2002年Text 2
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.
46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.
[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本文的對應(yīng)信息為文章的第一句話"Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty"（從人類萌發(fā)了創(chuàng)造力，他們就一直在設(shè)計各種日益精巧的工具來處理那些危險、枯燥、繁重或者只是令人討厭的工作），四個選項中只有C選項符合這句話的意思，答案非常容易定位。
[題目譯文]
人類的創(chuàng)造力最早表現(xiàn)在
[A] 用機器生產(chǎn)科幻小說
[B] 在制造業(yè)中廣泛使用機器
[C] 為應(yīng)付困難且危險的工作而設(shè)計出各種工具
[D] 精英們對于危險且乏味工作的巧妙處理
48. According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can .
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.
[B] interact with human beings verbally.
[C] have a little common sense.
[D] respond independently to a changing world.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題可以與原文進行一一對應(yīng)。首先，文章第二段最后一句話指出"there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone"（已有一些機器人系統(tǒng)能夠進行精確到亞毫米的腦部和骨髓手術(shù)），A選項的表述與這句話的意思相反，因此是錯誤答案。B選項在文中沒有提及，根據(jù)常識判斷也是一個錯誤選項。同時，第三段的最后一句話指出"we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world"（我們?nèi)匀徊荒苜x予機器人以足夠的‘常識’，使它們能夠與不斷變化的動態(tài)世界進行可靠的交流），因此，C選項不正確。D選項之所以正確來可以從這句話中判斷，機器人無法對外界變化做出可靠的反應(yīng)，但是卻是可以獨立作出反應(yīng)的。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)本文，人類現(xiàn)在還沒有能力做到的是設(shè)計出一種機器人能夠
[A] 完成像腦外科手術(shù)那樣的艱巨任務(wù)
[B] 與人類進行語言交流
[C] 有一些常識
[D] 能對變化的世界作出獨立的反應(yīng)
49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .
[A] make a few decisions for themselves.
[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.
[C] improve factory environments.
[D] cultivate human creativity.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
文章第三段第一句話說"But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves"（但是如果機器人要進入幫助人們節(jié)省勞力的下一個階段，它們的運行就應(yīng)該在更大程度上無需受人監(jiān)控，并且至少能夠獨立地做一些決定）。由于這是一個假設(shè)的條件，倒推過來就是說現(xiàn)在機器人還不能自己做決定，還需要受人們的控制，因此A選項錯誤，B選項正確。文章最后一段提到了"a controlled factory environment"，但也不是C選項中"improve"的意思。而D選項在原文并沒有涉及。
[題目譯文]
除了減少人類勞動，機器人還能夠
[A] 為自己做一些決定
[B] 在人類的干預(yù)下應(yīng)付一些問題
[C] 改善工廠環(huán)境
[D] 培養(yǎng)人類的創(chuàng)造力2002年Text 3
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies-to which heavy industry has shifted-have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.
51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
[A] global inflation.
[B] reduction in supply.
[C] fast growth in economy.
[D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題可以采用排除法。首先，C、D選項都出現(xiàn)在第二段，是上一次石油價格上漲的因素，與這一次的無關(guān)。原文第一段的倒數(shù)第二句話指出"Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline"（前兩次的油價暴漲都導致了兩位數(shù)的通貨膨脹和全球性的經(jīng)濟衰退），可見A選項中的inflation是結(jié)果而不是原因。而第一段第二句話指出"Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December"（自從石油輸出國組織歐佩克在3月決定減少原油供應(yīng)，原油的價格便從去年12月的每桶不到10美元攀升到約每桶26美元），可見真正的原因在于石油供應(yīng)的減少，因而B選項正確。
[題目譯文]
最近石油價格上漲的一個主要原因是
[A] 全球性的通貨膨脹
[B] 供應(yīng)的減少
[C] 經(jīng)濟的迅速發(fā)展
[D] 伊拉克停止石油出口
53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.
[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.
[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.
[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
關(guān)于Economic Outlook的對應(yīng)信息在文章的第四段"The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP"（國際經(jīng)合組織在最近一期的《經(jīng)濟展望》報告中估計，如果油價持續(xù)一年維持在每桶22美元左右，與1998年的每桶13美元相比，這也只會使發(fā)達國家的石油進口增加占GDP的0.25%～0.5%）。0.25%～0.5%的進口百分比說明即使國際油價上漲，也不會對GDP有很大的影響，因而D是正確選項。
[題目譯文]
《經(jīng)濟展望》的預(yù)測說明在富國
[A] 重工業(yè)變得更加能源密集型
[B] 收入的損失主要是由于原油價格波動造成的
[C] 制造業(yè)規(guī)模已經(jīng)嚴重縮小
[D] 石油價格變動對于國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的影響不大 2002年Text 4
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It’s like surgery," he says. "We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospitals, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."
57. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?
[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’ death.
[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.
[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題可以采用排除法。文章第五段的最后一句指出"If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide"（假如你是一名醫(yī)生，只要你并沒有想讓病人自殺，你就可以去冒險給比病人治?。?，A選項的意思正好與原文相反。第六段中提到"many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying"（許多醫(yī)療界人士承認，致使醫(yī)助自殺這場爭論升溫的部分原因是由于病人們的絕望情緒而引起的，對這些病人來說，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學延長了臨終前肉體上的痛苦），B選項的表述也與原文相反。同時，第五段第一句中指出"as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death"（只要醫(yī)生是出于合理的醫(yī)療目的開藥，那么即使服用此藥會加速病人的死亡，醫(yī)生的行為也沒有違法），因此醫(yī)生開藥是可以根據(jù)合理動機的，D選項錯誤。那么C選項就是正確答案，它雖然在文中沒有直接的表述，但是文章第二段通過"Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect,""（盡管裁決認為，憲法沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權(quán)利，然而法庭實際上卻認可了醫(yī)療界的"雙重效應(yīng)"原則）暗示了這一點，緊接著第三段中"Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain"（醫(yī)生們一直在用這項原則，為自己替病?；颊咦⑸浯髣┝康膯岱孺?zhèn)痛的做法提供正當?shù)睦碛桑┻M而證明了這一點。
[題目譯文]
下面的哪一項符合文意？
[A] 醫(yī)生如果那病人的生命來冒險將被認為有罪。
[B] 現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學幫助晚期病人得到無痛康復(fù)。
[C] 法院裁定開大劑量能夠減輕痛苦的藥。
[D] 醫(yī)生開的藥不再由其動機決定。
58. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .
[A] prolonged medical procedures.
[B] inadequate treatment of pain.
[C] systematic drug abuse.
[D] insufficient hospital care.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
NAS的報告出現(xiàn)在文章的第七段，該段最后一句話說"It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care"（報告指出了醫(yī)院臨終關(guān)懷護理中存在的兩個問題：對減輕病痛處理不力和大膽使用"無效而強制性的醫(yī)療程序，這些程序可能會延長死亡期，甚至會讓死亡期難堪"），因此其中一個問題是對病痛的處理不力，答案顯然為B。其他三項內(nèi)容都與該報告無關(guān)。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)國家科學院的報告，臨終關(guān)懷的問題之一在于
[A] 延長了治療程序
[B] 對痛苦的處理不充分
[C] 系統(tǒng)性的藥物濫用
[D] 醫(yī)院的照料不夠
60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .
[A] manage their patients incompetently.
[B] give patients more medicine than needed.
[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients.
[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
安納斯關(guān)于文章最后一段的討論出現(xiàn)在文章最后一段，""Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.""（"不少醫(yī)生對病人所遭受的毫無必要且可預(yù)見的痛苦無動于衷"，乃至于已構(gòu)成"蓄意虐待病人"。他說，行醫(yī)資格理事會"必須明確......令人痛苦的死亡可以認定是治療不當造成的后果，應(yīng)該吊銷行醫(yī)執(zhí)照"），B、C選項顯然與原文內(nèi)容不符，因此可以排除。A選項具有一定的迷惑性，但是manage patients incompletely是painful deaths的原因，而painful deaths才是license suspension的原因，因此D才是正確選項。
[題目譯文]
喬治·安納斯可能認為醫(yī)生應(yīng)該受到處罰，如果他們
[A] 照顧病人并不盡力
[B] 為病人提供不必要的藥物
[C] 為病人較少用藥量
[D] 延長病人不必要的痛苦 2003年Text 1
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage-----spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.
The last revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the world wide web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. in 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at http://www.straitford.com/.
Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine." As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we’ll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.
Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.
41. The emergence of the Net has
[A] received support from fans like Donovan.
[B] remolded the intelligence services.
[C] restored many common pastimes.
[D] revived spying as a profession.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題的對應(yīng)信息在文章第一段的最后一句話"These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well"（如今，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)改變了像買書和寄信這樣的日?；顒?，也正在改變多諾汶曾經(jīng)從事的這個職業(yè)），而多諾汶的職業(yè)就是espionage，或者說是spying as a profession。四個選項中只有B選項符合文章原意，其中reshape與remold是同義詞，而espionage與intelligence services是同義詞，因而B是正確答案。A選項與原文意思不符，因此從文章第一句"Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet"（比爾·多諾汶肯定會喜歡網(wǎng)絡(luò)），would have 這個虛擬語氣的表達說明多諾汶對網(wǎng)絡(luò)并不知曉。C選項中的restore與re-made意思正好相反，是錯誤選項。D選項中revive也與reshape意思相左。
[題目譯文]
網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)已經(jīng)
[A] 得到了像多諾汶這樣的網(wǎng)迷的支持
[B] 改變了情報服務(wù)的方式
[C] 恢復(fù)了許多普通的消遣活動
[D] 復(fù)興了諜報行業(yè)
45. Straitford is most proud of its
[A] official status.
[B] nonconformist image.
[C] efficient staff.
[D] military background.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題的對應(yīng)信息在文章最后一段的最后一句話"Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice"（司特雷福公司的簡報聽上去不像華盛頓那樣總是閃爍其辭，政府機構(gòu)往往避免發(fā)布引人注目的言論，因為這些言論可能會出錯。弗萊德曼說，司特雷福公司為其獨立的聲音而感到自豪）。其中B選項non-conformist可以說是對independent voice的解讀，因而是正確答案。公司不是官方機構(gòu)，顯然A選項錯誤。而原文并沒有強調(diào)員工的效率，因此C選項可以排除。D選項的錯誤在于公司有一些員工具有軍隊情報服務(wù)的背景，但這并不意味著該公司有軍事背景，它只是一家民營私人公司。
[題目譯文]
司特雷福公司最為自豪的是其
[A] 官方地位
[B] 不墨守成規(guī)的形象
[C] 高效的員工
[D] 軍事北京
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.
46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.
[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本文的對應(yīng)信息為文章的第一句話"Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty"（從人類萌發(fā)了創(chuàng)造力，他們就一直在設(shè)計各種日益精巧的工具來處理那些危險、枯燥、繁重或者只是令人討厭的工作），四個選項中只有C選項符合這句話的意思，答案非常容易定位。
[題目譯文]
人類的創(chuàng)造力最早表現(xiàn)在
[A] 用機器生產(chǎn)科幻小說
[B] 在制造業(yè)中廣泛使用機器
[C] 為應(yīng)付困難且危險的工作而設(shè)計出各種工具
[D] 精英們對于危險且乏味工作的巧妙處理
48. According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can .
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.
[B] interact with human beings verbally.
[C] have a little common sense.
[D] respond independently to a changing world.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題可以與原文進行一一對應(yīng)。首先，文章第二段最后一句話指出"there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone"（已有一些機器人系統(tǒng)能夠進行精確到亞毫米的腦部和骨髓手術(shù)），A選項的表述與這句話的意思相反，因此是錯誤答案。B選項在文中沒有提及，根據(jù)常識判斷也是一個錯誤選項。同時，第三段的最后一句話指出"we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world"（我們?nèi)匀徊荒苜x予機器人以足夠的‘常識’，使它們能夠與不斷變化的動態(tài)世界進行可靠的交流），因此，C選項不正確。D選項之所以正確來可以從這句話中判斷，機器人無法對外界變化做出可靠的反應(yīng)，但是卻是可以獨立作出反應(yīng)的。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)本文，人類現(xiàn)在還沒有能力做到的是設(shè)計出一種機器人能夠
[A] 完成像腦外科手術(shù)那樣的艱巨任務(wù)
[B] 與人類進行語言交流
[C] 有一些常識
[D] 能對變化的世界作出獨立的反應(yīng)
49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .
[A] make a few decisions for themselves.
[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.
[C] improve factory environments.
[D] cultivate human creativity.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
文章第三段第一句話說"But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves"（但是如果機器人要進入幫助人們節(jié)省勞力的下一個階段，它們的運行就應(yīng)該在更大程度上無需受人監(jiān)控，并且至少能夠獨立地做一些決定）。由于這是一個假設(shè)的條件，倒推過來就是說現(xiàn)在機器人還不能自己做決定，還需要受人們的控制，因此A選項錯誤，B選項正確。文章最后一段提到了"a controlled factory environment"，但也不是C選項中"improve"的意思。而D選項在原文并沒有涉及。
[題目譯文]
除了減少人類勞動，機器人還能夠
[A] 為自己做一些決定
[B] 在人類的干預(yù)下應(yīng)付一些問題
[C] 改善工廠環(huán)境
[D] 培養(yǎng)人類的創(chuàng)造力2002年Text 3
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies-to which heavy industry has shifted-have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.
51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
[A] global inflation.
[B] reduction in supply.
[C] fast growth in economy.
[D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題可以采用排除法。首先，C、D選項都出現(xiàn)在第二段，是上一次石油價格上漲的因素，與這一次的無關(guān)。原文第一段的倒數(shù)第二句話指出"Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline"（前兩次的油價暴漲都導致了兩位數(shù)的通貨膨脹和全球性的經(jīng)濟衰退），可見A選項中的inflation是結(jié)果而不是原因。而第一段第二句話指出"Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December"（自從石油輸出國組織歐佩克在3月決定減少原油供應(yīng)，原油的價格便從去年12月的每桶不到10美元攀升到約每桶26美元），可見真正的原因在于石油供應(yīng)的減少，因而B選項正確。
[題目譯文]
最近石油價格上漲的一個主要原因是
[A] 全球性的通貨膨脹
[B] 供應(yīng)的減少
[C] 經(jīng)濟的迅速發(fā)展
[D] 伊拉克停止石油出口
53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.
[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.
[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.
[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
關(guān)于Economic Outlook的對應(yīng)信息在文章的第四段"The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP"（國際經(jīng)合組織在最近一期的《經(jīng)濟展望》報告中估計，如果油價持續(xù)一年維持在每桶22美元左右，與1998年的每桶13美元相比，這也只會使發(fā)達國家的石油進口增加占GDP的0.25%～0.5%）。0.25%～0.5%的進口百分比說明即使國際油價上漲，也不會對GDP有很大的影響，因而D是正確選項。
[題目譯文]
《經(jīng)濟展望》的預(yù)測說明在富國
[A] 重工業(yè)變得更加能源密集型
[B] 收入的損失主要是由于原油價格波動造成的
[C] 制造業(yè)規(guī)模已經(jīng)嚴重縮小
[D] 石油價格變動對于國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的影響不大 2002年Text 4
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It’s like surgery," he says. "We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospitals, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."
57. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?
[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’ death.
[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.
[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題可以采用排除法。文章第五段的最后一句指出"If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide"（假如你是一名醫(yī)生，只要你并沒有想讓病人自殺，你就可以去冒險給比病人治?。?，A選項的意思正好與原文相反。第六段中提到"many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying"（許多醫(yī)療界人士承認，致使醫(yī)助自殺這場爭論升溫的部分原因是由于病人們的絕望情緒而引起的，對這些病人來說，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學延長了臨終前肉體上的痛苦），B選項的表述也與原文相反。同時，第五段第一句中指出"as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death"（只要醫(yī)生是出于合理的醫(yī)療目的開藥，那么即使服用此藥會加速病人的死亡，醫(yī)生的行為也沒有違法），因此醫(yī)生開藥是可以根據(jù)合理動機的，D選項錯誤。那么C選項就是正確答案，它雖然在文中沒有直接的表述，但是文章第二段通過"Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect,""（盡管裁決認為，憲法沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權(quán)利，然而法庭實際上卻認可了醫(yī)療界的"雙重效應(yīng)"原則）暗示了這一點，緊接著第三段中"Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain"（醫(yī)生們一直在用這項原則，為自己替病?；颊咦⑸浯髣┝康膯岱孺?zhèn)痛的做法提供正當?shù)睦碛桑┻M而證明了這一點。
[題目譯文]
下面的哪一項符合文意？
[A] 醫(yī)生如果那病人的生命來冒險將被認為有罪。
[B] 現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學幫助晚期病人得到無痛康復(fù)。
[C] 法院裁定開大劑量能夠減輕痛苦的藥。
[D] 醫(yī)生開的藥不再由其動機決定。
58. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .
[A] prolonged medical procedures.
[B] inadequate treatment of pain.
[C] systematic drug abuse.
[D] insufficient hospital care.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
NAS的報告出現(xiàn)在文章的第七段，該段最后一句話說"It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care"（報告指出了醫(yī)院臨終關(guān)懷護理中存在的兩個問題：對減輕病痛處理不力和大膽使用"無效而強制性的醫(yī)療程序，這些程序可能會延長死亡期，甚至會讓死亡期難堪"），因此其中一個問題是對病痛的處理不力，答案顯然為B。其他三項內(nèi)容都與該報告無關(guān)。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)國家科學院的報告，臨終關(guān)懷的問題之一在于
[A] 延長了治療程序
[B] 對痛苦的處理不充分
[C] 系統(tǒng)性的藥物濫用
[D] 醫(yī)院的照料不夠
60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .
[A] manage their patients incompetently.
[B] give patients more medicine than needed.
[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients.
[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
安納斯關(guān)于文章最后一段的討論出現(xiàn)在文章最后一段，""Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.""（"不少醫(yī)生對病人所遭受的毫無必要且可預(yù)見的痛苦無動于衷"，乃至于已構(gòu)成"蓄意虐待病人"。他說，行醫(yī)資格理事會"必須明確......令人痛苦的死亡可以認定是治療不當造成的后果，應(yīng)該吊銷行醫(yī)執(zhí)照"），B、C選項顯然與原文內(nèi)容不符，因此可以排除。A選項具有一定的迷惑性，但是manage patients incompletely是painful deaths的原因，而painful deaths才是license suspension的原因，因此D才是正確選項。
[題目譯文]
喬治·安納斯可能認為醫(yī)生應(yīng)該受到處罰，如果他們
[A] 照顧病人并不盡力
[B] 為病人提供不必要的藥物
[C] 為病人較少用藥量
[D] 延長病人不必要的痛苦 2003年Text 1
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage-----spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.
The last revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the world wide web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. in 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at http://www.straitford.com/.
Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine." As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we’ll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.
Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.
41. The emergence of the Net has
[A] received support from fans like Donovan.
[B] remolded the intelligence services.
[C] restored many common pastimes.
[D] revived spying as a profession.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題的對應(yīng)信息在文章第一段的最后一句話"These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well"（如今，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)改變了像買書和寄信這樣的日?；顒?，也正在改變多諾汶曾經(jīng)從事的這個職業(yè)），而多諾汶的職業(yè)就是espionage，或者說是spying as a profession。四個選項中只有B選項符合文章原意，其中reshape與remold是同義詞，而espionage與intelligence services是同義詞，因而B是正確答案。A選項與原文意思不符，因此從文章第一句"Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet"（比爾·多諾汶肯定會喜歡網(wǎng)絡(luò)），would have 這個虛擬語氣的表達說明多諾汶對網(wǎng)絡(luò)并不知曉。C選項中的restore與re-made意思正好相反，是錯誤選項。D選項中revive也與reshape意思相左。
[題目譯文]
網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)已經(jīng)
[A] 得到了像多諾汶這樣的網(wǎng)迷的支持
[B] 改變了情報服務(wù)的方式
[C] 恢復(fù)了許多普通的消遣活動
[D] 復(fù)興了諜報行業(yè)
45. Straitford is most proud of its
[A] official status.
[B] nonconformist image.
[C] efficient staff.
[D] military background.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題的對應(yīng)信息在文章最后一段的最后一句話"Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice"（司特雷福公司的簡報聽上去不像華盛頓那樣總是閃爍其辭，政府機構(gòu)往往避免發(fā)布引人注目的言論，因為這些言論可能會出錯。弗萊德曼說，司特雷福公司為其獨立的聲音而感到自豪）。其中B選項non-conformist可以說是對independent voice的解讀，因而是正確答案。公司不是官方機構(gòu)，顯然A選項錯誤。而原文并沒有強調(diào)員工的效率，因此C選項可以排除。D選項的錯誤在于公司有一些員工具有軍隊情報服務(wù)的背景，但這并不意味著該公司有軍事背景，它只是一家民營私人公司。
[題目譯文]
司特雷福公司最為自豪的是其
[A] 官方地位
[B] 不墨守成規(guī)的形象
[C] 高效的員工
[D] 軍事北京