邏輯部分主要有兩種類型的題目:分析題(Analytical reasoning)和邏輯單題(Logical reasoning)。機(jī)考的邏輯部分有35道題,時間延長到60分鐘,因此題目的難度較筆試時略深。
1、分析題(Analytical reasoning)
第一組分析題1—7個小問題組成。可以按下面這五個步驟操作:
1)讀題,找出所有條件或游戲規(guī)則
2)用符號、圖形表示條件
3)檢查符號、條件是否完整、正確
4)對條件進(jìn)行必要的合并或推導(dǎo)
5)開始解題,各個擊破
解題的關(guān)鍵是第二步,即用符號、圖形正確完整地表示條件。其中要注意以下幾點:
1)每一個因素都由一個單獨(dú)符號表示,如4個M應(yīng)寫成MMMM,而不是4M
2)當(dāng)兩個或多個因素總不在一起時,也應(yīng)相應(yīng)地表示,比如“A空格B”
3)假設(shè)條件(“如果……那么……”)用箭頭表示,“如果”的成分在左,“那么”的成分在右,如“A=>B”
4)遇到難以用符號或圖形表示的條件時,要特別標(biāo)出,以免解題時忘記。
例:
a)in a box of candies, for are brown, three are white, and two are red可以表示為:
BBBB WWW RR (注:B=Brown, W=White, R=Red)
b)Bernice must enter before Erin.可以表示為:B
c)Carol and Sue always sit together.可以表示為:CS或SC
d)If Fred participates, then Greg participates.可以表示為F=>G
e)David cannot attend unless Pamela also attends.可以表示為D=>P
f)Oranges and limes must be displayed on adjacent shelves.可以表示為:OL或LO
需要注意的是,在表示假設(shè)條件時,往往需要把原條件的逆否公式也一并寫出,有利解題。
第四步也很重要。首先要挑出限制最多的因素,這往往是解題的突破口。
當(dāng)現(xiàn)有條件不能直接提供任何解題思路時,則表明條件需要做進(jìn)一步的推導(dǎo)。在解題時還應(yīng)注意到“COULD”和“MUST”的區(qū)別。題干中如包含“COULD”則需要將選項一一排除,而題材干中包含“MUST”則可以直接由條件推導(dǎo)出正確結(jié)果。
2、邏輯單題(Logical reasoning)
單題通常由一段論證和問題組成,測試考生將論證分解并理清各部分之間邏輯關(guān)系的能力。誰由結(jié)論(Conclusion)、論據(jù)(即原題明確說出的證據(jù),Premise)和假設(shè)(即原題中沒有明確說出的證據(jù),Assumption)組成。
解題時先看問題,再讀論證,然后標(biāo)出結(jié)論、論據(jù)和假設(shè)等,最后才開始找答案。結(jié)論一般由這些詞引導(dǎo):therefore, thus, hence, then, consequently, as a result。而論據(jù)則由because, since, if, given that, in view of, assume, suppose等詞引導(dǎo)。
單題中有這樣一些類型:
1)Conclusion(結(jié)論型)
要求重述或補(bǔ)充結(jié)論。一般會這樣設(shè)問:
a)The main point of the passage is that……
b)Which of the following best states the author’s conclusion in the passage above……
c)Which of the following statements is best supported by the statements above?
d)Which of the following best states the author’s main point?
做結(jié)論型題時,應(yīng)排除超越原題內(nèi)容、范圍或文字過于偏激的選項。
2)Inference(演繹型)
要求考生找出原題中的住處所支持的一切觀點。有時它可以和結(jié)論型題重合,有時比后者范圍更廣。這類問題的設(shè)問中往往會有如下字樣:infer, imply, implicit, most reasonably, must also be true等。
3)Assumption(假設(shè)型)
要求找出使原題結(jié)論成立的假設(shè)。常見的問法為:
a)Which one of the following is an assumption that, if true, would support the conclusion in the passage above?
b) Which of the following most accurately states an assumption that the author must make insgroupsto advance the argument above?
c)The author depends upon which of the following to draw his/her conclusion?
d)On arguing his/her conclusion the author relies on……
解題的關(guān)鍵是找出結(jié)論與論據(jù)之間的缺陷,其它同上。假設(shè)型問題可以分3類:取樣、類比、因果。
4)Strengthen/Weaken(支持/反駁型)
所謂支持/反駁,就是要找出與原題材中的假設(shè)最相一致/違背的選項。與其它類型不同,在解答這種題時,不能排除言辭極端的選項。相反,在面對兩個選項無法決定時,應(yīng)選擇言辭更極端的選項。
常見的問法有:
支持:
a)Which of the following,if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn in the passage above?
b)The argument as it is presented in the passage above would be most strengthened if which of the following were true?
c)The conclusion would be more properly drawn if it were made clear that……
反駁:
a)Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion drawn above?
b)Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest evidence against the above?
c)Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
1、分析題(Analytical reasoning)
第一組分析題1—7個小問題組成。可以按下面這五個步驟操作:
1)讀題,找出所有條件或游戲規(guī)則
2)用符號、圖形表示條件
3)檢查符號、條件是否完整、正確
4)對條件進(jìn)行必要的合并或推導(dǎo)
5)開始解題,各個擊破
解題的關(guān)鍵是第二步,即用符號、圖形正確完整地表示條件。其中要注意以下幾點:
1)每一個因素都由一個單獨(dú)符號表示,如4個M應(yīng)寫成MMMM,而不是4M
2)當(dāng)兩個或多個因素總不在一起時,也應(yīng)相應(yīng)地表示,比如“A空格B”
3)假設(shè)條件(“如果……那么……”)用箭頭表示,“如果”的成分在左,“那么”的成分在右,如“A=>B”
4)遇到難以用符號或圖形表示的條件時,要特別標(biāo)出,以免解題時忘記。
例:
a)in a box of candies, for are brown, three are white, and two are red可以表示為:
BBBB WWW RR (注:B=Brown, W=White, R=Red)
b)Bernice must enter before Erin.可以表示為:B
c)Carol and Sue always sit together.可以表示為:CS或SC
d)If Fred participates, then Greg participates.可以表示為F=>G
e)David cannot attend unless Pamela also attends.可以表示為D=>P
f)Oranges and limes must be displayed on adjacent shelves.可以表示為:OL或LO
需要注意的是,在表示假設(shè)條件時,往往需要把原條件的逆否公式也一并寫出,有利解題。
第四步也很重要。首先要挑出限制最多的因素,這往往是解題的突破口。
當(dāng)現(xiàn)有條件不能直接提供任何解題思路時,則表明條件需要做進(jìn)一步的推導(dǎo)。在解題時還應(yīng)注意到“COULD”和“MUST”的區(qū)別。題干中如包含“COULD”則需要將選項一一排除,而題材干中包含“MUST”則可以直接由條件推導(dǎo)出正確結(jié)果。
2、邏輯單題(Logical reasoning)
單題通常由一段論證和問題組成,測試考生將論證分解并理清各部分之間邏輯關(guān)系的能力。誰由結(jié)論(Conclusion)、論據(jù)(即原題明確說出的證據(jù),Premise)和假設(shè)(即原題中沒有明確說出的證據(jù),Assumption)組成。
解題時先看問題,再讀論證,然后標(biāo)出結(jié)論、論據(jù)和假設(shè)等,最后才開始找答案。結(jié)論一般由這些詞引導(dǎo):therefore, thus, hence, then, consequently, as a result。而論據(jù)則由because, since, if, given that, in view of, assume, suppose等詞引導(dǎo)。
單題中有這樣一些類型:
1)Conclusion(結(jié)論型)
要求重述或補(bǔ)充結(jié)論。一般會這樣設(shè)問:
a)The main point of the passage is that……
b)Which of the following best states the author’s conclusion in the passage above……
c)Which of the following statements is best supported by the statements above?
d)Which of the following best states the author’s main point?
做結(jié)論型題時,應(yīng)排除超越原題內(nèi)容、范圍或文字過于偏激的選項。
2)Inference(演繹型)
要求考生找出原題中的住處所支持的一切觀點。有時它可以和結(jié)論型題重合,有時比后者范圍更廣。這類問題的設(shè)問中往往會有如下字樣:infer, imply, implicit, most reasonably, must also be true等。
3)Assumption(假設(shè)型)
要求找出使原題結(jié)論成立的假設(shè)。常見的問法為:
a)Which one of the following is an assumption that, if true, would support the conclusion in the passage above?
b) Which of the following most accurately states an assumption that the author must make insgroupsto advance the argument above?
c)The author depends upon which of the following to draw his/her conclusion?
d)On arguing his/her conclusion the author relies on……
解題的關(guān)鍵是找出結(jié)論與論據(jù)之間的缺陷,其它同上。假設(shè)型問題可以分3類:取樣、類比、因果。
4)Strengthen/Weaken(支持/反駁型)
所謂支持/反駁,就是要找出與原題材中的假設(shè)最相一致/違背的選項。與其它類型不同,在解答這種題時,不能排除言辭極端的選項。相反,在面對兩個選項無法決定時,應(yīng)選擇言辭更極端的選項。
常見的問法有:
支持:
a)Which of the following,if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn in the passage above?
b)The argument as it is presented in the passage above would be most strengthened if which of the following were true?
c)The conclusion would be more properly drawn if it were made clear that……
反駁:
a)Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion drawn above?
b)Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest evidence against the above?
c)Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?