Researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health have discovered that Americans with mental illness are nearly twice as likely to smoke cigarettes as people with no mental illness．Their study APPeared in the Nov．22nd Journal of the American Medical Association．Karen Lasser and her colleagues found that 41 percent of people with mental illness are smokers compared to 22．5 percent of oeople who have never been mentally ill．They also found that the mentally ill smoke more heavily than others．Based on their results the authors estimate that people with diagnosable mental illness comprise nearly 45 percent of the total tobacco market in the U．S．
The authors also found that nearly one-third of smokers with mental illness were able to quit smoking．If they abstained from drugs and alcohol they had cessation rates equal to people without mental illness．“This finding should encourage us to help our patients with mental illness to quit smoking, especially given that persons with mental illness are at high risk for smoking-related deaths，”said Danny McCormick。one of the co-authors．
The study analyzed data from 4411 respondents aged 15 to 54 years who participated in the National Comorbidity Survey of psychiatric disease，a nationally representative multistage probability survey conducted from 1991 to 1992． Their data is the most information available that looks at the association between type and severity of mental illness and the likelihood of smoking and smoking cessation．
Standard definitions of mentai illness were employed that included major depression,bipolar disorder，agoraphobia，social and simple phobia，generalized anxiety disorder，alcohol abuse and dependence，antisocial personality，conduct disorder and nonaffective psychosis (including schizophrenia)．
The authors quote internal documents from the tobacco industry showing that R．J．Reynolds had conducted marketing studies targeting psychologically vulnerable consumers．The studies implied that srookers used nicotine to treat symptoms of depression，for mood enhancement，forl anxiety relief, to cope with stress and t0“gain selbcontrol．”The marketing study also suggested that smoking helps perk you up and helps you think out problems．
Why do persons with mental disorders smoke more than others?This study does not really explain.We do know that nicotine is a stimulant。and that it seems to ease the symptoms of some severe disorders such as schizophrenia．65—90％of persons with schizophrenia are nicotine dependent，probably partly because nicotine relieves some of their symptoms and improves cognitive functioning．Tobacco marketers have played on these statistics，but they probably didn’t create them．[410 words]
1．American researchers discover that______．
A．few people with mental illness smoke
B．few people without mentalillness smoke
C．mentally ill persons are more likely to become smokers
D．mentally ill smokers tend to smoke much more than others
2．According to this passage______．
A．a(chǎn)lcohol abuse raises smoking cessation rates
B．a(chǎn)lcohol dependence lowers smoking cessation rates
C．drug abuse makes for smoking cessation
D．drug abuse helps to lower smoking rates
3．Mentally ill patients are______．
A．1ess likely to quit smoking
B．1ess likely to become alcohol addicts
C．more likely to become drug addicts
D．more likely to die of smoking related diseases
4．the fact that mentally ill smokers smoke more than others．
A．The author tries to explain
B．Tobacco marketers hardly know
C．Some American researchers explained
D．The marketing studies conducted by the tobacco industry revealed
5．The proper title for this passage should be______．
A．The Harmfulness of Smoking
B．Mentally Ill Smoke A Lot
C．Smoking and Smoking Cessation
D．Symptoms of Severe Mental Disorders
難句透析
①This finding should encourage US to help our patients with mental illness to quit smoking，especially given[that persons with mental illness are at high risk for smoking related deaths，said Danny McCormick，one of the Coauthors．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，過去分詞短語“given…deaths”用做狀語；方括號標(biāo)示的“that…deaths”是過去分詞“given”的賓語從句。
【釋義】丹尼·麥高米克是這篇論文的作者之一，他說，“該發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)能鼓勵我們幫助精神病人戒煙，尤其當(dāng)精神病人非?？赡芤蛭鼰煂?dǎo)致死亡時，我們更應(yīng)幫助他們戒煙?！?BR> ②The study analyzed data from 4411 respondents Eaged 15 to 54 years][who participated in the National Comorbidity Survey of psychiatric disease，(a nationally representative multistage probability survey(conducted from 1991 t0 1992>))．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】第一個方括號標(biāo)示的過去分詞短語“aged 15 to 54 years”用做后置定語，修飾“respondents”；第二個方括號標(biāo)示的“who…1992”用做后置定語從句，修飾“respondents”；黑體圓括號標(biāo)示的“a nationally．．．1992”是“the National Comorbidity Survey”的同位語；尖括號標(biāo)示的過去分詞短語“conducted…1992”用做后置定語，修飾“survey”。
【釋義】1991年至1992年，進行了全國精神病發(fā)病率普查，這是在全國范圍內(nèi)進行的、有代表性的多級發(fā)病概率普查。普查對象從15歲至54歲。該項研究分析了參加普查的4411人的數(shù)據(jù)資料。
③Their data is the most information available[that looks at the association between type and severity of mental ill ness and the likelihood of smoking and smoking cessation]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的“that…cessation”用做后置定語從句，修飾“information”。
【釋義】這些人的數(shù)據(jù)資料是最現(xiàn)成的資料，可以用來研究精神病的類型、嚴(yán)重程度與吸煙、戒煙之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系。
④Standard definitions of mental illness were employed[that included major depression，bipolar disorder，agora phobia。social and simple phobia。generalized anxiety disorder，alcohol abuse and dependence，antisocial personality，conduct disorder and nonaffective psychosis(including schizophrenia)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的“that…(including schizophrenia)”用做后置定語從句，修飾句子的主語“definitions”。
【釋義】當(dāng)時對精神病采用的是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義法，其中包括：情緒嚴(yán)重消沉、狂躁與抑郁交替的精神雙向失調(diào)、陌生環(huán)境恐怖癥、社交恐怖癥和單一恐怖癥、一般的精神憂慮、酗酒和嗜酒、不擅社交的個性、行為錯亂和無情感的精神錯亂(包括精神分裂癥)。
⑤The studies implied[that smokers used nicotine”to treat symptoms of depression，for“mood enhancement，”for anxiety relief，to cope with stress and to gain selfcontrol．]
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的“that…to‘gain selfcontrol’”是謂語動詞“implied”的賓語從句；其中有五個并列成分(三個動詞不定式和兩個介詞短語)，用做目的狀語。
【釋義】這些市場調(diào)研表明，吸煙者利用煙中的尼古丁來對付情緒消沉的各種癥狀：“愉悅精神”、“減輕焦慮”、“緩解緊張”并且“達到自我控制”。 全文翻譯
哈佛大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生研究院研究員近期發(fā)現(xiàn)：在美國，精神病患者吸煙的可能性是正常人的近兩倍。他們的研究報告在11月22日的《美國醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會雜志》上刊登。卡倫·萊瑟和她的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，精神病患者中有41％的人是煙民，而精神從未出問題的人這個比率只有22．5％。此外他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，精神病患者抽煙要比其他煙民厲害得多。根據(jù)研究結(jié)果，作者估計，美國煙草市場的消費者有45％是由精神疾病患者構(gòu)成的。
作者指出，將近三分之一患有精神疾病的煙民能夠成功戒煙。如果戒毒戒酒，他們的戒煙成功率就能與正常人基本持平。丹尼·麥高米克是這篇論文的作者之一，他說，“該發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)能鼓勵我們幫助精神病人戒煙，尤其當(dāng)精神病人非?？赡芤蛭鼰煂?dǎo)致死亡時，我們更應(yīng)幫助他們戒煙。”
1991年至1992年，進行了全國精神病發(fā)病率普查，這是在全國范圍內(nèi)進行的、有代表性的多級發(fā)病概率普查。
普查對象從15歲至54歲。該項研究分析了參加普查的4411人的數(shù)據(jù)資料。。這些人的數(shù)據(jù)資料是最現(xiàn)成的資料，可以用來研究精神病的類型、嚴(yán)重程度與吸煙、戒煙之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系。
當(dāng)時對精神病采用的是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義法，其中包括：情緒嚴(yán)重消沉、狂躁與抑郁交替的精神雙向失調(diào)、陌生環(huán)境恐怖癥、社交恐怖癥和單一恐怖癥、一般的精神憂慮、酗酒和嗜酒、不擅社交的個性、行為錯亂和無情感的精神錯亂(包括精神分裂癥)。
作者引用的煙草工業(yè)內(nèi)部文件顯示，美國R．J．Reynolds煙草公司曾以那些心理防線比較脆弱的顧客為目標(biāo)進行市場調(diào)研。這些市場調(diào)研表明，吸煙者利用煙中的尼古丁來對付情緒消沉的各種癥狀：“愉悅精神”、“減輕焦慮”、“緩解緊張”并且“達到自我控制”。這個市場調(diào)查同時顯示，吸煙可以“有助于振奮精神”及“有助于想出問題的解決方法”。
為什么精神病患者更易于抽煙呢?這份研究報告并沒有真正就這個問題進行分析。其實我們早已知曉尼古丁是一種刺激物，看似可以緩解一些嚴(yán)重的心理疾病(例如精神分裂癥)的癥狀。65％到90％的精神分裂癥患者依賴尼古丁，這可能是因為尼古丁可以減輕他們的一些癥狀并能提高他們的認(rèn)知能力。盡管沒有創(chuàng)造數(shù)據(jù)，但煙草市場的商人們一直利用這些統(tǒng)計結(jié)果。
超綱詞匯
Abstain v．禁絕，放棄
Agoraphobia 曠野恐怖癥，陌生環(huán)境恐怖癥
Bipolar adj．有兩極的，雙極的
cessation 停止
Cognitive adj．認(rèn)知的，認(rèn)識的，有感知的
comorbidity n．發(fā)病率
Perk vt．／vi．昂首，豎起，恢復(fù)，振作
phobia 恐怖病，恐怖癥
Psychiatric adj．精神病學(xué)的，精神病治療的
psychosis n．精神病，變態(tài)心理
Schizophrenia 精神分裂癥
Vulnerable adj．易受攻擊的，易受…的攻擊
參考答案：1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．B
The authors also found that nearly one-third of smokers with mental illness were able to quit smoking．If they abstained from drugs and alcohol they had cessation rates equal to people without mental illness．“This finding should encourage us to help our patients with mental illness to quit smoking, especially given that persons with mental illness are at high risk for smoking-related deaths，”said Danny McCormick。one of the co-authors．
The study analyzed data from 4411 respondents aged 15 to 54 years who participated in the National Comorbidity Survey of psychiatric disease，a nationally representative multistage probability survey conducted from 1991 to 1992． Their data is the most information available that looks at the association between type and severity of mental illness and the likelihood of smoking and smoking cessation．
Standard definitions of mentai illness were employed that included major depression,bipolar disorder，agoraphobia，social and simple phobia，generalized anxiety disorder，alcohol abuse and dependence，antisocial personality，conduct disorder and nonaffective psychosis (including schizophrenia)．
The authors quote internal documents from the tobacco industry showing that R．J．Reynolds had conducted marketing studies targeting psychologically vulnerable consumers．The studies implied that srookers used nicotine to treat symptoms of depression，for mood enhancement，forl anxiety relief, to cope with stress and t0“gain selbcontrol．”The marketing study also suggested that smoking helps perk you up and helps you think out problems．
Why do persons with mental disorders smoke more than others?This study does not really explain.We do know that nicotine is a stimulant。and that it seems to ease the symptoms of some severe disorders such as schizophrenia．65—90％of persons with schizophrenia are nicotine dependent，probably partly because nicotine relieves some of their symptoms and improves cognitive functioning．Tobacco marketers have played on these statistics，but they probably didn’t create them．[410 words]
1．American researchers discover that______．
A．few people with mental illness smoke
B．few people without mentalillness smoke
C．mentally ill persons are more likely to become smokers
D．mentally ill smokers tend to smoke much more than others
2．According to this passage______．
A．a(chǎn)lcohol abuse raises smoking cessation rates
B．a(chǎn)lcohol dependence lowers smoking cessation rates
C．drug abuse makes for smoking cessation
D．drug abuse helps to lower smoking rates
3．Mentally ill patients are______．
A．1ess likely to quit smoking
B．1ess likely to become alcohol addicts
C．more likely to become drug addicts
D．more likely to die of smoking related diseases
4．the fact that mentally ill smokers smoke more than others．
A．The author tries to explain
B．Tobacco marketers hardly know
C．Some American researchers explained
D．The marketing studies conducted by the tobacco industry revealed
5．The proper title for this passage should be______．
A．The Harmfulness of Smoking
B．Mentally Ill Smoke A Lot
C．Smoking and Smoking Cessation
D．Symptoms of Severe Mental Disorders
難句透析
①This finding should encourage US to help our patients with mental illness to quit smoking，especially given[that persons with mental illness are at high risk for smoking related deaths，said Danny McCormick，one of the Coauthors．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，過去分詞短語“given…deaths”用做狀語；方括號標(biāo)示的“that…deaths”是過去分詞“given”的賓語從句。
【釋義】丹尼·麥高米克是這篇論文的作者之一，他說，“該發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)能鼓勵我們幫助精神病人戒煙，尤其當(dāng)精神病人非?？赡芤蛭鼰煂?dǎo)致死亡時，我們更應(yīng)幫助他們戒煙?！?BR> ②The study analyzed data from 4411 respondents Eaged 15 to 54 years][who participated in the National Comorbidity Survey of psychiatric disease，(a nationally representative multistage probability survey(conducted from 1991 t0 1992>))．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】第一個方括號標(biāo)示的過去分詞短語“aged 15 to 54 years”用做后置定語，修飾“respondents”；第二個方括號標(biāo)示的“who…1992”用做后置定語從句，修飾“respondents”；黑體圓括號標(biāo)示的“a nationally．．．1992”是“the National Comorbidity Survey”的同位語；尖括號標(biāo)示的過去分詞短語“conducted…1992”用做后置定語，修飾“survey”。
【釋義】1991年至1992年，進行了全國精神病發(fā)病率普查，這是在全國范圍內(nèi)進行的、有代表性的多級發(fā)病概率普查。普查對象從15歲至54歲。該項研究分析了參加普查的4411人的數(shù)據(jù)資料。
③Their data is the most information available[that looks at the association between type and severity of mental ill ness and the likelihood of smoking and smoking cessation]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的“that…cessation”用做后置定語從句，修飾“information”。
【釋義】這些人的數(shù)據(jù)資料是最現(xiàn)成的資料，可以用來研究精神病的類型、嚴(yán)重程度與吸煙、戒煙之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系。
④Standard definitions of mental illness were employed[that included major depression，bipolar disorder，agora phobia。social and simple phobia。generalized anxiety disorder，alcohol abuse and dependence，antisocial personality，conduct disorder and nonaffective psychosis(including schizophrenia)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的“that…(including schizophrenia)”用做后置定語從句，修飾句子的主語“definitions”。
【釋義】當(dāng)時對精神病采用的是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義法，其中包括：情緒嚴(yán)重消沉、狂躁與抑郁交替的精神雙向失調(diào)、陌生環(huán)境恐怖癥、社交恐怖癥和單一恐怖癥、一般的精神憂慮、酗酒和嗜酒、不擅社交的個性、行為錯亂和無情感的精神錯亂(包括精神分裂癥)。
⑤The studies implied[that smokers used nicotine”to treat symptoms of depression，for“mood enhancement，”for anxiety relief，to cope with stress and to gain selfcontrol．]
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的“that…to‘gain selfcontrol’”是謂語動詞“implied”的賓語從句；其中有五個并列成分(三個動詞不定式和兩個介詞短語)，用做目的狀語。
【釋義】這些市場調(diào)研表明，吸煙者利用煙中的尼古丁來對付情緒消沉的各種癥狀：“愉悅精神”、“減輕焦慮”、“緩解緊張”并且“達到自我控制”。 全文翻譯
哈佛大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生研究院研究員近期發(fā)現(xiàn)：在美國，精神病患者吸煙的可能性是正常人的近兩倍。他們的研究報告在11月22日的《美國醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會雜志》上刊登。卡倫·萊瑟和她的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，精神病患者中有41％的人是煙民，而精神從未出問題的人這個比率只有22．5％。此外他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，精神病患者抽煙要比其他煙民厲害得多。根據(jù)研究結(jié)果，作者估計，美國煙草市場的消費者有45％是由精神疾病患者構(gòu)成的。
作者指出，將近三分之一患有精神疾病的煙民能夠成功戒煙。如果戒毒戒酒，他們的戒煙成功率就能與正常人基本持平。丹尼·麥高米克是這篇論文的作者之一，他說，“該發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)能鼓勵我們幫助精神病人戒煙，尤其當(dāng)精神病人非?？赡芤蛭鼰煂?dǎo)致死亡時，我們更應(yīng)幫助他們戒煙。”
1991年至1992年，進行了全國精神病發(fā)病率普查，這是在全國范圍內(nèi)進行的、有代表性的多級發(fā)病概率普查。
普查對象從15歲至54歲。該項研究分析了參加普查的4411人的數(shù)據(jù)資料。。這些人的數(shù)據(jù)資料是最現(xiàn)成的資料，可以用來研究精神病的類型、嚴(yán)重程度與吸煙、戒煙之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系。
當(dāng)時對精神病采用的是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義法，其中包括：情緒嚴(yán)重消沉、狂躁與抑郁交替的精神雙向失調(diào)、陌生環(huán)境恐怖癥、社交恐怖癥和單一恐怖癥、一般的精神憂慮、酗酒和嗜酒、不擅社交的個性、行為錯亂和無情感的精神錯亂(包括精神分裂癥)。
作者引用的煙草工業(yè)內(nèi)部文件顯示，美國R．J．Reynolds煙草公司曾以那些心理防線比較脆弱的顧客為目標(biāo)進行市場調(diào)研。這些市場調(diào)研表明，吸煙者利用煙中的尼古丁來對付情緒消沉的各種癥狀：“愉悅精神”、“減輕焦慮”、“緩解緊張”并且“達到自我控制”。這個市場調(diào)查同時顯示，吸煙可以“有助于振奮精神”及“有助于想出問題的解決方法”。
為什么精神病患者更易于抽煙呢?這份研究報告并沒有真正就這個問題進行分析。其實我們早已知曉尼古丁是一種刺激物，看似可以緩解一些嚴(yán)重的心理疾病(例如精神分裂癥)的癥狀。65％到90％的精神分裂癥患者依賴尼古丁，這可能是因為尼古丁可以減輕他們的一些癥狀并能提高他們的認(rèn)知能力。盡管沒有創(chuàng)造數(shù)據(jù)，但煙草市場的商人們一直利用這些統(tǒng)計結(jié)果。
超綱詞匯
Abstain v．禁絕，放棄
Agoraphobia 曠野恐怖癥，陌生環(huán)境恐怖癥
Bipolar adj．有兩極的，雙極的
cessation 停止
Cognitive adj．認(rèn)知的，認(rèn)識的，有感知的
comorbidity n．發(fā)病率
Perk vt．／vi．昂首，豎起，恢復(fù)，振作
phobia 恐怖病，恐怖癥
Psychiatric adj．精神病學(xué)的，精神病治療的
psychosis n．精神病，變態(tài)心理
Schizophrenia 精神分裂癥
Vulnerable adj．易受攻擊的，易受…的攻擊
參考答案：1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．B