2005年Text 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Albert, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of "paralysis by analysis."
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)的是文章的第一段，首先要判斷題干中提高的supporter就是第一句話中的doubter，因此才能正確判斷supporter的觀點(diǎn)。首先，A選項(xiàng)在原文中沒有明確的表述，因而不是正確答案。B選項(xiàng)也與第一段的最后一句相矛盾，1000萬煙民死亡這個(gè)數(shù)字顯然不能說是insigfinicant。而D選項(xiàng)中用到的"nonsense"這個(gè)詞在文章中是作者用來批判這些吸煙支持者們所用的詞語，作者認(rèn)為他們的理由才是"胡說八道"。關(guān)于C選項(xiàng)，文中提到支持吸煙的人們認(rèn)為反對吸煙的人是要破壞我們的生活方式，也就是說他們認(rèn)為人們有權(quán)利選擇自己的生活方式，因此C是正確選項(xiàng)。
[題目譯文]
吸煙支持者的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是
[A] 吸煙和死亡之間的關(guān)系沒有科學(xué)的證明
[B] 過去幾十年煙民過早死亡的人數(shù)并不多
[C] 人類擁有選擇自己生活方式的自由
[D] 反對吸煙的人通常都是在胡說八道
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as
[A] a protector.
[B] a judge.
[C] a critic.
[D] a guide.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
文章第二段中提到了Bruce Alberts說的話，即"Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future"(科學(xué)從來就不能提供所有的答案，但科學(xué)確實(shí)能為我們的未來提供的指導(dǎo))，因此答案顯而易見。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)布魯斯·艾伯茨，科學(xué)可以作為
[A] 一個(gè)保護(hù)者
[B] 一個(gè)法官
[C] 一個(gè)批評家
[D] 一個(gè)向?qū)?BR> 29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?
[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C] Press for further scientific research.
[D] Take some legislative measures.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
文章最后一段談到"If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures"(如果現(xiàn)政府不采取法律行動，國會應(yīng)該幫助著手制定保護(hù)措施)，也就是說，政府現(xiàn)在還沒有制定相應(yīng)的法律法規(guī)，但是應(yīng)該有所制定，正確答案為D。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)本文作者，政府就全球變暖這個(gè)問題應(yīng)該做些什么?
[A] 資助修建更多更加清潔的發(fā)電廠
[B] 提高人們的保護(hù)意識
[C] 促進(jìn)更進(jìn)一步的科學(xué)研究
[D] 采取一些法律措施 Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, "It’s your dream" says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. "If you don’t like it, change it."
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the "emotional brain")is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day" says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events-until, it appears, we begins to dream，考試大祝大家牛年牛氣沖天.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of "we wake u in a panic, "Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams
[A] can be modified in their courses.
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes.
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears.
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本文所對應(yīng)的信息在文章第一段，"one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control"(這些極其強(qiáng)烈的精神事件不僅可以得到利用，而且還能受到有意識的控制)、"If you don’t like it, change it"(如果你不喜歡它，那就改變它)這些句子都說明夢是可以被改變的，而A選項(xiàng)中的modify這個(gè)詞時(shí)change的同義詞。B、C、D選項(xiàng)的表述都與第一段的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容無關(guān)，均可排除。
[題目譯文]
研究者現(xiàn)在相信夢
[A] 可以在進(jìn)行過程中得到改變
[B] 容易受到情感變化的影響
[C] 反映了我們內(nèi)心深處的欲望和恐懼
[D] 是神經(jīng)修復(fù)的隨機(jī)結(jié)果
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind.
[B] develop into happy dreams.
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep.
[D] show up in dreams early at night.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本文的對應(yīng)信息在文章第三段第二句話，"Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening"(大多數(shù)人在前半夜似乎會更容易做惡夢，等到快睡醒前就逐漸變?yōu)檩^愉快的夢)，因此A和C選項(xiàng)的表述顯然是不對的。至于B選項(xiàng)，文中說上半夜的夢是惡夢，只有會變得happier，這個(gè)是相對于原來的惡夢而言的，說明夢境內(nèi)容開始好轉(zhuǎn)，但并不意味著就是一個(gè)好夢。而D選項(xiàng)完全符合文中的意思。
[題目譯文]
白天產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面感情往往會
[A] 在我們的潛意識中進(jìn)一步惡化
[B] 發(fā)展成好夢
[C] 持續(xù)到我們?nèi)胨?BR> [D] 在上半夜出現(xiàn)
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?
[A] lead your life as usual.
[B] Seek professional help.
[C]. Exercise conscious control.
[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
題目要求判斷給那些偶爾做夢的人的建議，而不是長期受惡夢困擾的人，因此其對應(yīng)信息為文章的最后一句話"For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you’ll feel better in the morning"(而至于其他人，大腦自有它自己化解不好情緒的辦法。放心地睡覺--或者做夢--早上醒來時(shí)你會感覺好一些)，有時(shí)做夢的人就是，而建議就是順其自然，不用尋求醫(yī)療或者有意識地控制、也不及焦慮，白天繼續(xù)工作就可以了，因此正確答案為A。
[題目譯文]
Cartwright 會給那些有時(shí)候做惡夢的人們怎樣的建議?
[A] 照常工作
[B] 尋求專業(yè)幫助
[C] 進(jìn)行有意識的控制
[D] 避免白天時(shí)候的焦慮 2005年Text 4
American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-ending of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing", has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china". A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English
[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms.
[B] is but all too natural in language development.
[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.
[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
做本題需要從文中一一對應(yīng)信息。首先，最后一段中McWhorter"proposes no radical education reform"(并沒有提出激進(jìn)的教育改革方案)，因此A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。第二段的第二句話說"he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural"(他認(rèn)為像"whom"這個(gè)詞的逐漸消失是自然的)，這句話與B選項(xiàng)的意思符合。第一段最后一句指出，"sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English"(認(rèn)為發(fā)生在20世紀(jì)60年代的反文化運(yùn)動的勝利看成是規(guī)范英語退化的原因)，因此C選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。前三段都提到了the 1960s，但是都沒有出現(xiàn)public attitudes，因此D選項(xiàng)也可以排除。
[題目譯文]
McWhorter認(rèn)為正式英語的退化
[A] 是激進(jìn)的教育改革中不可避免的。
[B] 在語言的發(fā)展過程中是在正常不過的事情了/
[C] 已經(jīng)引起了關(guān)于反文化的爭論
[D] 導(dǎo)致了20世紀(jì)60年代公眾態(tài)度的變化
38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
[B]. Black English can be more expressive than Standard English.
[C]. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
[D] Of all the varieties, Standard English Can best convey complex ideas.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本文第四段中提到，"all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas"(人類語言的各種文化都有極強(qiáng)的表現(xiàn)力，即使是像黑人英語這樣的的非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語言--世界上任何語言或方言都能表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想)，因此B、D選項(xiàng)的表述是錯(cuò)誤的。C選項(xiàng)的表述與文章相應(yīng)內(nèi)容無關(guān)。而A選項(xiàng)正是對"He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper"(他并沒有像許多人那樣認(rèn)為因?yàn)槲覀兊乃季S因?yàn)檎f話不嚴(yán)格就不再有條理)這句話的解釋，是正確答案。
[題目譯文]
McWhorter最有可能認(rèn)同以下哪一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)?
[A] 邏輯思維不一定與我們的說話方式有關(guān)
[B] 黑人英語可能比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語更有表現(xiàn)力
[C] 不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人類語言同樣能夠使人們得到娛樂
[D] 在所有的變體中，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語最能表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想
39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s
[A] interest in their language.
[B] appreciation of their efforts.
[C] admiration for their memory.
[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)信息為最后一段第一句話"Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads"(俄國人深愛著自己的語言，他們會把大段大段的詩歌背下來)可采用排除法。首先，作者沒有提到俄羅斯人對語言的感情而非興趣，因此可以排除A。至于C選項(xiàng)，文中只提到了memorize(背誦)這個(gè)詞，而沒有談到memory(記憶)，因此也可排除。而old-fashioned 指的是意大利人，因此D選項(xiàng)也可以排除。正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。
[題目譯文]
關(guān)于俄羅斯人喜愛背誦詩歌的描述表明作者
[A] 對他們的語言感興趣
[B] 欣賞他們做出的努力
[C] 羨慕他們的記憶力
[D] 蔑視他們的過時(shí)行為2006年Text 1
In spite of "endless talk of difference," American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of consumption" launched by the 19th--century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite." these were stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act." The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -language, home ownership and intermarriage.
The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence." The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families." Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.
Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S -born whites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.
Rodriguez note that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power."
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social induces suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption
[答案] A
[解題思路]
文章第一段中談到"the casualness and absence of consumption" launched by the 19th--century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite, these were stores anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act" (19世紀(jì)開始百貨商店倡導(dǎo)的"消費(fèi)文化"深深地吸引著人們，這些百貨商店"環(huán)境舒適、商品琳瑯滿目，而不是那種迎合精英階層的精品商店"，它們"允許任何人的光臨，而并不區(qū)分人們的階層和背景)，因此由于商店的商品豐富且對待所有人不分高低貴賤都一視同仁，人們購買的東西同一化、進(jìn)而衣食穿著都趨于相似，可見百貨商店在促進(jìn)大眾文化傳播中起到了重要的作用。B選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤原因在于百貨商店不是針對普通老百姓的精品店，而是面對社會各階層的大眾商店。C選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤在于真正滿足知識精英階層需求的是迎合其口味的精品店，而非百貨商店。D選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤在于顛倒因果關(guān)系，事實(shí)上19世紀(jì)百貨商店的興起是消費(fèi)文化出現(xiàn)的原因，而非其結(jié)果。
[題目譯文]
作者認(rèn)為19世紀(jì)的百貨商店
[A] 對大眾文化的傳播起到了作用
[B] 成為了迎合普通消費(fèi)者的小商店
[C] 滿足了知識精英們的要求
[D] 其出現(xiàn)要?dú)w功于消費(fèi)文化
24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
[A] To prove their popularity around the world.
[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
仔細(xì)閱讀第五段便可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，阿諾·施瓦辛格和加思·布魯克斯的例子是用來反證緊隨其后的一段引文，即"some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power" (一些美國人卻在擔(dān)心，生活在美國的移民不知為何能不受這個(gè)國家同化能力的影響)。也就是說，連世界各地最偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的孩子們都知道美國娛樂界的明星，這足以證明美國文化的巨大影響力，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)的表述其本身內(nèi)容也是正確的，但是并不符合題意。B選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤原因在于該例子是對B表述的反證，即美國人無需擔(dān)心移民不能融入其文化。C選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤在于這篇文章并沒有提及阿諾·施瓦辛格和加思·布魯克斯是移民(盡管至少常識告訴我們阿諾·施瓦辛格是移民自奧地利，而且他也非常成功。這說明在做題是必須緊扣文章，不能完全依賴常識)。
[題目譯文]
文章第五段為什么要提及阿諾·施瓦辛格和加思·布魯克斯?
[A] 為了證明他們在全世界的知名度
[B] 為了說明公眾對于移民的恐懼
[C] 為了給出成功移民的例子
[D] 為了顯示美國文化的強(qiáng)大影響力
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Albert, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of "paralysis by analysis."
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)的是文章的第一段，首先要判斷題干中提高的supporter就是第一句話中的doubter，因此才能正確判斷supporter的觀點(diǎn)。首先，A選項(xiàng)在原文中沒有明確的表述，因而不是正確答案。B選項(xiàng)也與第一段的最后一句相矛盾，1000萬煙民死亡這個(gè)數(shù)字顯然不能說是insigfinicant。而D選項(xiàng)中用到的"nonsense"這個(gè)詞在文章中是作者用來批判這些吸煙支持者們所用的詞語，作者認(rèn)為他們的理由才是"胡說八道"。關(guān)于C選項(xiàng)，文中提到支持吸煙的人們認(rèn)為反對吸煙的人是要破壞我們的生活方式，也就是說他們認(rèn)為人們有權(quán)利選擇自己的生活方式，因此C是正確選項(xiàng)。
[題目譯文]
吸煙支持者的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是
[A] 吸煙和死亡之間的關(guān)系沒有科學(xué)的證明
[B] 過去幾十年煙民過早死亡的人數(shù)并不多
[C] 人類擁有選擇自己生活方式的自由
[D] 反對吸煙的人通常都是在胡說八道
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as
[A] a protector.
[B] a judge.
[C] a critic.
[D] a guide.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
文章第二段中提到了Bruce Alberts說的話，即"Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future"(科學(xué)從來就不能提供所有的答案，但科學(xué)確實(shí)能為我們的未來提供的指導(dǎo))，因此答案顯而易見。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)布魯斯·艾伯茨，科學(xué)可以作為
[A] 一個(gè)保護(hù)者
[B] 一個(gè)法官
[C] 一個(gè)批評家
[D] 一個(gè)向?qū)?BR> 29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?
[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C] Press for further scientific research.
[D] Take some legislative measures.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
文章最后一段談到"If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures"(如果現(xiàn)政府不采取法律行動，國會應(yīng)該幫助著手制定保護(hù)措施)，也就是說，政府現(xiàn)在還沒有制定相應(yīng)的法律法規(guī)，但是應(yīng)該有所制定，正確答案為D。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)本文作者，政府就全球變暖這個(gè)問題應(yīng)該做些什么?
[A] 資助修建更多更加清潔的發(fā)電廠
[B] 提高人們的保護(hù)意識
[C] 促進(jìn)更進(jìn)一步的科學(xué)研究
[D] 采取一些法律措施 Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, "It’s your dream" says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. "If you don’t like it, change it."
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the "emotional brain")is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day" says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events-until, it appears, we begins to dream，考試大祝大家牛年牛氣沖天.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of "we wake u in a panic, "Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams
[A] can be modified in their courses.
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes.
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears.
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本文所對應(yīng)的信息在文章第一段，"one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control"(這些極其強(qiáng)烈的精神事件不僅可以得到利用，而且還能受到有意識的控制)、"If you don’t like it, change it"(如果你不喜歡它，那就改變它)這些句子都說明夢是可以被改變的，而A選項(xiàng)中的modify這個(gè)詞時(shí)change的同義詞。B、C、D選項(xiàng)的表述都與第一段的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容無關(guān)，均可排除。
[題目譯文]
研究者現(xiàn)在相信夢
[A] 可以在進(jìn)行過程中得到改變
[B] 容易受到情感變化的影響
[C] 反映了我們內(nèi)心深處的欲望和恐懼
[D] 是神經(jīng)修復(fù)的隨機(jī)結(jié)果
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind.
[B] develop into happy dreams.
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep.
[D] show up in dreams early at night.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本文的對應(yīng)信息在文章第三段第二句話，"Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening"(大多數(shù)人在前半夜似乎會更容易做惡夢，等到快睡醒前就逐漸變?yōu)檩^愉快的夢)，因此A和C選項(xiàng)的表述顯然是不對的。至于B選項(xiàng)，文中說上半夜的夢是惡夢，只有會變得happier，這個(gè)是相對于原來的惡夢而言的，說明夢境內(nèi)容開始好轉(zhuǎn)，但并不意味著就是一個(gè)好夢。而D選項(xiàng)完全符合文中的意思。
[題目譯文]
白天產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面感情往往會
[A] 在我們的潛意識中進(jìn)一步惡化
[B] 發(fā)展成好夢
[C] 持續(xù)到我們?nèi)胨?BR> [D] 在上半夜出現(xiàn)
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?
[A] lead your life as usual.
[B] Seek professional help.
[C]. Exercise conscious control.
[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
題目要求判斷給那些偶爾做夢的人的建議，而不是長期受惡夢困擾的人，因此其對應(yīng)信息為文章的最后一句話"For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you’ll feel better in the morning"(而至于其他人，大腦自有它自己化解不好情緒的辦法。放心地睡覺--或者做夢--早上醒來時(shí)你會感覺好一些)，有時(shí)做夢的人就是，而建議就是順其自然，不用尋求醫(yī)療或者有意識地控制、也不及焦慮，白天繼續(xù)工作就可以了，因此正確答案為A。
[題目譯文]
Cartwright 會給那些有時(shí)候做惡夢的人們怎樣的建議?
[A] 照常工作
[B] 尋求專業(yè)幫助
[C] 進(jìn)行有意識的控制
[D] 避免白天時(shí)候的焦慮 2005年Text 4
American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-ending of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing", has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china". A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English
[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms.
[B] is but all too natural in language development.
[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.
[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
做本題需要從文中一一對應(yīng)信息。首先，最后一段中McWhorter"proposes no radical education reform"(并沒有提出激進(jìn)的教育改革方案)，因此A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。第二段的第二句話說"he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural"(他認(rèn)為像"whom"這個(gè)詞的逐漸消失是自然的)，這句話與B選項(xiàng)的意思符合。第一段最后一句指出，"sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English"(認(rèn)為發(fā)生在20世紀(jì)60年代的反文化運(yùn)動的勝利看成是規(guī)范英語退化的原因)，因此C選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。前三段都提到了the 1960s，但是都沒有出現(xiàn)public attitudes，因此D選項(xiàng)也可以排除。
[題目譯文]
McWhorter認(rèn)為正式英語的退化
[A] 是激進(jìn)的教育改革中不可避免的。
[B] 在語言的發(fā)展過程中是在正常不過的事情了/
[C] 已經(jīng)引起了關(guān)于反文化的爭論
[D] 導(dǎo)致了20世紀(jì)60年代公眾態(tài)度的變化
38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
[B]. Black English can be more expressive than Standard English.
[C]. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
[D] Of all the varieties, Standard English Can best convey complex ideas.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本文第四段中提到，"all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas"(人類語言的各種文化都有極強(qiáng)的表現(xiàn)力，即使是像黑人英語這樣的的非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語言--世界上任何語言或方言都能表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想)，因此B、D選項(xiàng)的表述是錯(cuò)誤的。C選項(xiàng)的表述與文章相應(yīng)內(nèi)容無關(guān)。而A選項(xiàng)正是對"He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper"(他并沒有像許多人那樣認(rèn)為因?yàn)槲覀兊乃季S因?yàn)檎f話不嚴(yán)格就不再有條理)這句話的解釋，是正確答案。
[題目譯文]
McWhorter最有可能認(rèn)同以下哪一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)?
[A] 邏輯思維不一定與我們的說話方式有關(guān)
[B] 黑人英語可能比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語更有表現(xiàn)力
[C] 不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人類語言同樣能夠使人們得到娛樂
[D] 在所有的變體中，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語最能表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想
39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s
[A] interest in their language.
[B] appreciation of their efforts.
[C] admiration for their memory.
[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)信息為最后一段第一句話"Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads"(俄國人深愛著自己的語言，他們會把大段大段的詩歌背下來)可采用排除法。首先，作者沒有提到俄羅斯人對語言的感情而非興趣，因此可以排除A。至于C選項(xiàng)，文中只提到了memorize(背誦)這個(gè)詞，而沒有談到memory(記憶)，因此也可排除。而old-fashioned 指的是意大利人，因此D選項(xiàng)也可以排除。正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。
[題目譯文]
關(guān)于俄羅斯人喜愛背誦詩歌的描述表明作者
[A] 對他們的語言感興趣
[B] 欣賞他們做出的努力
[C] 羨慕他們的記憶力
[D] 蔑視他們的過時(shí)行為2006年Text 1
In spite of "endless talk of difference," American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of consumption" launched by the 19th--century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite." these were stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act." The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -language, home ownership and intermarriage.
The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence." The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families." Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.
Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S -born whites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.
Rodriguez note that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power."
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social induces suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption
[答案] A
[解題思路]
文章第一段中談到"the casualness and absence of consumption" launched by the 19th--century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite, these were stores anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act" (19世紀(jì)開始百貨商店倡導(dǎo)的"消費(fèi)文化"深深地吸引著人們，這些百貨商店"環(huán)境舒適、商品琳瑯滿目，而不是那種迎合精英階層的精品商店"，它們"允許任何人的光臨，而并不區(qū)分人們的階層和背景)，因此由于商店的商品豐富且對待所有人不分高低貴賤都一視同仁，人們購買的東西同一化、進(jìn)而衣食穿著都趨于相似，可見百貨商店在促進(jìn)大眾文化傳播中起到了重要的作用。B選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤原因在于百貨商店不是針對普通老百姓的精品店，而是面對社會各階層的大眾商店。C選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤在于真正滿足知識精英階層需求的是迎合其口味的精品店，而非百貨商店。D選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤在于顛倒因果關(guān)系，事實(shí)上19世紀(jì)百貨商店的興起是消費(fèi)文化出現(xiàn)的原因，而非其結(jié)果。
[題目譯文]
作者認(rèn)為19世紀(jì)的百貨商店
[A] 對大眾文化的傳播起到了作用
[B] 成為了迎合普通消費(fèi)者的小商店
[C] 滿足了知識精英們的要求
[D] 其出現(xiàn)要?dú)w功于消費(fèi)文化
24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
[A] To prove their popularity around the world.
[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
仔細(xì)閱讀第五段便可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，阿諾·施瓦辛格和加思·布魯克斯的例子是用來反證緊隨其后的一段引文，即"some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power" (一些美國人卻在擔(dān)心，生活在美國的移民不知為何能不受這個(gè)國家同化能力的影響)。也就是說，連世界各地最偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的孩子們都知道美國娛樂界的明星，這足以證明美國文化的巨大影響力，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)的表述其本身內(nèi)容也是正確的，但是并不符合題意。B選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤原因在于該例子是對B表述的反證，即美國人無需擔(dān)心移民不能融入其文化。C選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤在于這篇文章并沒有提及阿諾·施瓦辛格和加思·布魯克斯是移民(盡管至少常識告訴我們阿諾·施瓦辛格是移民自奧地利，而且他也非常成功。這說明在做題是必須緊扣文章，不能完全依賴常識)。
[題目譯文]
文章第五段為什么要提及阿諾·施瓦辛格和加思·布魯克斯?
[A] 為了證明他們在全世界的知名度
[B] 為了說明公眾對于移民的恐懼
[C] 為了給出成功移民的例子
[D] 為了顯示美國文化的強(qiáng)大影響力