最新黑魔方系列2007年版：考研英語必備語法全突破(第二版) 黑魔方考研命題研究組 組編
第一編 考研必備語法精要速覽
一、時態(tài)、語態(tài)
時態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：
1.以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時：
(1)表示感知的動詞：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell；
(2)表示意愿、情感的動詞：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；
(3)表示思考、看法的動詞：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose；
(4)表示所有、占有的動詞：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容納)；
(5)其他動詞：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。
如：
I’d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.
(1997年考研題， belong表示歸屬，不用于進(jìn)行式)
He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.
(1990年考研題，see表示結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行式)
2. 不用will/shall表達(dá)將來時的形式：
(1)be going to表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖；
(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的動詞的進(jìn)行體表示按計(jì)劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來動作；
(3)be to (do)表示安排、計(jì)劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如：
Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.
(4)be about to (do)表示將要(做)，如：
Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.
(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用；
(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般現(xiàn)在時表示按日歷或時刻表要發(fā)生的將來動作或事件，如：
If you want your film to be properly processed, you’ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow.
(畫線部分一般不用will be)
(7)在時間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：
I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪兒。(賓語從句)
I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。(賓語從句)
比較：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打電話時我告訴他。(狀語從句)
(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，如：
See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.
(include 不能用will include或其他形式)
3.完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語：
(1)by/between/up to/till +過去時間、since、by the time/when +表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時。如：
We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.
(表示1919年時已發(fā)生的情況)
(2)by +將來時間、by the time/ when +謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，主句用將來完成時。如：
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
(3)by now、since +過去時間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時, 但在it is +具體時間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時候不用完成時。如：
The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.
It is four years since John left school.
(4)在It is the +序數(shù)詞/形容詞級+that的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：
It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.
(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用過去完成時。
(6)其他與完成時連用的時間狀語：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。
4.完成進(jìn)行時指動作在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：
The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.
The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.
時態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路：
(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；
(2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。
二、不定式
1.不定式做主語
(1)做形式主語的代詞：
不定式做主語, 通常用it充當(dāng)形式主語, 把做主語的不定式短語后置。 如：
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time.
(2)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞：
不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時, 不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)：
absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：
Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.
It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
(3)不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語：
掌握常用不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：
said
reported
thought
be to do sth.
believed
known
supposed
Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.
2.不定式做賓語
(1)必須接不定式做賓語的動詞：
掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞：
agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish。如：
Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.
注意:
1)有的動詞要求特殊疑問詞+不定式做賓語, 這類動詞有：
consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, understand, wonder，如：
While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
2)如果該特殊疑問詞在不定式中做介詞賓語, 介詞往往置于該特殊疑問詞的前面。如:
The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory.
Without facts, we cannot form worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge upon which to base our thinking.
(2)可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)的動詞：
下列動詞可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, compel, enable, determine, encourage, expect, feel, find, force, hate, have, hear, help, inform, invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish。
注意：畫線動詞后面的不定式不帶to。
如：
Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me to swim in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us.
3.不定式做定語
(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞級或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：
the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一個登上月球的女性
(2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：
tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：
ambition to do “干……的雄心”→be ambitious to do“有雄心干……”
curiosity to do “對……的好奇心”→be curious to do“對……好奇”
ability to do“做……的能力”→able to do“有能力做……”
According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.
(4)表示方式、原因、時間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括：
way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (運(yùn)動)，effort等。如：
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.
(5)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如：
Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.
4.不定式做狀語
不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。
(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，so as to不能置于句首。如：
To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent .
I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.
(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如：
The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.
The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.
(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時用only加強(qiáng)語氣。
常見的不定式動詞有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：
Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.
(4)not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義。如：
I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。
三、動名詞
1.必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞
牢記下列要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞：
acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：
Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
2.動名詞做介詞短語
考生尤其要識別下列短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號：
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如：
There was no sign that Mr. Jospin , who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.
Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retirement years.
Everyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.
四、分詞
分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上考生應(yīng)清楚：
● 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，表示動作在進(jìn)行。
● 過去分詞表示被動，表示動作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。
1.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別
分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于省略了的定語從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如：
It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相當(dāng)于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相當(dāng)于which gave...)
How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相當(dāng)于How many of us who will attend...)
(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如：
Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
(相當(dāng)于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)
Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
(相當(dāng)于…each new phone which is added to…)
The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.
(相當(dāng)于…description which was based on…)
(3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義：
deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如：
an escaped prisoner一個逃犯
a retired worker一位退休工人
a faded curtain一個褪了色的窗簾
a newly arrived student一個新來的學(xué)生
2.分詞做狀語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式
(1)表示時間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動作的時間先于謂語動詞，要用完成式。如：
Having completed one task, we started on another one.
(complete先于start之前發(fā)生)
(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時要用完成式，有時用一般式。如：
He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.
There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
(3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.
Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.
(4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.
(5)表示補(bǔ)充說明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.
3.分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語，稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個部分，但在翻譯時經(jīng)常譯成獨(dú)立的句子，考生要注意英漢兩種語言在結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別。如：
All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.
4.分詞做表語和補(bǔ)語，尤應(yīng)注意由使役動詞變來的分詞的形式
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語或賓語的特征，多以事物做(邏輯)主語。如：
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(2)過去分詞表示主語或賓語所處的狀態(tài)或?qū)δ呈碌男睦矸磻?yīng)和感受，多以人做(邏輯)主語。如：
These students are quick at learning. We’ll have them trained in new methods.
People cannot but feel puzzled. For they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
五、非謂語動詞的其他考點(diǎn)
1.接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法
mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)
mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建議(做某事)
forget to do忘記(要做的事) remember to do記得(要做某事)
forget doing忘記(已做的事) remember doing記得(已做過的事)
go on to do繼而(做另一件事) stop to do停下來去做另一件事
go on doing繼續(xù)(做原來的事) stop doing停止正在做的事
regret to do(對將要做的事)遺憾 regret doing(對已做過的事)后悔
如：
Mr. Jankin regretted having blamed his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.
The boy is constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the wall, but he goes on doing it all the same.
2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法
句型：cannot help but do cannot but do
cannot choose but do can do nothing but do
have no choice/alternative but to do
上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。其共同的特點(diǎn)是都有一個否定詞和but。如：
Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
3.動名詞的習(xí)慣用法
句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.
It’s no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.
spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.
cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.
I know it isn’t important but I can’t help thinking about it.
Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.
There is no use crying over spilt milk.
4.there be 非謂語動詞的用法
(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)要求。如：
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.
(expect要求接不定式做賓語)
(2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時用for there to be，做其他狀語用there being。如：
For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.
(for there to be…在句中做目的狀語)
It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.
(for there to be…在句中做程度狀語)
There being no further questions, we’ll stop here today.
(there being…做原因狀語)
(3)引導(dǎo)主語用for there to be。如：
It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.
(4)做除for外的介詞賓語，用there being。如：
He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.
六、虛擬語氣
1.主從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)
(1)掌握主從句謂語動詞的規(guī)范搭配:
主句從句
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+dowere (不分人稱)/did
與過去事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+have donehad done
與將來事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+doshould do
如：
If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.
There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.
(2)區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時間概念：
主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同，這叫做錯綜時間條件句，動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來調(diào)整。如：
Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過去事實(shí)相反)
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過去事實(shí)相反)
(3)識別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句：
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
(句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實(shí))
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
(前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部分是事實(shí))
2.名詞性從句的虛擬形式
名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂語動詞需用(should+)動詞原形表示虛擬?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：
(1)下列動詞做謂語時，that賓語從句中的動詞用虛擬形式：
desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：
In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.
I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.
(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補(bǔ)語時，that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式：
advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：
The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.
It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.
(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時，從句中動詞用虛擬形式：
insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, re-quirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：
John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.
3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式
含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：
(1)連詞but, but that, or, or else；副詞otherwise, unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如：
A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.
Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.
(2)介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：
But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished
+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如：
I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.
(4)情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
4.常用虛擬形式的句型
(1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型：
would rather would as soon as though suppose…
had rather would sooner as if supposing…
If only… It is (high) time that…(從句中動詞只用過去式)
如：
His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more.
I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.
(2)If it were not for… (與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)
If it had not been for… (與過去事實(shí)相反) 相當(dāng)于but for。如：
If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.
(3)If only…謂語動詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。如?BR> If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
(4)lest/for fear that/in case 從句謂語用(should+)動詞原形。如：
The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(5)whether…or…有時謂語用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
七、情態(tài)動詞
注意情態(tài)動詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：
1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況
(1)must have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如：
My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
(2)cant/couldn’t have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定沒……”。 如：
Mary couldn’t have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
(3)may/might have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如：
At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
2.表示虛擬語氣
(1)needn’t have+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實(shí)沒必要……”。如：
As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn’t have dressed up so formally.
(2)should /should not have +過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，或本不應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上做了, 譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該……”。如：
I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
(3)ought to have+過去分詞，表示動作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該……”，與should的完成式含義類似。如：
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(4)could have+過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。如：
What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.
(5)may/might have + 過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會……”。如：
It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.
3.幾個情態(tài)動詞?？嫉木湫?BR> (1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，”，與had better相近。如：
Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.
(2)cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot…over…。如：
You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.
The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.
(3)usedn’t或didn’t use to為used to (do)的否定式。
(4)should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：
I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.
八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級
1.形容詞的句法功能
形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：
(1)以 “a” 開頭的形容詞如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定語，可做表語或后置定語。
(2)某些以副詞詞綴 “-ly” 結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。
(3)下列動詞既是實(shí)義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語：remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如：
All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.
2.副詞主要測試其修飾作用
考生應(yīng)了解：副詞可修飾謂語動詞、非謂語動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、整個句子。如：
This pair of shoes isn’t good, but that pair is hardly better.
(與前半句的否定意義吻合)
It’s essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.
Andrew, my father’s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family’s disappointment.
Most of us are of the opinion that this set of training program is among the most wisely devised ones we have seen so far.
3.考比較級時，考生應(yīng)把握
(1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.
On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：
The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s.
Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.
(3)比較級的修飾語如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+as…as…, 或修飾語+more…than…。如：
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”
(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：
inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。如：
Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.
4.級形式應(yīng)注意的問題
(1)級比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。
in, (all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China, all over the world； of, among 用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses。
注意：among…相當(dāng)于one of…，不說among all…。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)別開來。如：
Of all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.
(2)比較級形式表示級意義時，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用：
any other +單數(shù)名詞
the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞
the others
anyone/anything else
上述詞是用來將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。
5.有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型
(1)not so much…as…與其說……不如說……
The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
(2)no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
(3)no /not any less…than…兩者一樣都……She is no less beautiful than her sister.
(4)just as…so….正如……，……也……(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.
第一編 考研必備語法精要速覽
一、時態(tài)、語態(tài)
時態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：
1.以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時：
(1)表示感知的動詞：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell；
(2)表示意愿、情感的動詞：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；
(3)表示思考、看法的動詞：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose；
(4)表示所有、占有的動詞：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容納)；
(5)其他動詞：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。
如：
I’d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.
(1997年考研題， belong表示歸屬，不用于進(jìn)行式)
He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.
(1990年考研題，see表示結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行式)
2. 不用will/shall表達(dá)將來時的形式：
(1)be going to表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖；
(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的動詞的進(jìn)行體表示按計(jì)劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來動作；
(3)be to (do)表示安排、計(jì)劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如：
Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.
(4)be about to (do)表示將要(做)，如：
Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.
(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用；
(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般現(xiàn)在時表示按日歷或時刻表要發(fā)生的將來動作或事件，如：
If you want your film to be properly processed, you’ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow.
(畫線部分一般不用will be)
(7)在時間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：
I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪兒。(賓語從句)
I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。(賓語從句)
比較：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打電話時我告訴他。(狀語從句)
(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，如：
See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.
(include 不能用will include或其他形式)
3.完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語：
(1)by/between/up to/till +過去時間、since、by the time/when +表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時。如：
We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.
(表示1919年時已發(fā)生的情況)
(2)by +將來時間、by the time/ when +謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，主句用將來完成時。如：
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
(3)by now、since +過去時間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時, 但在it is +具體時間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時候不用完成時。如：
The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.
It is four years since John left school.
(4)在It is the +序數(shù)詞/形容詞級+that的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：
It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.
(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用過去完成時。
(6)其他與完成時連用的時間狀語：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。
4.完成進(jìn)行時指動作在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：
The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.
The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.
時態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路：
(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；
(2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。
二、不定式
1.不定式做主語
(1)做形式主語的代詞：
不定式做主語, 通常用it充當(dāng)形式主語, 把做主語的不定式短語后置。 如：
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time.
(2)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞：
不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時, 不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)：
absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：
Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.
It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
(3)不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語：
掌握常用不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：
said
reported
thought
be to do sth.
believed
known
supposed
Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.
2.不定式做賓語
(1)必須接不定式做賓語的動詞：
掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞：
agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish。如：
Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.
注意:
1)有的動詞要求特殊疑問詞+不定式做賓語, 這類動詞有：
consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, understand, wonder，如：
While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
2)如果該特殊疑問詞在不定式中做介詞賓語, 介詞往往置于該特殊疑問詞的前面。如:
The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory.
Without facts, we cannot form worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge upon which to base our thinking.
(2)可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)的動詞：
下列動詞可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, compel, enable, determine, encourage, expect, feel, find, force, hate, have, hear, help, inform, invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish。
注意：畫線動詞后面的不定式不帶to。
如：
Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me to swim in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us.
3.不定式做定語
(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞級或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：
the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一個登上月球的女性
(2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：
tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：
ambition to do “干……的雄心”→be ambitious to do“有雄心干……”
curiosity to do “對……的好奇心”→be curious to do“對……好奇”
ability to do“做……的能力”→able to do“有能力做……”
According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.
(4)表示方式、原因、時間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括：
way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (運(yùn)動)，effort等。如：
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.
(5)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如：
Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.
4.不定式做狀語
不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。
(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，so as to不能置于句首。如：
To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent .
I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.
(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如：
The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.
The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.
(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時用only加強(qiáng)語氣。
常見的不定式動詞有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：
Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.
(4)not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義。如：
I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。
三、動名詞
1.必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞
牢記下列要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞：
acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：
Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
2.動名詞做介詞短語
考生尤其要識別下列短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號：
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如：
There was no sign that Mr. Jospin , who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.
Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retirement years.
Everyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.
四、分詞
分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上考生應(yīng)清楚：
● 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，表示動作在進(jìn)行。
● 過去分詞表示被動，表示動作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。
1.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別
分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于省略了的定語從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如：
It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相當(dāng)于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相當(dāng)于which gave...)
How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相當(dāng)于How many of us who will attend...)
(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如：
Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
(相當(dāng)于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)
Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
(相當(dāng)于…each new phone which is added to…)
The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.
(相當(dāng)于…description which was based on…)
(3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義：
deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如：
an escaped prisoner一個逃犯
a retired worker一位退休工人
a faded curtain一個褪了色的窗簾
a newly arrived student一個新來的學(xué)生
2.分詞做狀語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式
(1)表示時間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動作的時間先于謂語動詞，要用完成式。如：
Having completed one task, we started on another one.
(complete先于start之前發(fā)生)
(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時要用完成式，有時用一般式。如：
He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.
There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
(3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.
Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.
(4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.
(5)表示補(bǔ)充說明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.
3.分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語，稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個部分，但在翻譯時經(jīng)常譯成獨(dú)立的句子，考生要注意英漢兩種語言在結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別。如：
All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.
4.分詞做表語和補(bǔ)語，尤應(yīng)注意由使役動詞變來的分詞的形式
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語或賓語的特征，多以事物做(邏輯)主語。如：
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(2)過去分詞表示主語或賓語所處的狀態(tài)或?qū)δ呈碌男睦矸磻?yīng)和感受，多以人做(邏輯)主語。如：
These students are quick at learning. We’ll have them trained in new methods.
People cannot but feel puzzled. For they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
五、非謂語動詞的其他考點(diǎn)
1.接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法
mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)
mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建議(做某事)
forget to do忘記(要做的事) remember to do記得(要做某事)
forget doing忘記(已做的事) remember doing記得(已做過的事)
go on to do繼而(做另一件事) stop to do停下來去做另一件事
go on doing繼續(xù)(做原來的事) stop doing停止正在做的事
regret to do(對將要做的事)遺憾 regret doing(對已做過的事)后悔
如：
Mr. Jankin regretted having blamed his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.
The boy is constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the wall, but he goes on doing it all the same.
2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法
句型：cannot help but do cannot but do
cannot choose but do can do nothing but do
have no choice/alternative but to do
上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。其共同的特點(diǎn)是都有一個否定詞和but。如：
Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
3.動名詞的習(xí)慣用法
句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.
It’s no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.
spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.
cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.
I know it isn’t important but I can’t help thinking about it.
Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.
There is no use crying over spilt milk.
4.there be 非謂語動詞的用法
(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)要求。如：
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.
(expect要求接不定式做賓語)
(2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時用for there to be，做其他狀語用there being。如：
For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.
(for there to be…在句中做目的狀語)
It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.
(for there to be…在句中做程度狀語)
There being no further questions, we’ll stop here today.
(there being…做原因狀語)
(3)引導(dǎo)主語用for there to be。如：
It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.
(4)做除for外的介詞賓語，用there being。如：
He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.
六、虛擬語氣
1.主從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)
(1)掌握主從句謂語動詞的規(guī)范搭配:
主句從句
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+dowere (不分人稱)/did
與過去事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+have donehad done
與將來事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+doshould do
如：
If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.
There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.
(2)區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時間概念：
主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同，這叫做錯綜時間條件句，動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來調(diào)整。如：
Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過去事實(shí)相反)
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過去事實(shí)相反)
(3)識別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句：
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
(句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實(shí))
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
(前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部分是事實(shí))
2.名詞性從句的虛擬形式
名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂語動詞需用(should+)動詞原形表示虛擬?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：
(1)下列動詞做謂語時，that賓語從句中的動詞用虛擬形式：
desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：
In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.
I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.
(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補(bǔ)語時，that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式：
advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：
The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.
It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.
(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時，從句中動詞用虛擬形式：
insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, re-quirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：
John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.
3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式
含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：
(1)連詞but, but that, or, or else；副詞otherwise, unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如：
A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.
Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.
(2)介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：
But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished
+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如：
I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.
(4)情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
4.常用虛擬形式的句型
(1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型：
would rather would as soon as though suppose…
had rather would sooner as if supposing…
If only… It is (high) time that…(從句中動詞只用過去式)
如：
His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more.
I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.
(2)If it were not for… (與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)
If it had not been for… (與過去事實(shí)相反) 相當(dāng)于but for。如：
If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.
(3)If only…謂語動詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。如?BR> If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
(4)lest/for fear that/in case 從句謂語用(should+)動詞原形。如：
The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(5)whether…or…有時謂語用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
七、情態(tài)動詞
注意情態(tài)動詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：
1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況
(1)must have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如：
My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
(2)cant/couldn’t have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定沒……”。 如：
Mary couldn’t have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
(3)may/might have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如：
At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
2.表示虛擬語氣
(1)needn’t have+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實(shí)沒必要……”。如：
As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn’t have dressed up so formally.
(2)should /should not have +過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，或本不應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上做了, 譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該……”。如：
I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
(3)ought to have+過去分詞，表示動作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該……”，與should的完成式含義類似。如：
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(4)could have+過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。如：
What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.
(5)may/might have + 過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會……”。如：
It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.
3.幾個情態(tài)動詞?？嫉木湫?BR> (1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，”，與had better相近。如：
Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.
(2)cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot…over…。如：
You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.
The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.
(3)usedn’t或didn’t use to為used to (do)的否定式。
(4)should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：
I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.
八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級
1.形容詞的句法功能
形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：
(1)以 “a” 開頭的形容詞如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定語，可做表語或后置定語。
(2)某些以副詞詞綴 “-ly” 結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。
(3)下列動詞既是實(shí)義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語：remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如：
All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.
2.副詞主要測試其修飾作用
考生應(yīng)了解：副詞可修飾謂語動詞、非謂語動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、整個句子。如：
This pair of shoes isn’t good, but that pair is hardly better.
(與前半句的否定意義吻合)
It’s essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.
Andrew, my father’s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family’s disappointment.
Most of us are of the opinion that this set of training program is among the most wisely devised ones we have seen so far.
3.考比較級時，考生應(yīng)把握
(1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.
On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：
The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s.
Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.
(3)比較級的修飾語如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+as…as…, 或修飾語+more…than…。如：
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”
(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：
inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。如：
Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.
4.級形式應(yīng)注意的問題
(1)級比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。
in, (all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China, all over the world； of, among 用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses。
注意：among…相當(dāng)于one of…，不說among all…。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)別開來。如：
Of all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.
(2)比較級形式表示級意義時，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用：
any other +單數(shù)名詞
the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞
the others
anyone/anything else
上述詞是用來將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。
5.有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型
(1)not so much…as…與其說……不如說……
The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
(2)no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
(3)no /not any less…than…兩者一樣都……She is no less beautiful than her sister.
(4)just as…so….正如……，……也……(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.