿為馬.其實(shí)這些詞有很多都是同"根"生的"兄弟姐妹".本文試圖把某些常用"貌"近之詞依"貌"分組列出,結(jié)合構(gòu)詞法分析其"根",配以語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行對(duì)比,希望能幫助英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者辨其"貌",知其意.
1. inspect, respect, expect, prospect
"貌"同處spect,詞根:看.各相異處前綴in-:里面、內(nèi),in + spect "看里面"乃為"檢查";re-:反復(fù)、回,re + spect "回頭反復(fù)看"是為"尊重";ex-:外面、出,ex + spect "看外面"是在"期待";pro-:前、朝前,pro + spect "朝前看"就是"展望、前景".
(1) The customs inspectors are inspecting the outgoing baggage. 海關(guān)稽查員正在檢查出關(guān)的行李.
(2) The candidate is widely respected and expected to be elected mayor of this city. 候選人廣受尊重,有望當(dāng)選為該市市長(zhǎng).
(3) I see little much prospect of his company. 我看他公司發(fā)展前景渺茫.
2. expose, propose, dispose, compose, oppose, impose
"貌"同處pos,詞根 + 結(jié)尾字母e:放置.各相異處前綴ex-:外面、出,ex + pose "擺出來(lái)"是為"揭發(fā)、暴露";pro-:前、朝前,pro + pose "向前呈"引為"提出、提議";dis-:分開(kāi),dis + pose "分開(kāi)放置"引為"布置、安排";com=con-:共同、一起,com + pose "放到一起"即為"組成、構(gòu)成";op-:相反,op + pose "置于相反位置"引為"反抗";im=in:內(nèi)、里面,im + pose "把……硬置于里面"乃"把……強(qiáng)加".
(1) The leaders opposed the idea of exposing these photos to the public. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們反對(duì)將這些照片公之于眾.
(2) Man proposes; God disposes. 謀事在人,成事在天.
(3) Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. 水是由氫和氧組成的.
(4) The director always attempts to impose his idea into every decision that is made by his office staff. 這位主任總是企圖把他的個(gè)人意見(jiàn)強(qiáng)加于全體工作人員的每一項(xiàng)決定之上.
3. express, impress, depress, compress
"貌"同處press,詞根:壓.各相異處前綴ex-:外面、出,ex + press "把……壓出"引為"表示、表明";im=in:內(nèi)、里面,im + press "壓入"乃"銘刻、給留下深刻印象";de-:向下,de + press "使壓下"就是"使沮喪";com=con-:共同、一起,com + press "壓在一起"即為"壓縮".
(1) Children are encouraged to express feelings of sadness which they may be holding inside. 應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓勵(lì)孩子們把他們可能藏在心里的不愉快表達(dá)出來(lái).
(2) His words are strongly impressed on my memory. 他的話深深地銘刻在我心上.
(3) News of his father’s death depressed Mr. Zhou; he felt as if a heavy weight had been placed on his spirit. 父親去世的消息使周先生消沉,他感到心里好像壓了一塊重石.
(4) Compress your composition into a shorter one within 100 words. 把你的作文縮寫成100字以內(nèi)的短文.
4. contribute, distribute, attribute
"貌"同處tribute,詞根:貢品、獻(xiàn)禮.各相異處前綴con-:共同、一起,con + tribute "貢品一起"引為"貢獻(xiàn)、捐獻(xiàn)";dis-:分開(kāi),dis + tribute "分貢品"就是"分發(fā)";at- 可表原因,at + tribute "表述奉獻(xiàn)貢品之由"引為"歸因于".
(1) Song Dynasty contributed three inventions to world civilization. 宋朝有三大發(fā)明對(duì)世界文明做出了貢獻(xiàn).
(2) The organizing committee distributed prizes
among the winners. 組委會(huì)把獎(jiǎng)品分發(fā)給了獲勝者.
(3) He attributes his success to his hard work. 他認(rèn)為他的成就是他刻苦的結(jié)果.
5. constitute, substitute, institute
"貌"同處stitute,詞根:站立.各相異處前綴con-:共同、一起,con + stitute "同在一起"乃為"組成、構(gòu)成";sub-:下面,"使一件東西站到另一件東西之下"就是"用……代替某人或某物";in-:內(nèi)、里面,"在里面站的"即為"機(jī)構(gòu)、學(xué)院".
(1) The three men were driving a stolen car from a scientific institute in which the police found a quantity of illegal drug substances; these facts constituted enough evidence for the three to be charged and brought to trial. 三名男子駕駛一輛從一家科研所偷來(lái)的汽車,警方在他們的車上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一批違禁毒品,這些事實(shí)足以構(gòu)成對(duì)這三名男子進(jìn)行控告和審判的證據(jù).
(2) Of course daydreaming is no substitute for hard work. 當(dāng)然白日做夢(mèng)絕不能代替艱苦的努力.
6. statue, status, stature
"貌"同處stat,詞根:站立.stat + ue 雕像;stat + us 地位、身份;stat + ure 身材、身高.
例:The artist in imposing stature enjoys high social status, for he’s made a series of classical statues.
那位身材魁梧的藝術(shù)家因塑造了系列經(jīng)典雕像而享有盛名.
7. infer, refer, prefer, confer
"貌"同處fer,詞根:拿、攜帶.各相異處前綴in-:內(nèi)、里面,in + fer "拿內(nèi)含的東西"乃"推斷";re-:回,往原處,re + fer "反復(fù)拿書或資料"就是"參考、查閱";pre-:前面,pre + fer"拿在前面,先拿"肯定是"喜歡";con-:共同、一起,con + fer "在對(duì)話中共同采納"引為"協(xié)商、商議".
例: (1) What can you infer from this passage?
你能從該短文中推斷出什么?
(2) When writing papers, we have to refer to a lot of references concerned.
寫論文時(shí)我們得查閱許多有關(guān)資料.
(3) It is a good idea to ask what your guests prefer to drink before you bring in the refreshments.
端上茶點(diǎn)之前先問(wèn)一下你的客人喜歡喝什么飲料.
(4) We need to confer with the whole committee before making this important decision.
在做出這一重大決策之前,我們必須與全體委員交換意見(jiàn).
8. acquire, inquire, require
該組雖不宜說(shuō)是詞根加詞綴構(gòu)成,但我們可以用同樣的方式去分析,再加聯(lián)想以幫助記憶."貌"同處quire:一刀紙.各相異處ac-:加強(qiáng)意義, 使……,acquire聯(lián)想"使紙中的即書中的成為自己的"那就是"獲得,尤指獲取知識(shí)";in-:內(nèi)、里面,inquire 聯(lián)想"想知道書中不懂的"就去"詢問(wèn)或咨詢";re-:反復(fù),require 聯(lián)想"在紙條上反復(fù)寫重要內(nèi)容"就是"要求".
例: (1) I have acquired the basic knowledge of writing required in high school.
我已掌握中學(xué)階段要求掌握的寫作基礎(chǔ)知識(shí).
(2) Mary inquired of me the reason for my quitting the job.
瑪麗問(wèn)我辭職的原因.
9. distinct, instinct, extinct
"貌"同處tinct,詞根tin + ct:保持、容納.各相異處前綴dis-:分開(kāi),dis + tinct "分開(kāi)保持"乃"明顯的、區(qū)別的";in-:內(nèi)、里面,in + stinct "內(nèi)在保持"是為"本能";ex-:外面、出,ex + tinct "出了容納范圍"不就是"滅絕"了嗎?
例:These animals have a distinct instinct of protecting themselves from being extinct.
這些動(dòng)物有一種明顯的本能,能保護(hù)自己不滅絕.
10. persist, insist, exist, resist, consist
"貌"同處sist,詞根:站立.各相異處前綴除per-之外,其余上文都已出現(xiàn)并分析過(guò),就不再贅述.per-:始終、貫穿,per + sist"始終站立"乃"堅(jiān)持";in + sist "站在內(nèi)"引為"堅(jiān)決主張/認(rèn)為";ex + sist "站出來(lái)了"就能"生存、繼續(xù)存在";re + sist "站在背面"表示"反抗";con + sist "站在一起"就是"組成".
例:(1) You must persist in your studies even when you feel discouraged and exhausted.
即使當(dāng)感到泄氣和疲勞時(shí)也須堅(jiān)持你的學(xué)業(yè).
(2) The chairman insisted the meeting be cancelled.
主席堅(jiān)持要把會(huì)議取消.
(3) There exists in that country a resisting force against the government which consists mainly of the unemployed.
那個(gè)國(guó)家存在一股主要由失業(yè)者組成的反政府勢(shì)力.
11. conform, confirm
它們可稱得上是一對(duì)"貌"差無(wú)幾的"雙胞胎",僅一字母之差.con-:共同、一起,form:形式、形成,con + form"形式相同"是為"一致、符合";firm:堅(jiān)硬、牢固,con + firm "一起堅(jiān)硬"引為"確定、證實(shí)".
例:(1) This phrase does’’t conform to present-day usage.
這一短語(yǔ)不合現(xiàn)代慣用法.
(2) The expected result confirmed me in my belief that I was right.
預(yù)期的結(jié)果使我確信我是對(duì)的.
12. contract, contact
tract:拉、拖,con + tract"拉向一處之物,常指法律文件"即"合同、契約";tact:碰,con + tact "碰到一起"乃為"聯(lián)系、接觸".
例:We’ll contact again and sign the contract as soon as possible.
我們還會(huì)再次聯(lián)系,盡快把合同簽了.
13. contend, content
tend:伸張、奮力,con + tend"一起伸張"乃"競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、角逐";tent:保持、容納,con + tent"保持在一起的東西"就是"目錄、容量".
例:(1) The content of the report concerns the new building plans.
報(bào)告的內(nèi)容涉及新的建筑計(jì)劃.
(2) A good teacher can contend with several problems at the same time.
好教師能同時(shí)應(yīng)付幾個(gè)難題.
英語(yǔ)中這種"貌"近之詞還有很多,本文只擇以上幾組,個(gè)別分析可能還欠科學(xué),主要是想幫助英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者利用一切辦法并舉一反三,掌握其"貌"同處,辨清相異點(diǎn),最終識(shí)得這些"雙胞胎或多胞胎兄弟姐妹",并準(zhǔn)確使用.