第一節(jié)選考題型之一——語段選搭題
一、大綱解讀
語段選搭題考一篇500~600詞的文章，該節(jié)共5題，每題兩分，共10分。該部分的測試重點(diǎn)在于把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，主要考察考生對諸如連貫性、一致性、邏輯聯(lián)系等語篇、語段整體特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上弄清文章的整體和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。
該節(jié)分為兩個部分：主干部分和選項(xiàng)部分。主干部分的原文約600詞，其中有5段空白處，空白處的位置可能在段首、段落中間、段未，但不會是文章的第一句，一般情況下
也不會是最后一句。選項(xiàng)部分為6或7段文字，每段可能是一個句子，可能是兩三個短句，
也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分屬于主干部分的空白處。要求考生依據(jù)自己對文章的理解從選項(xiàng)中選擇5段文字放回到文章中相應(yīng)的5段空白處。
二、基礎(chǔ)知識必備
語段選搭題題型本身的特點(diǎn)決定了閱讀文章的體裁以論說文和說明文為主。不同的問題有不同的敘述和展開方式，如按時間順序、邏輯順序展開；或按不同的論證角度，如事例論證、因果分析、對比比較等展開；或按不同的說明方式，如定義法、引述法、列舉法等展開。展開方式?jīng)Q定了文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)和層次，因此，準(zhǔn)確地把握展開方式的特點(diǎn)，有助于將選項(xiàng)放到原文最恰如其分的位置，以保持全文的組織嚴(yán)密、結(jié)構(gòu)完整。例如文章運(yùn)用例證法展開時，通常在提出觀點(diǎn)后，會引用嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)或事件作為佐證，而引用的部分往往被抽出作為選擇項(xiàng)?？忌仨氃谧x懂選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容后，回顧原文，尋找到需要支持的上下文，在空白處迅速定位，而對其他細(xì)節(jié)或結(jié)論性的章節(jié)空白處，可以不加考慮，這樣有助于提高做題的效率。因此在考試準(zhǔn)備期間，考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練對文章總體篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握，做到閱讀時心中有數(shù)，對上下文段落的邏輯組織關(guān)系有一個清晰的認(rèn)識。
考生需要認(rèn)真搞清楚主干內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)上的關(guān)系和布局，從而分辨出選項(xiàng)部分從結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上看是屬于文章的哪個部分，并可以與空白處的上下文有機(jī)地銜接起來。一般情況下不可能有特別明顯的詞匯、句子等語言方面的提示，也并不要求考生過分關(guān)注某一具體的細(xì)節(jié)；而是要著眼于全文，在理解全文內(nèi)容、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系(如時間、地點(diǎn)、因果關(guān)系、從屬關(guān)系等)的基礎(chǔ)之上方能做出正確選擇。
一是考查對文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。語段選搭題的特點(diǎn)是組織結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯性強(qiáng)，段落內(nèi)部句子之間聯(lián)系緊密，整篇文章圍繞一個中心展開，句子較長且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，強(qiáng)調(diào)對通篇文章的透徹理解，不同選項(xiàng)之間也有較強(qiáng)的關(guān)聯(lián)性，某一項(xiàng)選配錯誤可能會導(dǎo)致二項(xiàng)三項(xiàng)甚至全盤皆輸。它一般要求考生能夠把握所讀的文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)，能夠理清文章一般的結(jié)構(gòu)，看懂段落之間的起承轉(zhuǎn)合關(guān)系。因此要求考生具備從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)及主線內(nèi)容并具備運(yùn)用語法知識分析長難句的能力。
二是考查段落內(nèi)部的一致性。段落的一致性是指某段落的所有句子都圍繞著一個中心主題。每個段落都會有一個主題句，所有的擴(kuò)展句都是為主題句服務(wù)的，或陳述原因，或羅列事實(shí)、情節(jié)和步驟，主題句與擴(kuò)展句在意義上始終保持一致。按段落結(jié)構(gòu)的一般規(guī)律來說，其結(jié)構(gòu)都是主題句，擴(kuò)展句和結(jié)論句。段落的一致性指的是某段落的所有句子都圍繞一個中心主題。它是整個段落的指導(dǎo)思想，所有擴(kuò)展句都是為主題句服務(wù)的，主題句與擴(kuò)展句在意義上始終保持一致。主題句往往出現(xiàn)在段落的首句中，但有時也會出現(xiàn)在段落中間或結(jié)尾處。
三是考查段落內(nèi)部的連貫性。段落的連貫性是指段落內(nèi)部的論點(diǎn)和各論據(jù)之間的邏輯聯(lián)系，段落內(nèi)部句與句之間的銜接必須條理清楚、合乎邏輯。指的是段落中各句子之間的結(jié)構(gòu)、句子之間的銜接必須條理清楚、合乎邏輯。轉(zhuǎn)折、過渡應(yīng)自然、流暢。篇章句子的連貫性一般是通過重復(fù)使用某些關(guān)鍵詞、詞組，或使用對等結(jié)構(gòu)、代詞呼應(yīng)(尤其需要大家清楚it, this, these, that, those; he, she; here, there等詞具體指代的是什么)、人稱和數(shù)的一致或使用表示轉(zhuǎn)折意義的詞或詞組等這樣一些技巧來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
特別提示：注意文章中句子和句子之間、段落和段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系和起承轉(zhuǎn)合的標(biāo)志詞語和線索提示語(見下表)。
表示邏輯關(guān)系以及起承轉(zhuǎn)合的標(biāo)志詞語和線索提示語分類歸納一覽表
時空關(guān)系
afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; but not the least; eventually; every; finally seeing……; first; first of all; for a start; meanwhile; next; not…… until; on the left/right; previously; prior to; second; since then; since; subsequently; till; time; to begin with; to end with; to start with; when
因果關(guān)系
……and so……; another important factor/reason of……; as a consequence; as a result; as a result of this; as; because of this; because; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that……; for this reason; for; hence; in consequence; in that……; in view of; owing to; since; so;……so that……; the reason seems to be obvious: there are about……; therefore; thus
轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
and yet; but; unless; despite that; even so; even though; however; in spite of that; independent of; reckless of; regardless of; though; yet……
并列關(guān)系
also; and; as well as; both……and…… ; either……, or……; neither…… nor……; not only…… but also; too
遞進(jìn)關(guān)系
accordingly; along this line of consideration; as a popular saying goes……; as far as…… is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to do it……; in other words; in the first place……, in the second place……; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only……, but also……; not……but……; on the one hand……, on the other hand……; still
比較關(guān)系
apart from (doing)……; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like……; likewise;…… rather than……; by doing so; similarly; similarly important; when compared with; when in fact……
對比關(guān)系
as opposed to; as opposed to this; but on the other hand; by way of; contrary to; conversely; unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; opposed to; something is just the other way around; whereas; while
舉例關(guān)系
a case in point is……; a good example (of……) would be…… ; according to; as an illustration, I will say……; as for; as he explains; as regards; as to; as you know; consider……; for example; for instance; for one thing……, for another……; in particular; including……; it is interesting to note that……; like; namely; notably; put it simply; stated roughly; such as; take as example (something); to detail this, I would like to……; you may ask/say
強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系
believe it or not; by definition; especially; in fact; in particular; in reality; indeed; it is certain/sure that……; moreover; not to mention……; other thing being equal; particularly; to be strict; to be true; what is more important
條件關(guān)系
as long as; even if; even though; if it is the case in this sense; if necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once……; provided that; unless
歸納總結(jié)類
accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in a word; in brief; in other words; in short; in summary; on the whole; overall; the conclusion can be drawn that……; therefore; to conclude; to sum up
三、 解題思路指引
1語段選搭題所選文章一般沒有標(biāo)題，而文章的首段甚至是首句往往是了解文章的窗口，通過首段(或第一、二句)判斷出文章的大意，在答題時考生應(yīng)牢記每一個空格處的句子都是為主題服務(wù)的，從而保證不偏離主旨。
2仔細(xì)閱讀文章選項(xiàng)空缺處附近的語句，鎖定目標(biāo)答案可能具有的特征(重點(diǎn)關(guān)注出現(xiàn)頻率較高的信息線索詞)。
3閱讀語段選擇，尋找特征詞(即在上面提到的信息線索詞)，利用我們前面基礎(chǔ)知識必備中所講的結(jié)構(gòu)一致、語篇連貫、詞匯銜接等技巧尋找線索，結(jié)合備選項(xiàng)的特征及其中的線索強(qiáng)調(diào)詞進(jìn)行搭配，鎖定目標(biāo)答案。
提示：①選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)時間年代時，往往要注意與原文中年代的前后對應(yīng)關(guān)系。
②選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)代詞時，該選項(xiàng)往往不能放在首句，并要注意指代成立的條件。
it可指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或整個句子；
they或them指代前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞；
one指代前面的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；
that指代前面的不可數(shù)名詞或句子；
this指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或句子。
4再細(xì)看語篇原文，明確五個空缺位應(yīng)填入的選項(xiàng)，并最后將答案嵌入文章，通讀全文，檢查文章是否主題一致，各段落是否符合統(tǒng)一性(unity)和連貫性(coherence)，從而印證所選答案的正確性。這一步與前三步同等重要，切不可忽視。
四、 大綱樣題及2005年真題解析
(一)大綱樣題
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.
41) . Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42) . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects, of which we know nothing.
43) . There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44) . Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45) . About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A] The shell fish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals were able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphilbians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F] When an animal dies the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
考綱鏈接
本文嚴(yán)格按照考試大綱的精神選材、設(shè)題，文章主干部分總字?jǐn)?shù)為342字，而選項(xiàng)部分總字?jǐn)?shù)為327詞，即所有的給出信息總閱讀量高達(dá)669詞。相當(dāng)于傳統(tǒng)閱讀題型的一篇半或?qū)⒔鼉善恼碌拈喿x量，因此，該題型要求我們要有較好的閱讀方法和一定的閱讀理解能力。
文章導(dǎo)讀
本文的文章結(jié)構(gòu)脈絡(luò)非常清晰，其主題是化石和早期生物的進(jìn)化。文章首先介紹了什么是史前動物，接下來談?wù)摿嘶鞘裁匆约盎纬傻倪^程。文章又談?wù)摿嘶斜４娴纳锓N類，以及這些生物是如何進(jìn)化的：首先是簡單的生命形式，如貝類動物，然后是脊椎動物，如兩棲動物與哺乳動物。爬行動物的時代結(jié)束后，包括人類在內(nèi)的哺乳動物占據(jù)了統(tǒng)治地位。
答案與解析
41【答案】B
【解析】文章的第一段中出現(xiàn)的空白處，最有可能的就是讓補(bǔ)充主旨句。在做出選擇之前，我們必須通讀全文至少一遍，并動用自己的歸納總結(jié)的能力，盡可能選出最能夠涵蓋全文內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)。在讀文章的過程中，我們要學(xué)會抓關(guān)鍵詞，比如，第二段中有：rock, skin, accurate picture, climate……主要講動植物在巖石上留下的印記能夠讓人了解它們的模樣甚至所處的氣候。第四、五、六段雖不完整，但是我們也能抓一些關(guān)鍵詞：fossil, kinds, horny substance, two pairs of legs, shield with a pair of compound eyes, an inch or two long, shell……大致是說通過化石，我們可以知道一些動植物的具體模樣，比如第五段就對某一生物進(jìn)行了具體描述，有幾條腿、幾只眼等等。由此可見，最能夠體現(xiàn)全文內(nèi)容的只有B。
42【答案】F
【解析】本題是第二段的段首部分，應(yīng)該是既能與第一段的內(nèi)容有一定的連貫性，又能與第二段中的重點(diǎn)提示信息相關(guān)聯(lián)的選項(xiàng)。第二段中要點(diǎn)提示線索指出，幾乎我們所知道的所有化石都是由于水的作用而被保存在了石頭中，而且大多都是生活在水里或水邊的動物。選項(xiàng)F末尾的銜接成分"more and more"(越來越多的)與空白之后的"nearly all"(幾乎所有的)相互呼應(yīng)。所以F是正確選項(xiàng)。
43【答案】E
【解析】要選出本題的正確答案必須明確討論的重心已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到了對螃蟹般的復(fù)雜動物的描述上。這些生物之前又是什么呢？只有選項(xiàng)E回答了這個問題。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)的最早的動物遺骸都是些非常簡單的物種，而且都生活在海洋里。后來的物種比較復(fù)雜，其中包括海百合，它們是海星的親戚，海星有長長的觸手，可以通過其長柄吸附在海底或石頭上。本題的正確選項(xiàng)是E。
44【答案】A
【解析】本題是第四段的段首部分，應(yīng)該是此段的主題句，在此句中，單詞shell起到了舉足輕重的承上啟下的作用。A談到了貝類動物及其種類?？瞻字蟮牡谝粋€段落里的"Of these"(其中)連接起了貝類與菊石(ammonites)。因此，本題的正確答案應(yīng)是A。
45【答案】C
【解析】本題是選擇一個段落，我們必須從全文的整體結(jié)構(gòu)著手。根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容提示以及文章第一句，我們知道，此段內(nèi)容應(yīng)該既能夠承接有殼的水生動物，又能夠引出下文爬行動物時代結(jié)束這樣的內(nèi)容，因此，所選答案應(yīng)該是介紹這兩種動物之間的生物過渡群種。只有C，它既說到了"魚類是最先有脊柱的動物"又說到"之后出現(xiàn)的兩棲動物"這正好起到了在"低等動物"和"高等動物"之間的聯(lián)系作用，因此答案是C。
全文精譯
人類生活在地球上的很久以前，地球上有魚、爬蟲、鳥、昆蟲和一些哺乳動物。盡管這些動物里有些是現(xiàn)代生物的祖先，但其他的卻已滅絕了，也就是說，它們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有后代了。41)然而，我們對它們了解很多是因?yàn)樗鼈兊墓趋篮屯鈿ぷ鳛榛４嬖诹藥r石里，從這些巖石中我們可以看出它們的尺寸和形狀，以及它們是如何行走的，以及他們所吃的食物的種類。有時，我們通過巖石的表皮及其顏色精確地描述出死于幾百萬年前的動物的形象。這些包裹動物尸體的巖石能告知我們這片土地、生長在這片土地上的植物及其氣候等特征。
42)當(dāng)一個動物死亡，它的尸體、骨骼和外殼常常被溪流帶進(jìn)湖泊海洋，之后由泥土覆蓋。如果是生活在海里的動物，那么它的尸體可能會下沉．被泥十覆蓋．越來越多的泥土跌落覆蓋在上面，盲到骨骼或者外殼完全被包圍保存起來。幾乎所有我們知道的化石都是保存在由水作用形成的巖石里。這些化石里的動物大多數(shù)生活在水里或者靠近水的地區(qū)。因此，必然有許多我們還一無所知的動物、鳥類和昆蟲生活在它左右。
43)已發(fā)現(xiàn)的遺留物中最早期的都是生活在海洋中的相當(dāng)簡單的物種。后來的形狀更復(fù)雜，當(dāng)中有海合，有著長手臂、由一根通向海底或巖石的長莖吸附的星魚親系。也有蟹類生物，它們的身體由角狀物覆蓋。身體部分每邊有兩對腳。一對是用來在沙底行走，另一對用來游泳。頭是一種防護(hù)物，上面有一雙復(fù)合眼，通常有成千上萬個透鏡。
44)甲殼類動物在巖石里有很長的歷史，許多不同的種類已為人類所知。這當(dāng)中，菊石是很有趣和重要的種類。它們有一個由許多小室組成的殼，每一個代表它臨時的家。當(dāng)一個年幼的菊石長大，它就自己生成一個新室而封存原先那個。在多西特海灘的巖石里可見到成千上萬個這樣的東西。
45)最初真正的脊椎動物是魚，最早被發(fā)現(xiàn)的生活于三億七千五百萬年前。大約在三百百萬年前，兩棲動物即既能生活在陸地又能生活在水里的動物出現(xiàn)了。它們很大，有時有八英尺長。許多生活在沼澤地里，那里也是煤炭斷層形成的地方。兩棲動物滋生了爬蟲動物。在近一百五十百萬年里這些是生活在陸地海洋和空氣里的生物的最初形式。
在約七十五百萬年前，爬蟲紀(jì)過去，許多種類滅絕。哺乳動物迅速發(fā)展，我們可以追溯出許多熟悉動物的進(jìn)化軌跡如大象和馬。許多后來的哺乳動物盡管現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)滅絕，但卻為原始人所知，這在他們的壁畫和骨骼雕刻中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)。
(二)2005年真題解析
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.
They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
41.
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts-recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
42.
But "national"doesn't have to mean that. "National" could mean interprovincial-provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province-or a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
43.
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.
44.
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs.
"A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs."
45.
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.
[A] Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!
[B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies."
[C] What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.
[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.
[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.
[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.
[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.
答案與解析
41【答案】E
【解析】
本題上面一段講的中心是藥品價錢，經(jīng)過分析這七個選項(xiàng)發(fā)覺，選項(xiàng)E在歸納句子，和上面的也有連貫性，哪一個選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中包含了藥價這個概念呢？E選項(xiàng)說根據(jù)某某機(jī)構(gòu)的觀點(diǎn)，自從1997年以來，處方藥價格的增長速率是全國健康福利支出增長速度的2倍。這種增長一部分是因?yàn)樗幬锎媪四承┲委熓侄?，一部分是因?yàn)樾滤幤返膬r格總是比原來藥品價格高。那么這個選項(xiàng)說的就是這樣一個事實(shí)，所以E為正確答案。
42【答案】C
【解析】如果只要上下一加就很明顯發(fā)現(xiàn)，句中出現(xiàn)最多的就是國家這個詞，空后文字非常典型，提到But "national" doesn't have to mean that。很明顯這是一個轉(zhuǎn)折，表明空處所填的選項(xiàng)，要和這一句話形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，而且空里面要出現(xiàn)"national"的定義，就是說很有可能要出現(xiàn)"national"這個詞兒。哪一個選項(xiàng)里面包含這個詞呢？C選項(xiàng)提到national為正確答案。
43【答案】G
【解析】在上一段所講的是國家要對藥品進(jìn)行一種控制，空前文字舉例說明全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)的好處，舉了魁北克的例子，選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該圍繞著這個問題來選，正確答案選G，很好的保持了文章的一致性，G選項(xiàng)說"當(dāng)然藥廠不會同意，他們喜歡散客買家，那樣他們可以暗中運(yùn)作，他們甚至可能會威脅著要把一個省的工作機(jī)會轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個省，但是，處于利益的驅(qū)使，他們又不得不這樣做。
44【答案】F
【解析】有兩個選擇可以選進(jìn)去的，我們可以根據(jù)這篇文章總體的情感來判斷，前面一段直接講的就是，人們對于整體藥品的價格，以及國家的機(jī)構(gòu)都是抱怨的態(tài)度，空前有兩段文字，第一段最后提到魁北克拒絕加入全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)。而第二段提到有很多省府官員對于這種全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)持懷疑態(tài)度，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這里仍然推行全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)想所遇到的阻力，接下來當(dāng)然會談到怎么處理這個阻力？F選項(xiàng)，非常明確的說明了"所以如果某些省想完成健康福利的任務(wù)，他們就必須有完成這個任務(wù)的能力，他們還必須節(jié)約管理成本，防止一個省和另一個省之間的斗爭，而且還要盡量爭取更好的藥價。"所以選項(xiàng)A和F相比，F(xiàn)要更符合這篇文章情感的一致性，所以選F，這個空很多同學(xué)填的都是A，A選項(xiàng)說："魁北克抵制全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)，是這個省自己的意識形態(tài)問題"。
45【答案】B
【解析】上面出現(xiàn)了一個"人們怎么樣說"最后一段也講了，他們聚在首都，不斷談?wù)撨@個事情，這個一致性，本題應(yīng)該選B?？涨拔淖痔岬揭苍S這些官員們應(yīng)該看一看羅馬諾的關(guān)于藥品的論述，當(dāng)然這個空應(yīng)該接著談，還可以讀一讀前面文章提到的另外一個人科爾比的關(guān)于藥品的報告，這兩個人在前面的文章里面都是同時被提到的，而且他們都提倡說建立一個這樣全國性機(jī)構(gòu)非常不錯。
全文精譯
在七月底的年度會議上對渥太華大發(fā)牢騷之后，加拿大的省府官員們?nèi)绻€有力氣的話，他們可能會抽出時間坐到一塊兒，力圖降低醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。
他們所有人都在抱怨高漲的醫(yī)療預(yù)算，這其中增長最快的是藥品費(fèi)用。
41)加拿大醫(yī)療信息協(xié)會的資料表明，自1997年以來，處方藥費(fèi)用的增長速度是整個醫(yī)療費(fèi)用增長速度的兩倍。其中部分增長是由于藥物使用替代了其他的治療手段。部分是由于使用了高于原來藥品價格的新藥，部分是由于藥品價格漲了。
該怎么辦呢？許多專家提出了報告，這自不必說。羅馬諾醫(yī)療委員會和科爾比醫(yī)療委員會則建議設(shè)立一個國家藥物機(jī)構(gòu)。由現(xiàn)在每個省出臺自己的藥物清單，有自己的機(jī)構(gòu)、程序和有限的議價能力這種情況，變更為資源共享，一同與渥太華合作創(chuàng)建一個國家機(jī)構(gòu)。
42)這里所說的國家機(jī)構(gòu)是指什么呢？羅伊·羅馬諾和邁克爾·科爾比議員建議成立一個聯(lián)邦政府和省政府一體化的機(jī)構(gòu)，就像最近成立的國家醫(yī)療委員會一樣。
但是國家機(jī)構(gòu)的含義不一定是指這一點(diǎn)。它還可意味著各省之間聯(lián)合起來創(chuàng)建一個機(jī)構(gòu)。不管是何種含義，如果可能的話，成立一個國家機(jī)構(gòu)的好處之一就是能夠通過談判從醫(yī)藥生產(chǎn)商那里獲得更優(yōu)惠的價格。原來是一個省或省內(nèi)的幾家醫(yī)院針對該省清單上的某種藥物議價，而現(xiàn)在這個國家機(jī)構(gòu)可以代表各省來議價。比方說，魁北克省只能代表700萬公民議價，取而代之的是這個國家機(jī)構(gòu)代表3,100萬加拿大人進(jìn)行談判?；A(chǔ)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)表明，潛在的客戶越多，獲得更優(yōu)惠價格的可能性就越大。
43)當(dāng)然，醫(yī)藥公司就會高聲歡呼了。他們喜歡散客買家，那樣他們可以更好地為自己的利益而進(jìn)行游說。他們可能會以要把一個省的工作機(jī)會轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個省來進(jìn)行威脅。他們可能會認(rèn)為如果一個省的藥單上包括了一種藥，就會迫使其他的省把這種藥也填在藥單上，他們不會喜歡全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)。但是，由于利益的驅(qū)使，他們又不得不與它打交道。
由渥太華和各省出資成立了加拿大醫(yī)療技術(shù)評估協(xié)調(diào)辦公室，這意味著向成立國家機(jī)構(gòu)邁進(jìn)了一小步。在這個辦公室下有一個公共藥品評估機(jī)構(gòu)，它向各省推薦應(yīng)該在清單上增加的新藥。不出所料，魁北克省拒絕加入這個機(jī)構(gòu)，這是個遺憾。
一些省府官員們對于聯(lián)邦政府和省之間的交易感到懷疑。他們(尤其是魁北克省和阿爾伯特省)只想讓渥太華額外支付上幾十億加元，但自己卻不承擔(dān)任何責(zé)任(如果他們有責(zé)任的話)。這就是為什么提出一個國家藥物清單的想法得不到落實(shí)，而藥品價格卻不斷上漲。
44)所以如果某些省想操控醫(yī)療福利事業(yè)，他們就必須證明自己有這種能力，他們必須開一張省際單子來終止重復(fù)，他們還必須節(jié)約管理成本，防止各省之間的爭斗，而且還要盡量爭取更合理的藥價。
官員們喜歡有選擇地引用羅馬諾先生的報告，特別是有關(guān)聯(lián)邦資金的部分。也許他們應(yīng)該讀讀他們不得不說的有關(guān)藥物的部分了："為了抑制不斷上漲的藥價，一個國家藥物機(jī)構(gòu)會讓政府對醫(yī)藥公司施加更大的影響。"
45)或者他們可以看一看科爾比的報告："這樣一個機(jī)構(gòu)的巨大購買力，會進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)實(shí)施公眾處方藥保險計(jì)劃，以保證以可能的從藥廠買藥。"
因此當(dāng)官員們聚集在尼亞加拉瀑布城開會陳述他們的抱怨清單時，他們應(yīng)該在自己的權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)開始做些有利于他們的預(yù)算及病人的事情。
五、 語段選搭題專項(xiàng)突破練習(xí)
Exercise 1
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
We might marvel at the process made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years; educationists have still failed to devise anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations text what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite.
41) . As anxiety makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day.
42) . No one can give off his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do.
43) . A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms.
44) . The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judge's decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiner's.
45) . Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: "I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire."
[A] Every class at school requires homework, quizzes, tests, and finally, a final exam. We take exams to prove ourselves - to prove we have advanced our education.
[B] There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person's true abilities.
[C] Stress has hit an eleven on the one-to-ten scale during examinations. Stress is not healthy, and it makes everyone angry. The last thing I remember when I go back to school is exams. Is the school trying aversion therapy on its student?
[D] The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of drop-outs: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?
[E] It doesn't matter that you weren't feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don't count: the exam goes on.
[F] They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person's true ability and aptitude.
[G] Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under stress.
答案與解析
41【答案】F
【解析】第41題位于文章第一段的末尾。這同樣是一篇結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范的短文，作者在第一段敘述一些事實(shí)后必然要表明自己的立場，而根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，作者是不贊成用考試來衡量個人能力的，選項(xiàng)F中的"……, but ……"正是前文"opposite"所表示的具體內(nèi)容。由此可見正確答案是F，"考試可能是檢驗(yàn)記憶力，或者在極度緊張的情況下發(fā)現(xiàn)快速工作竅門的好方法。但是它不能告訴你一個人的真正能力和智能究竟怎樣。"
42【答案】E
【解析】第42題位于文章第二段的段中。做本題的關(guān)鍵時把握空白處所處的上下文語境。本段是在對考試進(jìn)行貶責(zé)，而且一定需要大家抓住的是空白之后的文字有一層批評的意味，由此可見只有E是最合適的。"
43【答案】D
【解析】第43題是文章的第三段。從選項(xiàng)來觀察，好像沒有一個能夠承上啟下的句子，因此可以依據(jù)先難后易的原則暫時擱置本題，最后通讀全文即得出答案D。
44【答案】G
【解析】第44題在文章的第四段段中。這很明顯的是要求大家觀察上下文，找出中心詞。那么根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可以比較容易的得出正確答案是G。
45【答案】B
【解析】第45題位于文章最后一段的段首，這是對文章主旨的再加工，那么作者在"考試不是檢驗(yàn)手段"這一觀點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上得出B，"這樣的觀點(diǎn)是很自然的，評判一個人真實(shí)的能力肯定有很多更簡單和跟有效的方法。"
一、大綱解讀
語段選搭題考一篇500~600詞的文章，該節(jié)共5題，每題兩分，共10分。該部分的測試重點(diǎn)在于把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，主要考察考生對諸如連貫性、一致性、邏輯聯(lián)系等語篇、語段整體特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上弄清文章的整體和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。
該節(jié)分為兩個部分：主干部分和選項(xiàng)部分。主干部分的原文約600詞，其中有5段空白處，空白處的位置可能在段首、段落中間、段未，但不會是文章的第一句，一般情況下
也不會是最后一句。選項(xiàng)部分為6或7段文字，每段可能是一個句子，可能是兩三個短句，
也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分屬于主干部分的空白處。要求考生依據(jù)自己對文章的理解從選項(xiàng)中選擇5段文字放回到文章中相應(yīng)的5段空白處。
二、基礎(chǔ)知識必備
語段選搭題題型本身的特點(diǎn)決定了閱讀文章的體裁以論說文和說明文為主。不同的問題有不同的敘述和展開方式，如按時間順序、邏輯順序展開；或按不同的論證角度，如事例論證、因果分析、對比比較等展開；或按不同的說明方式，如定義法、引述法、列舉法等展開。展開方式?jīng)Q定了文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)和層次，因此，準(zhǔn)確地把握展開方式的特點(diǎn)，有助于將選項(xiàng)放到原文最恰如其分的位置，以保持全文的組織嚴(yán)密、結(jié)構(gòu)完整。例如文章運(yùn)用例證法展開時，通常在提出觀點(diǎn)后，會引用嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)或事件作為佐證，而引用的部分往往被抽出作為選擇項(xiàng)?？忌仨氃谧x懂選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容后，回顧原文，尋找到需要支持的上下文，在空白處迅速定位，而對其他細(xì)節(jié)或結(jié)論性的章節(jié)空白處，可以不加考慮，這樣有助于提高做題的效率。因此在考試準(zhǔn)備期間，考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練對文章總體篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握，做到閱讀時心中有數(shù)，對上下文段落的邏輯組織關(guān)系有一個清晰的認(rèn)識。
考生需要認(rèn)真搞清楚主干內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)上的關(guān)系和布局，從而分辨出選項(xiàng)部分從結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上看是屬于文章的哪個部分，并可以與空白處的上下文有機(jī)地銜接起來。一般情況下不可能有特別明顯的詞匯、句子等語言方面的提示，也并不要求考生過分關(guān)注某一具體的細(xì)節(jié)；而是要著眼于全文，在理解全文內(nèi)容、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系(如時間、地點(diǎn)、因果關(guān)系、從屬關(guān)系等)的基礎(chǔ)之上方能做出正確選擇。
一是考查對文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。語段選搭題的特點(diǎn)是組織結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯性強(qiáng)，段落內(nèi)部句子之間聯(lián)系緊密，整篇文章圍繞一個中心展開，句子較長且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，強(qiáng)調(diào)對通篇文章的透徹理解，不同選項(xiàng)之間也有較強(qiáng)的關(guān)聯(lián)性，某一項(xiàng)選配錯誤可能會導(dǎo)致二項(xiàng)三項(xiàng)甚至全盤皆輸。它一般要求考生能夠把握所讀的文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)，能夠理清文章一般的結(jié)構(gòu)，看懂段落之間的起承轉(zhuǎn)合關(guān)系。因此要求考生具備從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)及主線內(nèi)容并具備運(yùn)用語法知識分析長難句的能力。
二是考查段落內(nèi)部的一致性。段落的一致性是指某段落的所有句子都圍繞著一個中心主題。每個段落都會有一個主題句，所有的擴(kuò)展句都是為主題句服務(wù)的，或陳述原因，或羅列事實(shí)、情節(jié)和步驟，主題句與擴(kuò)展句在意義上始終保持一致。按段落結(jié)構(gòu)的一般規(guī)律來說，其結(jié)構(gòu)都是主題句，擴(kuò)展句和結(jié)論句。段落的一致性指的是某段落的所有句子都圍繞一個中心主題。它是整個段落的指導(dǎo)思想，所有擴(kuò)展句都是為主題句服務(wù)的，主題句與擴(kuò)展句在意義上始終保持一致。主題句往往出現(xiàn)在段落的首句中，但有時也會出現(xiàn)在段落中間或結(jié)尾處。
三是考查段落內(nèi)部的連貫性。段落的連貫性是指段落內(nèi)部的論點(diǎn)和各論據(jù)之間的邏輯聯(lián)系，段落內(nèi)部句與句之間的銜接必須條理清楚、合乎邏輯。指的是段落中各句子之間的結(jié)構(gòu)、句子之間的銜接必須條理清楚、合乎邏輯。轉(zhuǎn)折、過渡應(yīng)自然、流暢。篇章句子的連貫性一般是通過重復(fù)使用某些關(guān)鍵詞、詞組，或使用對等結(jié)構(gòu)、代詞呼應(yīng)(尤其需要大家清楚it, this, these, that, those; he, she; here, there等詞具體指代的是什么)、人稱和數(shù)的一致或使用表示轉(zhuǎn)折意義的詞或詞組等這樣一些技巧來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
特別提示：注意文章中句子和句子之間、段落和段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系和起承轉(zhuǎn)合的標(biāo)志詞語和線索提示語(見下表)。
表示邏輯關(guān)系以及起承轉(zhuǎn)合的標(biāo)志詞語和線索提示語分類歸納一覽表
時空關(guān)系
afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; but not the least; eventually; every; finally seeing……; first; first of all; for a start; meanwhile; next; not…… until; on the left/right; previously; prior to; second; since then; since; subsequently; till; time; to begin with; to end with; to start with; when
因果關(guān)系
……and so……; another important factor/reason of……; as a consequence; as a result; as a result of this; as; because of this; because; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that……; for this reason; for; hence; in consequence; in that……; in view of; owing to; since; so;……so that……; the reason seems to be obvious: there are about……; therefore; thus
轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
and yet; but; unless; despite that; even so; even though; however; in spite of that; independent of; reckless of; regardless of; though; yet……
并列關(guān)系
also; and; as well as; both……and…… ; either……, or……; neither…… nor……; not only…… but also; too
遞進(jìn)關(guān)系
accordingly; along this line of consideration; as a popular saying goes……; as far as…… is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to do it……; in other words; in the first place……, in the second place……; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only……, but also……; not……but……; on the one hand……, on the other hand……; still
比較關(guān)系
apart from (doing)……; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like……; likewise;…… rather than……; by doing so; similarly; similarly important; when compared with; when in fact……
對比關(guān)系
as opposed to; as opposed to this; but on the other hand; by way of; contrary to; conversely; unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; opposed to; something is just the other way around; whereas; while
舉例關(guān)系
a case in point is……; a good example (of……) would be…… ; according to; as an illustration, I will say……; as for; as he explains; as regards; as to; as you know; consider……; for example; for instance; for one thing……, for another……; in particular; including……; it is interesting to note that……; like; namely; notably; put it simply; stated roughly; such as; take as example (something); to detail this, I would like to……; you may ask/say
強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系
believe it or not; by definition; especially; in fact; in particular; in reality; indeed; it is certain/sure that……; moreover; not to mention……; other thing being equal; particularly; to be strict; to be true; what is more important
條件關(guān)系
as long as; even if; even though; if it is the case in this sense; if necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once……; provided that; unless
歸納總結(jié)類
accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in a word; in brief; in other words; in short; in summary; on the whole; overall; the conclusion can be drawn that……; therefore; to conclude; to sum up
三、 解題思路指引
1語段選搭題所選文章一般沒有標(biāo)題，而文章的首段甚至是首句往往是了解文章的窗口，通過首段(或第一、二句)判斷出文章的大意，在答題時考生應(yīng)牢記每一個空格處的句子都是為主題服務(wù)的，從而保證不偏離主旨。
2仔細(xì)閱讀文章選項(xiàng)空缺處附近的語句，鎖定目標(biāo)答案可能具有的特征(重點(diǎn)關(guān)注出現(xiàn)頻率較高的信息線索詞)。
3閱讀語段選擇，尋找特征詞(即在上面提到的信息線索詞)，利用我們前面基礎(chǔ)知識必備中所講的結(jié)構(gòu)一致、語篇連貫、詞匯銜接等技巧尋找線索，結(jié)合備選項(xiàng)的特征及其中的線索強(qiáng)調(diào)詞進(jìn)行搭配，鎖定目標(biāo)答案。
提示：①選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)時間年代時，往往要注意與原文中年代的前后對應(yīng)關(guān)系。
②選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)代詞時，該選項(xiàng)往往不能放在首句，并要注意指代成立的條件。
it可指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或整個句子；
they或them指代前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞；
one指代前面的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；
that指代前面的不可數(shù)名詞或句子；
this指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或句子。
4再細(xì)看語篇原文，明確五個空缺位應(yīng)填入的選項(xiàng)，并最后將答案嵌入文章，通讀全文，檢查文章是否主題一致，各段落是否符合統(tǒng)一性(unity)和連貫性(coherence)，從而印證所選答案的正確性。這一步與前三步同等重要，切不可忽視。
四、 大綱樣題及2005年真題解析
(一)大綱樣題
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.
41) . Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42) . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects, of which we know nothing.
43) . There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44) . Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45) . About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A] The shell fish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals were able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphilbians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F] When an animal dies the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
考綱鏈接
本文嚴(yán)格按照考試大綱的精神選材、設(shè)題，文章主干部分總字?jǐn)?shù)為342字，而選項(xiàng)部分總字?jǐn)?shù)為327詞，即所有的給出信息總閱讀量高達(dá)669詞。相當(dāng)于傳統(tǒng)閱讀題型的一篇半或?qū)⒔鼉善恼碌拈喿x量，因此，該題型要求我們要有較好的閱讀方法和一定的閱讀理解能力。
文章導(dǎo)讀
本文的文章結(jié)構(gòu)脈絡(luò)非常清晰，其主題是化石和早期生物的進(jìn)化。文章首先介紹了什么是史前動物，接下來談?wù)摿嘶鞘裁匆约盎纬傻倪^程。文章又談?wù)摿嘶斜４娴纳锓N類，以及這些生物是如何進(jìn)化的：首先是簡單的生命形式，如貝類動物，然后是脊椎動物，如兩棲動物與哺乳動物。爬行動物的時代結(jié)束后，包括人類在內(nèi)的哺乳動物占據(jù)了統(tǒng)治地位。
答案與解析
41【答案】B
【解析】文章的第一段中出現(xiàn)的空白處，最有可能的就是讓補(bǔ)充主旨句。在做出選擇之前，我們必須通讀全文至少一遍，并動用自己的歸納總結(jié)的能力，盡可能選出最能夠涵蓋全文內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)。在讀文章的過程中，我們要學(xué)會抓關(guān)鍵詞，比如，第二段中有：rock, skin, accurate picture, climate……主要講動植物在巖石上留下的印記能夠讓人了解它們的模樣甚至所處的氣候。第四、五、六段雖不完整，但是我們也能抓一些關(guān)鍵詞：fossil, kinds, horny substance, two pairs of legs, shield with a pair of compound eyes, an inch or two long, shell……大致是說通過化石，我們可以知道一些動植物的具體模樣，比如第五段就對某一生物進(jìn)行了具體描述，有幾條腿、幾只眼等等。由此可見，最能夠體現(xiàn)全文內(nèi)容的只有B。
42【答案】F
【解析】本題是第二段的段首部分，應(yīng)該是既能與第一段的內(nèi)容有一定的連貫性，又能與第二段中的重點(diǎn)提示信息相關(guān)聯(lián)的選項(xiàng)。第二段中要點(diǎn)提示線索指出，幾乎我們所知道的所有化石都是由于水的作用而被保存在了石頭中，而且大多都是生活在水里或水邊的動物。選項(xiàng)F末尾的銜接成分"more and more"(越來越多的)與空白之后的"nearly all"(幾乎所有的)相互呼應(yīng)。所以F是正確選項(xiàng)。
43【答案】E
【解析】要選出本題的正確答案必須明確討論的重心已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到了對螃蟹般的復(fù)雜動物的描述上。這些生物之前又是什么呢？只有選項(xiàng)E回答了這個問題。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)的最早的動物遺骸都是些非常簡單的物種，而且都生活在海洋里。后來的物種比較復(fù)雜，其中包括海百合，它們是海星的親戚，海星有長長的觸手，可以通過其長柄吸附在海底或石頭上。本題的正確選項(xiàng)是E。
44【答案】A
【解析】本題是第四段的段首部分，應(yīng)該是此段的主題句，在此句中，單詞shell起到了舉足輕重的承上啟下的作用。A談到了貝類動物及其種類?？瞻字蟮牡谝粋€段落里的"Of these"(其中)連接起了貝類與菊石(ammonites)。因此，本題的正確答案應(yīng)是A。
45【答案】C
【解析】本題是選擇一個段落，我們必須從全文的整體結(jié)構(gòu)著手。根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容提示以及文章第一句，我們知道，此段內(nèi)容應(yīng)該既能夠承接有殼的水生動物，又能夠引出下文爬行動物時代結(jié)束這樣的內(nèi)容，因此，所選答案應(yīng)該是介紹這兩種動物之間的生物過渡群種。只有C，它既說到了"魚類是最先有脊柱的動物"又說到"之后出現(xiàn)的兩棲動物"這正好起到了在"低等動物"和"高等動物"之間的聯(lián)系作用，因此答案是C。
全文精譯
人類生活在地球上的很久以前，地球上有魚、爬蟲、鳥、昆蟲和一些哺乳動物。盡管這些動物里有些是現(xiàn)代生物的祖先，但其他的卻已滅絕了，也就是說，它們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有后代了。41)然而，我們對它們了解很多是因?yàn)樗鼈兊墓趋篮屯鈿ぷ鳛榛４嬖诹藥r石里，從這些巖石中我們可以看出它們的尺寸和形狀，以及它們是如何行走的，以及他們所吃的食物的種類。有時，我們通過巖石的表皮及其顏色精確地描述出死于幾百萬年前的動物的形象。這些包裹動物尸體的巖石能告知我們這片土地、生長在這片土地上的植物及其氣候等特征。
42)當(dāng)一個動物死亡，它的尸體、骨骼和外殼常常被溪流帶進(jìn)湖泊海洋，之后由泥土覆蓋。如果是生活在海里的動物，那么它的尸體可能會下沉．被泥十覆蓋．越來越多的泥土跌落覆蓋在上面，盲到骨骼或者外殼完全被包圍保存起來。幾乎所有我們知道的化石都是保存在由水作用形成的巖石里。這些化石里的動物大多數(shù)生活在水里或者靠近水的地區(qū)。因此，必然有許多我們還一無所知的動物、鳥類和昆蟲生活在它左右。
43)已發(fā)現(xiàn)的遺留物中最早期的都是生活在海洋中的相當(dāng)簡單的物種。后來的形狀更復(fù)雜，當(dāng)中有海合，有著長手臂、由一根通向海底或巖石的長莖吸附的星魚親系。也有蟹類生物，它們的身體由角狀物覆蓋。身體部分每邊有兩對腳。一對是用來在沙底行走，另一對用來游泳。頭是一種防護(hù)物，上面有一雙復(fù)合眼，通常有成千上萬個透鏡。
44)甲殼類動物在巖石里有很長的歷史，許多不同的種類已為人類所知。這當(dāng)中，菊石是很有趣和重要的種類。它們有一個由許多小室組成的殼，每一個代表它臨時的家。當(dāng)一個年幼的菊石長大，它就自己生成一個新室而封存原先那個。在多西特海灘的巖石里可見到成千上萬個這樣的東西。
45)最初真正的脊椎動物是魚，最早被發(fā)現(xiàn)的生活于三億七千五百萬年前。大約在三百百萬年前，兩棲動物即既能生活在陸地又能生活在水里的動物出現(xiàn)了。它們很大，有時有八英尺長。許多生活在沼澤地里，那里也是煤炭斷層形成的地方。兩棲動物滋生了爬蟲動物。在近一百五十百萬年里這些是生活在陸地海洋和空氣里的生物的最初形式。
在約七十五百萬年前，爬蟲紀(jì)過去，許多種類滅絕。哺乳動物迅速發(fā)展，我們可以追溯出許多熟悉動物的進(jìn)化軌跡如大象和馬。許多后來的哺乳動物盡管現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)滅絕，但卻為原始人所知，這在他們的壁畫和骨骼雕刻中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)。
(二)2005年真題解析
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.
They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
41.
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts-recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
42.
But "national"doesn't have to mean that. "National" could mean interprovincial-provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province-or a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
43.
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.
44.
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs.
"A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs."
45.
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.
[A] Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!
[B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies."
[C] What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.
[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.
[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.
[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.
[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.
答案與解析
41【答案】E
【解析】
本題上面一段講的中心是藥品價錢，經(jīng)過分析這七個選項(xiàng)發(fā)覺，選項(xiàng)E在歸納句子，和上面的也有連貫性，哪一個選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中包含了藥價這個概念呢？E選項(xiàng)說根據(jù)某某機(jī)構(gòu)的觀點(diǎn)，自從1997年以來，處方藥價格的增長速率是全國健康福利支出增長速度的2倍。這種增長一部分是因?yàn)樗幬锎媪四承┲委熓侄?，一部分是因?yàn)樾滤幤返膬r格總是比原來藥品價格高。那么這個選項(xiàng)說的就是這樣一個事實(shí)，所以E為正確答案。
42【答案】C
【解析】如果只要上下一加就很明顯發(fā)現(xiàn)，句中出現(xiàn)最多的就是國家這個詞，空后文字非常典型，提到But "national" doesn't have to mean that。很明顯這是一個轉(zhuǎn)折，表明空處所填的選項(xiàng)，要和這一句話形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，而且空里面要出現(xiàn)"national"的定義，就是說很有可能要出現(xiàn)"national"這個詞兒。哪一個選項(xiàng)里面包含這個詞呢？C選項(xiàng)提到national為正確答案。
43【答案】G
【解析】在上一段所講的是國家要對藥品進(jìn)行一種控制，空前文字舉例說明全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)的好處，舉了魁北克的例子，選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該圍繞著這個問題來選，正確答案選G，很好的保持了文章的一致性，G選項(xiàng)說"當(dāng)然藥廠不會同意，他們喜歡散客買家，那樣他們可以暗中運(yùn)作，他們甚至可能會威脅著要把一個省的工作機(jī)會轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個省，但是，處于利益的驅(qū)使，他們又不得不這樣做。
44【答案】F
【解析】有兩個選擇可以選進(jìn)去的，我們可以根據(jù)這篇文章總體的情感來判斷，前面一段直接講的就是，人們對于整體藥品的價格，以及國家的機(jī)構(gòu)都是抱怨的態(tài)度，空前有兩段文字，第一段最后提到魁北克拒絕加入全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)。而第二段提到有很多省府官員對于這種全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)持懷疑態(tài)度，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這里仍然推行全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)想所遇到的阻力，接下來當(dāng)然會談到怎么處理這個阻力？F選項(xiàng)，非常明確的說明了"所以如果某些省想完成健康福利的任務(wù)，他們就必須有完成這個任務(wù)的能力，他們還必須節(jié)約管理成本，防止一個省和另一個省之間的斗爭，而且還要盡量爭取更好的藥價。"所以選項(xiàng)A和F相比，F(xiàn)要更符合這篇文章情感的一致性，所以選F，這個空很多同學(xué)填的都是A，A選項(xiàng)說："魁北克抵制全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)，是這個省自己的意識形態(tài)問題"。
45【答案】B
【解析】上面出現(xiàn)了一個"人們怎么樣說"最后一段也講了，他們聚在首都，不斷談?wù)撨@個事情，這個一致性，本題應(yīng)該選B?？涨拔淖痔岬揭苍S這些官員們應(yīng)該看一看羅馬諾的關(guān)于藥品的論述，當(dāng)然這個空應(yīng)該接著談，還可以讀一讀前面文章提到的另外一個人科爾比的關(guān)于藥品的報告，這兩個人在前面的文章里面都是同時被提到的，而且他們都提倡說建立一個這樣全國性機(jī)構(gòu)非常不錯。
全文精譯
在七月底的年度會議上對渥太華大發(fā)牢騷之后，加拿大的省府官員們?nèi)绻€有力氣的話，他們可能會抽出時間坐到一塊兒，力圖降低醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。
他們所有人都在抱怨高漲的醫(yī)療預(yù)算，這其中增長最快的是藥品費(fèi)用。
41)加拿大醫(yī)療信息協(xié)會的資料表明，自1997年以來，處方藥費(fèi)用的增長速度是整個醫(yī)療費(fèi)用增長速度的兩倍。其中部分增長是由于藥物使用替代了其他的治療手段。部分是由于使用了高于原來藥品價格的新藥，部分是由于藥品價格漲了。
該怎么辦呢？許多專家提出了報告，這自不必說。羅馬諾醫(yī)療委員會和科爾比醫(yī)療委員會則建議設(shè)立一個國家藥物機(jī)構(gòu)。由現(xiàn)在每個省出臺自己的藥物清單，有自己的機(jī)構(gòu)、程序和有限的議價能力這種情況，變更為資源共享，一同與渥太華合作創(chuàng)建一個國家機(jī)構(gòu)。
42)這里所說的國家機(jī)構(gòu)是指什么呢？羅伊·羅馬諾和邁克爾·科爾比議員建議成立一個聯(lián)邦政府和省政府一體化的機(jī)構(gòu)，就像最近成立的國家醫(yī)療委員會一樣。
但是國家機(jī)構(gòu)的含義不一定是指這一點(diǎn)。它還可意味著各省之間聯(lián)合起來創(chuàng)建一個機(jī)構(gòu)。不管是何種含義，如果可能的話，成立一個國家機(jī)構(gòu)的好處之一就是能夠通過談判從醫(yī)藥生產(chǎn)商那里獲得更優(yōu)惠的價格。原來是一個省或省內(nèi)的幾家醫(yī)院針對該省清單上的某種藥物議價，而現(xiàn)在這個國家機(jī)構(gòu)可以代表各省來議價。比方說，魁北克省只能代表700萬公民議價，取而代之的是這個國家機(jī)構(gòu)代表3,100萬加拿大人進(jìn)行談判?；A(chǔ)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)表明，潛在的客戶越多，獲得更優(yōu)惠價格的可能性就越大。
43)當(dāng)然，醫(yī)藥公司就會高聲歡呼了。他們喜歡散客買家，那樣他們可以更好地為自己的利益而進(jìn)行游說。他們可能會以要把一個省的工作機(jī)會轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個省來進(jìn)行威脅。他們可能會認(rèn)為如果一個省的藥單上包括了一種藥，就會迫使其他的省把這種藥也填在藥單上，他們不會喜歡全國性代理機(jī)構(gòu)。但是，由于利益的驅(qū)使，他們又不得不與它打交道。
由渥太華和各省出資成立了加拿大醫(yī)療技術(shù)評估協(xié)調(diào)辦公室，這意味著向成立國家機(jī)構(gòu)邁進(jìn)了一小步。在這個辦公室下有一個公共藥品評估機(jī)構(gòu)，它向各省推薦應(yīng)該在清單上增加的新藥。不出所料，魁北克省拒絕加入這個機(jī)構(gòu)，這是個遺憾。
一些省府官員們對于聯(lián)邦政府和省之間的交易感到懷疑。他們(尤其是魁北克省和阿爾伯特省)只想讓渥太華額外支付上幾十億加元，但自己卻不承擔(dān)任何責(zé)任(如果他們有責(zé)任的話)。這就是為什么提出一個國家藥物清單的想法得不到落實(shí)，而藥品價格卻不斷上漲。
44)所以如果某些省想操控醫(yī)療福利事業(yè)，他們就必須證明自己有這種能力，他們必須開一張省際單子來終止重復(fù)，他們還必須節(jié)約管理成本，防止各省之間的爭斗，而且還要盡量爭取更合理的藥價。
官員們喜歡有選擇地引用羅馬諾先生的報告，特別是有關(guān)聯(lián)邦資金的部分。也許他們應(yīng)該讀讀他們不得不說的有關(guān)藥物的部分了："為了抑制不斷上漲的藥價，一個國家藥物機(jī)構(gòu)會讓政府對醫(yī)藥公司施加更大的影響。"
45)或者他們可以看一看科爾比的報告："這樣一個機(jī)構(gòu)的巨大購買力，會進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)實(shí)施公眾處方藥保險計(jì)劃，以保證以可能的從藥廠買藥。"
因此當(dāng)官員們聚集在尼亞加拉瀑布城開會陳述他們的抱怨清單時，他們應(yīng)該在自己的權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)開始做些有利于他們的預(yù)算及病人的事情。
五、 語段選搭題專項(xiàng)突破練習(xí)
Exercise 1
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
We might marvel at the process made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years; educationists have still failed to devise anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations text what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite.
41) . As anxiety makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day.
42) . No one can give off his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do.
43) . A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms.
44) . The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judge's decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiner's.
45) . Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: "I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire."
[A] Every class at school requires homework, quizzes, tests, and finally, a final exam. We take exams to prove ourselves - to prove we have advanced our education.
[B] There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person's true abilities.
[C] Stress has hit an eleven on the one-to-ten scale during examinations. Stress is not healthy, and it makes everyone angry. The last thing I remember when I go back to school is exams. Is the school trying aversion therapy on its student?
[D] The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of drop-outs: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?
[E] It doesn't matter that you weren't feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don't count: the exam goes on.
[F] They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person's true ability and aptitude.
[G] Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under stress.
答案與解析
41【答案】F
【解析】第41題位于文章第一段的末尾。這同樣是一篇結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范的短文，作者在第一段敘述一些事實(shí)后必然要表明自己的立場，而根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，作者是不贊成用考試來衡量個人能力的，選項(xiàng)F中的"……, but ……"正是前文"opposite"所表示的具體內(nèi)容。由此可見正確答案是F，"考試可能是檢驗(yàn)記憶力，或者在極度緊張的情況下發(fā)現(xiàn)快速工作竅門的好方法。但是它不能告訴你一個人的真正能力和智能究竟怎樣。"
42【答案】E
【解析】第42題位于文章第二段的段中。做本題的關(guān)鍵時把握空白處所處的上下文語境。本段是在對考試進(jìn)行貶責(zé)，而且一定需要大家抓住的是空白之后的文字有一層批評的意味，由此可見只有E是最合適的。"
43【答案】D
【解析】第43題是文章的第三段。從選項(xiàng)來觀察，好像沒有一個能夠承上啟下的句子，因此可以依據(jù)先難后易的原則暫時擱置本題，最后通讀全文即得出答案D。
44【答案】G
【解析】第44題在文章的第四段段中。這很明顯的是要求大家觀察上下文，找出中心詞。那么根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可以比較容易的得出正確答案是G。
45【答案】B
【解析】第45題位于文章最后一段的段首，這是對文章主旨的再加工，那么作者在"考試不是檢驗(yàn)手段"這一觀點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上得出B，"這樣的觀點(diǎn)是很自然的，評判一個人真實(shí)的能力肯定有很多更簡單和跟有效的方法。"