2000年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題（閱讀部分）
Part IIIReading Comprehension
Directions： Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A， B， C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（40points）
Passage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap， but， if properly handled， it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War， it had a market eight times larger than any competitor， giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best， its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably， the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries， such as consumer electronics， had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left， Zenith.（Now there is none： Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.）Foreignmade cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. Americas machinetool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors， which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age， was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing， and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed！ In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Selfdoubt has yielded to blind pride."American industry has changed its structure， has gone on a diet， has learnt to be more quickwitted，" according to Richard Cavanagh， executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government."It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity，" says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute， a thinktank in Washington， DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."
51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because .
A. it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
B. its domestic market was eight times larger than before
C. the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
D. the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American .
A. TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
B. semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
C. machinetool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
D. auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
53. What can be inferred from the passage？
A. It is human nature to shift between selfdoubt and blind pried.
B. Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
C. The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
D. A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the .
A. turning of the business cycle B. restructuring of industry
C. improved business management D. success in education
Passage 2
Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females， but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity， and among 70yearolds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now， by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that， for the first time， there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important， another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago， the chance of a baby（particularly a boy baby）surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide： stay alive， but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities， very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births， like the age of death， has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again， differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in uppermiddleclass India compared to the tribes.
For us， this means that evolution is over； the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely， it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100，000 years even the pass 100 years our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve， because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution： they "look at an organic being as average looks at a ship， as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were， they will look just like us.
55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph？
A. A lack of mates. B. A fierce competition.
C. A lower survival rate. D. A defective gene.
56. What does the example of India illustrate？
A. Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
B. Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
C. The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
D. India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because .
A. life has been improved by technological advance
B. the number of female babies has been declining
C. our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
D. the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？
A. Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution
B. Ways of Continuing Mans Evolution
C. The Evolutionary Future of Nature
D. Human Evolution Going Nowhere
Passage 3
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion， it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at， for， however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today， it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry， however， the case is rather difficult， for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right， it can hardly be classed as Literature.
This， in brief， is what the Futurist says； for a noise and violence and speed. Consequently， our feelings， thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life， says the Futurist， requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too， if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words， unhampered by stops， or qualifying adjectives， of finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them； we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page， and shorten or lengthen words at will.
Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers： "Puff！ Puff！ A hundred and eightyfive kilograms."
This， though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry， can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same， no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition： that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this： have we essentially changed？
59. This passage is mainly .
A. a survey of new approaches to artB. a review of Futurist poetry
C. about merits of the Futurist movementD. about laws and requirements of literature
60. When a novel literary idea appears， people should try to .
A. determine its purposes B. ignore its flaws
C. follow the new fashions D. accept the principles
61. Futurists claim that we must .
A. increase the production of literature B. use poetry to relieve modern stress
C. develop new modes of expression D. avoid using adjectives and verbs
62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is .
A. based on reasonable principles
B. new and acceptable to ordinary people
C. indicative of basic change in human nature
D. more of a transient phenomenon than literature
Passage 4
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional workmoral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being， but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs， and young people dont know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the maledominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey， it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life， compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition， far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics， Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and selfexpression."Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality， ability， courage or humanity are completely ignored，" says Toshiki Kaifu， chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Partys education committee."Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2， 125 incidents of school violence， including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry， many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama， who was then education minister， raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhad weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".
But that may have more to do with Japanese lifestyles."In Japan，" says educator Yoko Muro， "its never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life， but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization； fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated， twogeneration households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes（travels to and from work）and crowded living conditions， but as the old group and family values weaken， the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade， the Japanese divorce rate， while still well below that of the United States， has increased by more than 50 percent， and suicides have increased by nearly onequarter.
63. In the Westerners eyes， the postwar Japan was .
A. under aimless development B. a positive example
C. a rival to the West D. on the decline
64. According to the author， what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society？
A. Womens participation in social activities is limited.
B. More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
C. Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
D. The lifestyle has been influenced by Western values.
65. Which of the following is true according to the author？
A. Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder
B. Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
C. More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
D. Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
66. The change in Japanese lifestyle is revealed in the fact that .
A. the young are less tolerant of discomforts in the fact that
B. the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
C. the Japanese endure more than ever before
D. the Japanese appreciate their present life
Passage 5
If ambition is to be well regarded， the rewards of ambition health， distinction， control over ones destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality， it must be widely shared； and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired， the educated not least among them. In an odd way， however， it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition - if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this， a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes， European travel， BMWs. The locations， place names and name brands may change， but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams， as easily and openly as once they could， lest they be thought pushing， acquisitive and vulgar. Instead， we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles， which now more than ever seem in ample supply： the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home； the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in threestar restaurants； the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life， whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional， the proper formulation is，"Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles； its public defenders are few and unimpressive， where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result， the support for ambition as a healthy impulse， a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young， is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end， that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings， but only that， no longer openly honored， it is less openly underground， or made sly. Such， then， is the way things stand： on the left angry critics， on the right stupid supporters， and in the middle， as usual， the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.
67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if .
A. its returns well compensate for the sacrifices
B. it is rewarded with money， fame and power
C. its goals are spiritual rather than material
D. it is shared by the rich and the famous
68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is .
A. customary of the educated to discard ambition in words
B. too late to check ambition once it has been let out
C. dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal
D. impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition
69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because .
A. they think of it as immoral
B. their pursuits are not fame or wealth
C. ambition is not closely related to material benefits
D. they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible
70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained .
A. secretly and vigorouslyB. openly and enthusiastically
C. easily and momentarilyD. verbally and spiritually
51. 「C」問題是：二戰(zhàn)后美國取得了優(yōu)勢是因為
文章第1段第2句指出二戰(zhàn)后，美國進入一個欣欣向榮的時期，它擁有8倍于其他任何一個競爭國家的市場，工業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展到空前規(guī)模，它擁有世界上秀的科學(xué)家和最熟練的工人。下一句作者又指出美國的繁榮和美國人富裕水平是歐洲人和亞洲人做夢也想不到的，因為戰(zhàn)爭摧毀了他們的經(jīng)濟。從這句可以推斷出美國之所以有這么大的優(yōu)勢，是因為在經(jīng)歷了二戰(zhàn)之后惟有它的經(jīng)濟毫無損傷。這與C項內(nèi)容相符。A，D項文中沒有提到，B項內(nèi)容是美國取得優(yōu)勢的一個特征，而不是取得優(yōu)勢的原因。
52. 「D」問題是：在80年代，美國在世界經(jīng)濟競爭中失去她的優(yōu)勢，這主要表現(xiàn)在美國
文章第2段第1、2句作者講到面臨著其他國家經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇，在對手面前，美國逐漸失去她的優(yōu)勢。隨后作者在不同工業(yè)領(lǐng)域中一一給出例子，先是電視。到1987 年為止，美國僅存的電視制造商只有Zenith一家了（現(xiàn)在已蕩然無存：Zenith于7月份被韓國LG公司收購）。這里并沒有提到美國電視失去國際市場。事實上，它連國內(nèi)市場也無法保證。B項不對，因為第2段最后一句，作者提到半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)似乎將會成為最后一個受害者。C項也不對，因為第2段提到了機床制造業(yè)也在走鋼絲（on the ropes）。這表明，他正在失去國內(nèi)外市場，并沒有提到其自取滅亡。
53. 「B」問題是：從本文可以推斷出
第3段提到，嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實使美國人失去了自信，他們不再認(rèn)為繁榮是自然而然的事，他們開始認(rèn)識到自己的經(jīng)營方式存在嚴(yán)重的問題。在80年代中期，他們開始探討美國經(jīng)濟衰退的原因。他們有時有些驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)，其中往往提示人們警惕外來競爭。第4段提到了90年代的經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇。其中的含義是：在競爭的壓力下，美國人在80年代進行了自我反思和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，因此帶來了90年代的經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇。因此選B：高度競爭導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟成功。
54. 「A」問題是：作者似乎認(rèn)為90年代美國經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇可以歸功于
文章第4段第2句，作者講到，對于90年代美國經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇，美國人不認(rèn)為這是美元貶值或經(jīng)濟周期所直接帶來的。緊接著在下一句，作者對這種看法給予了批評，盲目驕傲戰(zhàn)勝了自疑。很明顯，對于90年代經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇原因的這個問題，作者肯定了大多數(shù)美國人所否定的，即A項內(nèi)容。
長期而輕而易舉取得的成功有可能是一種缺陷，但是如果處理得當(dāng)，它也可能變成一種動力。二戰(zhàn)后美國就進入了這樣一段輝煌的時期：它的市場比競爭對手的要大八倍，為它的工業(yè)提供了無法比擬的集約效應(yīng)。它擁有全世界的科學(xué)家和最熟練的技術(shù)工人。美國和美國人民的繁榮是歐洲和亞洲那些經(jīng)濟被戰(zhàn)爭嚴(yán)重摧毀的國家做夢都想象不到的。
當(dāng)然，不可避免的，隨著其他國家逐漸富強起來，美國的這種優(yōu)勢在逐漸縮小，而優(yōu)勢的喪失不免會令人痛苦。到了80年代中期，美國人發(fā)現(xiàn)他們在工業(yè)上的競爭力日益減少，而他們也無計可施。一些美國工業(yè)的巨頭，例如電子工業(yè)，在外國的競爭之下縮小或消失。到1987年只剩下Zenith一家美國電視制造商（現(xiàn)在連這一家也沒有了，韓國LG電子公司在7月份收購了Zenith）。外國生產(chǎn)的汽車和紡織品席卷美國內(nèi)市場；美國的機床產(chǎn)業(yè)岌岌可危；半導(dǎo)體，這種由美國發(fā)明并處于電腦時代核心位置的產(chǎn)業(yè)，一度也似乎即將成為下一個犧牲者。
這些情況導(dǎo)致了美國人的信心危機：他們不再認(rèn)為繁榮是理所當(dāng)然。他們開始認(rèn)為自己做生意的方式失敗了，因此他們的收入會很快開始減少。80年代中期，對美國工業(yè)滑坡原因的探討一個接著一個，偶爾出現(xiàn)的驚閃發(fā)現(xiàn)都充斥著對外國不斷增強的競爭力的警告。
世事真是變化無常！到了1995年，美國回顧著過去五年的持續(xù)增長，而日本開始了掙扎。很少有美國人把這僅僅歸結(jié)于向美元貶值或商業(yè)周期變化這樣顯而易見的原因。不自信變成了盲目自大。哈佛大學(xué)肯尼迪學(xué)院院長Richard Cavanagh認(rèn)為："美國的工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了變化，精簡了機構(gòu)，頭腦也更靈活了。"華盛頓智囊團的一員，Cato機構(gòu)的Stephen Moore說："看到我們不斷提高的生產(chǎn)力，我為自己身為其中一員而自豪。"哈佛商學(xué)院的William Sahlman認(rèn)為，在人們回顧這段歷史時，會認(rèn)為它是"美國經(jīng)濟管理的黃金時代".
55. 「C」問題是：過去身為男人的危險是什么
從第一段我們知道，在過去男人的死亡率要比女人高，所以答案是C.
56. 「B」問題是：文中那個印度的例子說明了什么？
這道題主要是考察對文中第二段最后一句話的理解（請參看譯文）。選項B意思為自然選擇在窮人和富人之間幾乎發(fā)揮不了什么作用了。
57. 「A」問題是：作者認(rèn)為我們的身體停止了進化是因為什么？
最后一段三、四行的一句話是答案的關(guān)鍵——"We did not evolve， because machines and society did it for us".這句話的意思是我們沒有進化，是因為機器和社會的進化替代我們的進化。故此題選A，意為生活被技術(shù)革新所改善。
58. 「D」問題是：哪一個是本文最恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題？
本文在開頭由過去男性的死亡率高的問題引入到現(xiàn)在的男性死亡率已下降，試圖說明人類進化的一個手段已消失（第一段最后一句話）；第二段從人們養(yǎng)育子女的熱情逐步走向低潮，從另外一個角度說明人類已放緩進化（第二段第一句話）。而最后一段則集中討論了為什么人類自身會停止進化，原因在于機器和社會取代了我們的進化。所以此題的答案是D（人類進化原地止步）。
身為男人一直是一件危險的事情。出生時，男女嬰兒的比例是105∶100，但到接近成年時，這個比例已經(jīng)下降到接近平等了，而到了70多歲的時候，女人的數(shù)量是男人的兩倍。但是男性死亡這一普遍現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)得到了改變?，F(xiàn)在，男嬰和女嬰的存活率是一樣高的。這就意味著，到了婚配年齡時，男人的數(shù)量會第一次多于女人的數(shù)量。更重要的一點是，自然選擇的另一個機會已經(jīng)不存在了。五十年前，嬰兒（尤其是男嬰）的存活主要取決于它的體重。比正常體重一公斤或輕一公斤幾乎都意味著死亡，而今天體重已經(jīng)沒有什么意義了。由于體重的差別主要是由基因決定的，進化的一個手段已經(jīng)喪失了。
人們生存下去，但養(yǎng)育的子女減少了，這也是停止進化的又一個表現(xiàn)?，F(xiàn)在人的生育欲望不如以前的人。除非是在一些宗教團體中，很少有女人會生15個孩子。如今新生兒的數(shù)目就像死亡年齡一樣已經(jīng)趨向平均了。我們大多數(shù)人的子女?dāng)?shù)目都差不多。因此，人于人之間的不同，以及因此而導(dǎo)致的自然選擇的機會也縮小了。印度發(fā)生的事情就是很好的例子。在印度的大城市里，有少數(shù)的富裕階層，但其他的部落人群還處于貧困之中?？墒窃诮裉?，一切都是平等的——每個人存活的機會相同，生育子女的數(shù)目也相同——這意味著，相對于部落人群來說，在印度的中上層階層中自然選擇已經(jīng)喪失了80%的力量。
對我們來說，這意味著自然選擇已經(jīng)不起作用了，生物界的烏托邦時代到來了。但奇怪的是，我們的身體卻沒發(fā)生什么變化。自然界里再沒有別的生物能占據(jù)如此廣闊的空間。但是在過去的十萬年中——即使是在過去的一百年里——我們的生活方式雖然發(fā)生了改變，但我們的身體卻沒有變化。我們沒有進化，這是因為我們的社會和機器代替我們進化了。達爾文有一句話形容那些對進化無知的人，說：他們"看待一個有機生命體就好像野人看待一條船，好像看待一件他們完全無法理解的事情。"毫無疑問，我們會記得20世紀(jì)的生活方式，而不用理解它丑陋的一面。我們的后代也許會驚異于我們離理想社會如此之遠，但不論他們?nèi)绾纬泽@，他們長的和我們還是完全一樣。
59. 「B」問題是：本篇文章主要講的是。
文章第1段的最后一句作者便開門見山地指出，"無論未來派詩歌是什么東西——即使承認(rèn)其理論根據(jù)是正確的，還是很難將它歸入文學(xué)作品。"第2段作者對什么是未來派詩歌和它倡導(dǎo)者所提倡的作了一番敘說。第3段和第4段作者舉實例對它進行批評。本文不難看出是一篇文學(xué)評論，即B項內(nèi)容。"Review"有 "analysis， examining， critique"等意思。
60. 「A」問題是：當(dāng)新的文學(xué)思想出臺時，人們應(yīng)當(dāng)試著去。
文章第一段第一句指出，每當(dāng)一個新藝術(shù)思潮達到一定流行程度時，（在評價它之前）先找出倡導(dǎo)者的目的，因為，無論其（創(chuàng)作）原則在今天看來可能是多么不著邊際，多么荒謬，但是在未來它也許會被看做是正常的東西。B項文中沒有提到；C，D項內(nèi)容與作者意圖剛好相反。
61. 「C」問題是：未來派聲稱我們必須。
文章第2段簡述了什么是未來派和他們所提倡的，如詩中不注入大量關(guān)鍵詞匯，不帶標(biāo)點符號，沒有修飾形容詞和限定動詞；還有與其形容聲音，干脆不如造象聲詞，在同一頁面隨意寫上不同大小、不同顏色的字。D項內(nèi)容，是這種新表達方式的具體表現(xiàn)。C項內(nèi)容包括了全部，故選C
62. 「D」問題是：作者認(rèn)為未來派詩歌是。
文章第1段作者便指出，未來派詩歌屬不正常的（not normal）的東西，而且不可以被視為文學(xué)作品。在第3段作者舉例引證了未來派所提倡的"新表達方式"的可笑 （Puff！ Puff！ A hundred and eightyfive kilograms）。文章結(jié)尾，作者指出，我們情感生活的巨大變化的確要求我們表達方式的變化。但問題是：我們本質(zhì)上來說真的發(fā)生了變化嗎？這是一個反問句，其目的是強調(diào)作者的立場。很顯然，作者認(rèn)為未來派詩歌與其說是文學(xué)，不如說是一種短暫的現(xiàn)象，即D項。
當(dāng)藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的一項新的運動開始形成風(fēng)尚的時候，人們應(yīng)該留心一下倡導(dǎo)者的用意何在。因為不論現(xiàn)在看來它的原則是多么的牽強和不可理喻，很有可能幾年后它就變成了很正常的東西。但是，對于未來派詩歌，事情就很難辦了，因為不論怎樣——即使承認(rèn)它的理論基礎(chǔ)是正確的——我們也很難把這種東西稱之為文學(xué)。
下面就簡單介紹一下未來派詩人的觀點：一個世紀(jì)以來，人類的生活狀況被加速了，我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個充滿喧囂、暴力和速度的世界里。因此，我們的感覺、思想和情感也經(jīng)受了相應(yīng)的變化，而加速了的生活需要一種新的表達方式。如果想詮釋現(xiàn)代社會的壓力，那么我們的文學(xué)也必須加速。我們必須盡情傾吐最能表示我們感覺的詞句，中間沒有停頓，沒有修飾性的形容詞和限定動詞。我們必須創(chuàng)造出新的詞語來模擬聲音，而不是描繪聲音；在同一書頁上，我們要使用不同的字體、不同的顏色，隨意加長或縮短單詞。
這些詩人對戰(zhàn)爭的描寫是混亂的。有一首詩的注解說，詩中有一句話描寫的是一位土耳其軍官和一位保加利亞軍官在一座橋上的戰(zhàn)斗，最后他們都掉進了橋下的河里。結(jié)果在讀這句話的時候，發(fā)現(xiàn)描寫了他們掉進河里的聲音和兩位軍官的重量："啪啦哧！啪啦哧（創(chuàng)造出的模擬聲音的詞）！一百八十五公斤！"
這首詩盡管符合未來派詩歌的要求和原則，但我們很難把它稱為文學(xué)。同樣，盡管任何有思想的人都無法拒絕他們的主張：我們的感情生活起了巨大的變化，因此我們的表達方式也應(yīng)有所改變，但問題是：我們真的變了嗎？
63. 「B」問題是：在西方人眼中，戰(zhàn)后的日本是。
文章第1段第1句，作者便指出"戰(zhàn)后，日本的目標(biāo)明確，生產(chǎn)率與和諧的社會狀態(tài)是美國和歐洲所羨慕的。" 即B項內(nèi)容。"a positive example"，一個好的榜樣。A，D項內(nèi)容與第1段內(nèi)容剛好相反；C項內(nèi)容文中沒有提及。
64. 「D」問題是：根據(jù)作者，造成日本社會道德價值觀淪喪的主要原因是。
文章第3段作者指出，日本教育界對道德教育的忽視，從而造成了日本青年輟學(xué)和目無法紀(jì)等現(xiàn)象。此外，作者還引用了去年案例來進行補充說明。第3段，6～7 行，"許多人在大聲疾呼；許多保守派領(lǐng)袖試圖回到戰(zhàn)前日本對道德教育極其重視的老路。" 作者最后引用了Mitsuo Setoyama教育部長的一句話。很明顯，根據(jù)Mitsuo Setoyama，日本社會道德價值觀淪喪，這一切很大程度上歸因于生活方式受西方價值觀的影響，即D項內(nèi)容。
65. 「C」問題是：根據(jù)作者，以下哪一項是正確的？
文章第3段第1、2句，作者引用自民黨教育委員會主席Toshiki Kaifu的話，指出日本單方面的過于強調(diào)考試和機械化的學(xué)習(xí)，而忽略了創(chuàng)造力、自我表達方面的培養(yǎng)，并且個性、能力、勇氣、仁愛等在試卷中是看不出來的，只有C項內(nèi)容是正確的。
66. 「A」問題是：日本人生活方式的變化顯現(xiàn)在。
文章第4段作者舉例，城市居民長期以來，一直承受著上下班時間長和生活環(huán)境擁擠的折磨；但是隨著舊有的團體和家庭價值觀的瓦解，困難開始表面化了。以此可以推出，現(xiàn)在的日本人比起以前的日本人更難以忍受生活中的艱苦，即A項內(nèi)容。
戰(zhàn)后的日本目標(biāo)明確，生產(chǎn)力水平和社會融洽的程度都令美國和歐洲國家羨慕。但是現(xiàn)在，日本人那種"勞動是美德"的傳統(tǒng)觀念逐漸退化了。十年前，年輕人把工作視為生活的主要原因，但現(xiàn)在日本已經(jīng)基本滿足了經(jīng)濟上的需要，年輕人也不知道下一步該做些什么了。
戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期誕生的嬰兒都已經(jīng)到了工作年齡，再加上婦女如今也進入了本來由男性統(tǒng)治的職業(yè)市場，這使得青少年的機會大大縮小了。他們本來就已經(jīng)抱怨在日本社會里要想上好學(xué)校、取得好工作就必須要爬上森嚴(yán)的社會階梯，所以個人必須做出很多犧牲。在最近的一次調(diào)查統(tǒng)計中，只有24.5%的日本學(xué)生對學(xué)校生活完全滿意，而在美國有67.2%的學(xué)生表示滿意。而且，和其他10個被調(diào)查的國家的工人相比，太多的日本工人表示對自己的工作不滿意。
盡管外國人經(jīng)常表揚日本人重視基礎(chǔ)教育，但是日本的教育傾向于重視考試和機械式的學(xué)習(xí)，而不重視培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造性和表達自己的見解。執(zhí)政的自民黨教育委員會主席 Toshiki Kaifu說："那些沒有反映在考試成績上的東西——性格、能力、勇氣和仁愛——都被忽略了。由于在這些方面受到挫折，很多孩子輟學(xué)或?qū)W壞了。"去年日本就發(fā)生了2125起校園暴力事件，其中包括929起攻擊教師的事件?，F(xiàn)在許多人在大聲疾呼；很多保守黨領(lǐng)袖試圖回到戰(zhàn)前那種重視德育的情況。去年，當(dāng)時的教育部長Mitsuo Setoyama大為光火，認(rèn)為二戰(zhàn)后由美國占領(lǐng)引入的自由改革削弱了"日本人尊重父母的道德觀".
但這可能和日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大。教育家Yoko Muro說："在日本，你是否喜歡你的工作和生活從來不是問題，問題是你究竟能忍受多少。"隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的集中化，在日本的一億一千九百萬國民中，有 76%的人住在城市里，幾代同堂的大家庭和社區(qū)已經(jīng)被獨立的、主要由兩代人組成的小家庭所取代。城市居民長期以來一直承受著上下班時間長和環(huán)境擁擠的折磨。但是隨著舊有的團體和家庭觀念的削弱，這些不便之處也開始顯現(xiàn)出來。在過去十年中，日本的離婚率雖然仍遠遠低于美國的離婚率，但已經(jīng)增長了50%還多，自殺的比率也增長了將近25%.
67. 「A」問題是：大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為 "野心"可被看作是好事，如果。
文章第一段作者暗示到（言外之意），只有樹立雄心壯志，并為實現(xiàn)雄心壯志作出努力和犧牲，收到的回報就會大于做出的犧牲，使你感到?jīng)]有白白地做出犧牲。這與選項A基本同義。B，C，D都有片面之處，不可以總結(jié)作者對這個問題的表述。
68. 「A」問題是：文章第1段最后一句，很有可能暗示。
文章第一段最后一句的前半句指責(zé)這些人都是虛偽的，后半句是一個比喻。意為：他是野心的受益者，但又虛偽地否認(rèn)擁有野心的重要性。這與A項相同。
69. 「D」問題是：有一些人從不公開承認(rèn)他們有 "野心"是因為。
文章根據(jù)第2段第3句，事實是：人們不坦陳自己的夢想，不像從前一樣容易公開承認(rèn)夢想，以防被人看作是愛出風(fēng)頭的、貪婪庸俗的人。B，C項與作者所持觀點相反。事實上，在第1-2段中，作者多處指出，物質(zhì)利益或名望是大多數(shù)人"野心"的動機和目的。A項中 "immoral"，"不道德"這個詞太重，不適合表達作者本意。
70. 「B」問題是：從最后一段可以得出的結(jié)論是： "野心"應(yīng)當(dāng)保持。
文章以人們對自己或他人的"野心"不健康的處理、開始、發(fā)展到結(jié)束。在最后一段4至5句，作者點明由于人們不公開表達自己的野心，就產(chǎn)生一些不良后果，有些野心就成為暗中擁有的東西，使人變得狡黠。由此得出，作者的結(jié)論是：對于"野心"，我們應(yīng)該保持一個積極的心態(tài)而不是刻意地去隱瞞它，即B項內(nèi)容。
如果想使人們對野心產(chǎn)生好感，那么必須認(rèn)為野心獲得的回報——財富、名望、對自己命運的主宰——都是值得為其做出犧牲的。如果想使野心這一傳統(tǒng)獲得活力，那么它必須得到眾多人的認(rèn)可，尤其是得到那些本身就受人羨慕的人的尊敬，特別是其中受過教育的人。然而，令人奇怪的是，正是這些受過教育的人宣稱他們放棄了野心。而正是他們從野心中獲益最多——也許不是他們親身獲益，那也是他們的父母或祖父母從中獲益。他們的宣稱有很重要的虛偽成分，就好像等馬都跑光了才去關(guān)上馬廄的門，而騎在馬背上的，正是那些受過教育的人。
當(dāng)然，今天的人們和過去相比，對成功及其標(biāo)志的興趣并沒有減少。度假別墅、歐洲之旅、寶馬轎車——這些場所、地名和品牌的名字可能會改變，但對類似東西的需求，在今天和在十年前或者兩年前相比，并沒有減少。事實是，人們再也無法像以前那樣輕易地、坦白地承認(rèn)自己的夢想，因為怕別人說他們有野心、追求物質(zhì)、粗俗。于是，我們戴上了精致的偽君子的眼鏡，這種眼鏡現(xiàn)在比以前更多了。例如：批評美國人過于追求物質(zhì)利益的批評家，在南安浦頓有座度假別墅；出版激進書籍的出版商經(jīng)常在三飯店用餐；鼓吹在生活各方面都應(yīng)人人共享民主的記者，卻把孩子送進了私立學(xué)校。對這些人，還有其他很多更平常一些的人來說，合適的表達應(yīng)該是，"不惜一切獲得成功，但不要表現(xiàn)得太有野心。"
從各個不同的角度對野心進行的攻擊很多，但在公開場合支持它的很少，也沒有給人留下什么印象，雖然這些支持的聲音并不是完全沒有吸引力。結(jié)果，那些支持野心的人，認(rèn)為它是一種健康的推動力，一種值得欽佩的品質(zhì)，應(yīng)該深深地印在年輕人的腦海里的人，比美國歷的任何時期都要少。這并不意味著野心已經(jīng)走到了終點，人們再也感覺不到它的激勵和鼓動了，只是現(xiàn)在人們再也不公開對它表示敬意，再也不公開承認(rèn)了。當(dāng)然，這帶來的結(jié)果是，野心被趕入了地下，變得偷偷摸摸。于是，事情就變成了這樣：左面站著憤怒的批評家，右面站著愚蠢的支持者，而就像通常一樣，站在中間的是大多數(shù)人，熱切地盼望著發(fā)跡的那一天。
Part IIIReading Comprehension
Directions： Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A， B， C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（40points）
Passage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap， but， if properly handled， it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War， it had a market eight times larger than any competitor， giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best， its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably， the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries， such as consumer electronics， had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left， Zenith.（Now there is none： Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.）Foreignmade cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. Americas machinetool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors， which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age， was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing， and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed！ In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Selfdoubt has yielded to blind pride."American industry has changed its structure， has gone on a diet， has learnt to be more quickwitted，" according to Richard Cavanagh， executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government."It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity，" says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute， a thinktank in Washington， DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."
51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because .
A. it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
B. its domestic market was eight times larger than before
C. the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
D. the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American .
A. TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
B. semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
C. machinetool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
D. auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
53. What can be inferred from the passage？
A. It is human nature to shift between selfdoubt and blind pried.
B. Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
C. The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
D. A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the .
A. turning of the business cycle B. restructuring of industry
C. improved business management D. success in education
Passage 2
Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females， but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity， and among 70yearolds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now， by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that， for the first time， there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important， another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago， the chance of a baby（particularly a boy baby）surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide： stay alive， but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities， very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births， like the age of death， has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again， differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in uppermiddleclass India compared to the tribes.
For us， this means that evolution is over； the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely， it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100，000 years even the pass 100 years our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve， because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution： they "look at an organic being as average looks at a ship， as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were， they will look just like us.
55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph？
A. A lack of mates. B. A fierce competition.
C. A lower survival rate. D. A defective gene.
56. What does the example of India illustrate？
A. Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
B. Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
C. The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
D. India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because .
A. life has been improved by technological advance
B. the number of female babies has been declining
C. our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
D. the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？
A. Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution
B. Ways of Continuing Mans Evolution
C. The Evolutionary Future of Nature
D. Human Evolution Going Nowhere
Passage 3
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion， it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at， for， however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today， it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry， however， the case is rather difficult， for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right， it can hardly be classed as Literature.
This， in brief， is what the Futurist says； for a noise and violence and speed. Consequently， our feelings， thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life， says the Futurist， requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too， if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words， unhampered by stops， or qualifying adjectives， of finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them； we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page， and shorten or lengthen words at will.
Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers： "Puff！ Puff！ A hundred and eightyfive kilograms."
This， though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry， can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same， no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition： that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this： have we essentially changed？
59. This passage is mainly .
A. a survey of new approaches to artB. a review of Futurist poetry
C. about merits of the Futurist movementD. about laws and requirements of literature
60. When a novel literary idea appears， people should try to .
A. determine its purposes B. ignore its flaws
C. follow the new fashions D. accept the principles
61. Futurists claim that we must .
A. increase the production of literature B. use poetry to relieve modern stress
C. develop new modes of expression D. avoid using adjectives and verbs
62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is .
A. based on reasonable principles
B. new and acceptable to ordinary people
C. indicative of basic change in human nature
D. more of a transient phenomenon than literature
Passage 4
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional workmoral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being， but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs， and young people dont know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the maledominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey， it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life， compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition， far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics， Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and selfexpression."Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality， ability， courage or humanity are completely ignored，" says Toshiki Kaifu， chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Partys education committee."Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2， 125 incidents of school violence， including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry， many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama， who was then education minister， raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhad weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".
But that may have more to do with Japanese lifestyles."In Japan，" says educator Yoko Muro， "its never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life， but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization； fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated， twogeneration households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes（travels to and from work）and crowded living conditions， but as the old group and family values weaken， the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade， the Japanese divorce rate， while still well below that of the United States， has increased by more than 50 percent， and suicides have increased by nearly onequarter.
63. In the Westerners eyes， the postwar Japan was .
A. under aimless development B. a positive example
C. a rival to the West D. on the decline
64. According to the author， what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society？
A. Womens participation in social activities is limited.
B. More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
C. Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
D. The lifestyle has been influenced by Western values.
65. Which of the following is true according to the author？
A. Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder
B. Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
C. More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
D. Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
66. The change in Japanese lifestyle is revealed in the fact that .
A. the young are less tolerant of discomforts in the fact that
B. the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
C. the Japanese endure more than ever before
D. the Japanese appreciate their present life
Passage 5
If ambition is to be well regarded， the rewards of ambition health， distinction， control over ones destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality， it must be widely shared； and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired， the educated not least among them. In an odd way， however， it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition - if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this， a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes， European travel， BMWs. The locations， place names and name brands may change， but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams， as easily and openly as once they could， lest they be thought pushing， acquisitive and vulgar. Instead， we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles， which now more than ever seem in ample supply： the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home； the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in threestar restaurants； the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life， whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional， the proper formulation is，"Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles； its public defenders are few and unimpressive， where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result， the support for ambition as a healthy impulse， a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young， is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end， that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings， but only that， no longer openly honored， it is less openly underground， or made sly. Such， then， is the way things stand： on the left angry critics， on the right stupid supporters， and in the middle， as usual， the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.
67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if .
A. its returns well compensate for the sacrifices
B. it is rewarded with money， fame and power
C. its goals are spiritual rather than material
D. it is shared by the rich and the famous
68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is .
A. customary of the educated to discard ambition in words
B. too late to check ambition once it has been let out
C. dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal
D. impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition
69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because .
A. they think of it as immoral
B. their pursuits are not fame or wealth
C. ambition is not closely related to material benefits
D. they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible
70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained .
A. secretly and vigorouslyB. openly and enthusiastically
C. easily and momentarilyD. verbally and spiritually
51. 「C」問題是：二戰(zhàn)后美國取得了優(yōu)勢是因為
文章第1段第2句指出二戰(zhàn)后，美國進入一個欣欣向榮的時期，它擁有8倍于其他任何一個競爭國家的市場，工業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展到空前規(guī)模，它擁有世界上秀的科學(xué)家和最熟練的工人。下一句作者又指出美國的繁榮和美國人富裕水平是歐洲人和亞洲人做夢也想不到的，因為戰(zhàn)爭摧毀了他們的經(jīng)濟。從這句可以推斷出美國之所以有這么大的優(yōu)勢，是因為在經(jīng)歷了二戰(zhàn)之后惟有它的經(jīng)濟毫無損傷。這與C項內(nèi)容相符。A，D項文中沒有提到，B項內(nèi)容是美國取得優(yōu)勢的一個特征，而不是取得優(yōu)勢的原因。
52. 「D」問題是：在80年代，美國在世界經(jīng)濟競爭中失去她的優(yōu)勢，這主要表現(xiàn)在美國
文章第2段第1、2句作者講到面臨著其他國家經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇，在對手面前，美國逐漸失去她的優(yōu)勢。隨后作者在不同工業(yè)領(lǐng)域中一一給出例子，先是電視。到1987 年為止，美國僅存的電視制造商只有Zenith一家了（現(xiàn)在已蕩然無存：Zenith于7月份被韓國LG公司收購）。這里并沒有提到美國電視失去國際市場。事實上，它連國內(nèi)市場也無法保證。B項不對，因為第2段最后一句，作者提到半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)似乎將會成為最后一個受害者。C項也不對，因為第2段提到了機床制造業(yè)也在走鋼絲（on the ropes）。這表明，他正在失去國內(nèi)外市場，并沒有提到其自取滅亡。
53. 「B」問題是：從本文可以推斷出
第3段提到，嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實使美國人失去了自信，他們不再認(rèn)為繁榮是自然而然的事，他們開始認(rèn)識到自己的經(jīng)營方式存在嚴(yán)重的問題。在80年代中期，他們開始探討美國經(jīng)濟衰退的原因。他們有時有些驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)，其中往往提示人們警惕外來競爭。第4段提到了90年代的經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇。其中的含義是：在競爭的壓力下，美國人在80年代進行了自我反思和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，因此帶來了90年代的經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇。因此選B：高度競爭導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟成功。
54. 「A」問題是：作者似乎認(rèn)為90年代美國經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇可以歸功于
文章第4段第2句，作者講到，對于90年代美國經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇，美國人不認(rèn)為這是美元貶值或經(jīng)濟周期所直接帶來的。緊接著在下一句，作者對這種看法給予了批評，盲目驕傲戰(zhàn)勝了自疑。很明顯，對于90年代經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇原因的這個問題，作者肯定了大多數(shù)美國人所否定的，即A項內(nèi)容。
長期而輕而易舉取得的成功有可能是一種缺陷，但是如果處理得當(dāng)，它也可能變成一種動力。二戰(zhàn)后美國就進入了這樣一段輝煌的時期：它的市場比競爭對手的要大八倍，為它的工業(yè)提供了無法比擬的集約效應(yīng)。它擁有全世界的科學(xué)家和最熟練的技術(shù)工人。美國和美國人民的繁榮是歐洲和亞洲那些經(jīng)濟被戰(zhàn)爭嚴(yán)重摧毀的國家做夢都想象不到的。
當(dāng)然，不可避免的，隨著其他國家逐漸富強起來，美國的這種優(yōu)勢在逐漸縮小，而優(yōu)勢的喪失不免會令人痛苦。到了80年代中期，美國人發(fā)現(xiàn)他們在工業(yè)上的競爭力日益減少，而他們也無計可施。一些美國工業(yè)的巨頭，例如電子工業(yè)，在外國的競爭之下縮小或消失。到1987年只剩下Zenith一家美國電視制造商（現(xiàn)在連這一家也沒有了，韓國LG電子公司在7月份收購了Zenith）。外國生產(chǎn)的汽車和紡織品席卷美國內(nèi)市場；美國的機床產(chǎn)業(yè)岌岌可危；半導(dǎo)體，這種由美國發(fā)明并處于電腦時代核心位置的產(chǎn)業(yè)，一度也似乎即將成為下一個犧牲者。
這些情況導(dǎo)致了美國人的信心危機：他們不再認(rèn)為繁榮是理所當(dāng)然。他們開始認(rèn)為自己做生意的方式失敗了，因此他們的收入會很快開始減少。80年代中期，對美國工業(yè)滑坡原因的探討一個接著一個，偶爾出現(xiàn)的驚閃發(fā)現(xiàn)都充斥著對外國不斷增強的競爭力的警告。
世事真是變化無常！到了1995年，美國回顧著過去五年的持續(xù)增長，而日本開始了掙扎。很少有美國人把這僅僅歸結(jié)于向美元貶值或商業(yè)周期變化這樣顯而易見的原因。不自信變成了盲目自大。哈佛大學(xué)肯尼迪學(xué)院院長Richard Cavanagh認(rèn)為："美國的工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了變化，精簡了機構(gòu)，頭腦也更靈活了。"華盛頓智囊團的一員，Cato機構(gòu)的Stephen Moore說："看到我們不斷提高的生產(chǎn)力，我為自己身為其中一員而自豪。"哈佛商學(xué)院的William Sahlman認(rèn)為，在人們回顧這段歷史時，會認(rèn)為它是"美國經(jīng)濟管理的黃金時代".
55. 「C」問題是：過去身為男人的危險是什么
從第一段我們知道，在過去男人的死亡率要比女人高，所以答案是C.
56. 「B」問題是：文中那個印度的例子說明了什么？
這道題主要是考察對文中第二段最后一句話的理解（請參看譯文）。選項B意思為自然選擇在窮人和富人之間幾乎發(fā)揮不了什么作用了。
57. 「A」問題是：作者認(rèn)為我們的身體停止了進化是因為什么？
最后一段三、四行的一句話是答案的關(guān)鍵——"We did not evolve， because machines and society did it for us".這句話的意思是我們沒有進化，是因為機器和社會的進化替代我們的進化。故此題選A，意為生活被技術(shù)革新所改善。
58. 「D」問題是：哪一個是本文最恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題？
本文在開頭由過去男性的死亡率高的問題引入到現(xiàn)在的男性死亡率已下降，試圖說明人類進化的一個手段已消失（第一段最后一句話）；第二段從人們養(yǎng)育子女的熱情逐步走向低潮，從另外一個角度說明人類已放緩進化（第二段第一句話）。而最后一段則集中討論了為什么人類自身會停止進化，原因在于機器和社會取代了我們的進化。所以此題的答案是D（人類進化原地止步）。
身為男人一直是一件危險的事情。出生時，男女嬰兒的比例是105∶100，但到接近成年時，這個比例已經(jīng)下降到接近平等了，而到了70多歲的時候，女人的數(shù)量是男人的兩倍。但是男性死亡這一普遍現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)得到了改變?，F(xiàn)在，男嬰和女嬰的存活率是一樣高的。這就意味著，到了婚配年齡時，男人的數(shù)量會第一次多于女人的數(shù)量。更重要的一點是，自然選擇的另一個機會已經(jīng)不存在了。五十年前，嬰兒（尤其是男嬰）的存活主要取決于它的體重。比正常體重一公斤或輕一公斤幾乎都意味著死亡，而今天體重已經(jīng)沒有什么意義了。由于體重的差別主要是由基因決定的，進化的一個手段已經(jīng)喪失了。
人們生存下去，但養(yǎng)育的子女減少了，這也是停止進化的又一個表現(xiàn)?，F(xiàn)在人的生育欲望不如以前的人。除非是在一些宗教團體中，很少有女人會生15個孩子。如今新生兒的數(shù)目就像死亡年齡一樣已經(jīng)趨向平均了。我們大多數(shù)人的子女?dāng)?shù)目都差不多。因此，人于人之間的不同，以及因此而導(dǎo)致的自然選擇的機會也縮小了。印度發(fā)生的事情就是很好的例子。在印度的大城市里，有少數(shù)的富裕階層，但其他的部落人群還處于貧困之中?？墒窃诮裉?，一切都是平等的——每個人存活的機會相同，生育子女的數(shù)目也相同——這意味著，相對于部落人群來說，在印度的中上層階層中自然選擇已經(jīng)喪失了80%的力量。
對我們來說，這意味著自然選擇已經(jīng)不起作用了，生物界的烏托邦時代到來了。但奇怪的是，我們的身體卻沒發(fā)生什么變化。自然界里再沒有別的生物能占據(jù)如此廣闊的空間。但是在過去的十萬年中——即使是在過去的一百年里——我們的生活方式雖然發(fā)生了改變，但我們的身體卻沒有變化。我們沒有進化，這是因為我們的社會和機器代替我們進化了。達爾文有一句話形容那些對進化無知的人，說：他們"看待一個有機生命體就好像野人看待一條船，好像看待一件他們完全無法理解的事情。"毫無疑問，我們會記得20世紀(jì)的生活方式，而不用理解它丑陋的一面。我們的后代也許會驚異于我們離理想社會如此之遠，但不論他們?nèi)绾纬泽@，他們長的和我們還是完全一樣。
59. 「B」問題是：本篇文章主要講的是。
文章第1段的最后一句作者便開門見山地指出，"無論未來派詩歌是什么東西——即使承認(rèn)其理論根據(jù)是正確的，還是很難將它歸入文學(xué)作品。"第2段作者對什么是未來派詩歌和它倡導(dǎo)者所提倡的作了一番敘說。第3段和第4段作者舉實例對它進行批評。本文不難看出是一篇文學(xué)評論，即B項內(nèi)容。"Review"有 "analysis， examining， critique"等意思。
60. 「A」問題是：當(dāng)新的文學(xué)思想出臺時，人們應(yīng)當(dāng)試著去。
文章第一段第一句指出，每當(dāng)一個新藝術(shù)思潮達到一定流行程度時，（在評價它之前）先找出倡導(dǎo)者的目的，因為，無論其（創(chuàng)作）原則在今天看來可能是多么不著邊際，多么荒謬，但是在未來它也許會被看做是正常的東西。B項文中沒有提到；C，D項內(nèi)容與作者意圖剛好相反。
61. 「C」問題是：未來派聲稱我們必須。
文章第2段簡述了什么是未來派和他們所提倡的，如詩中不注入大量關(guān)鍵詞匯，不帶標(biāo)點符號，沒有修飾形容詞和限定動詞；還有與其形容聲音，干脆不如造象聲詞，在同一頁面隨意寫上不同大小、不同顏色的字。D項內(nèi)容，是這種新表達方式的具體表現(xiàn)。C項內(nèi)容包括了全部，故選C
62. 「D」問題是：作者認(rèn)為未來派詩歌是。
文章第1段作者便指出，未來派詩歌屬不正常的（not normal）的東西，而且不可以被視為文學(xué)作品。在第3段作者舉例引證了未來派所提倡的"新表達方式"的可笑 （Puff！ Puff！ A hundred and eightyfive kilograms）。文章結(jié)尾，作者指出，我們情感生活的巨大變化的確要求我們表達方式的變化。但問題是：我們本質(zhì)上來說真的發(fā)生了變化嗎？這是一個反問句，其目的是強調(diào)作者的立場。很顯然，作者認(rèn)為未來派詩歌與其說是文學(xué)，不如說是一種短暫的現(xiàn)象，即D項。
當(dāng)藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的一項新的運動開始形成風(fēng)尚的時候，人們應(yīng)該留心一下倡導(dǎo)者的用意何在。因為不論現(xiàn)在看來它的原則是多么的牽強和不可理喻，很有可能幾年后它就變成了很正常的東西。但是，對于未來派詩歌，事情就很難辦了，因為不論怎樣——即使承認(rèn)它的理論基礎(chǔ)是正確的——我們也很難把這種東西稱之為文學(xué)。
下面就簡單介紹一下未來派詩人的觀點：一個世紀(jì)以來，人類的生活狀況被加速了，我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個充滿喧囂、暴力和速度的世界里。因此，我們的感覺、思想和情感也經(jīng)受了相應(yīng)的變化，而加速了的生活需要一種新的表達方式。如果想詮釋現(xiàn)代社會的壓力，那么我們的文學(xué)也必須加速。我們必須盡情傾吐最能表示我們感覺的詞句，中間沒有停頓，沒有修飾性的形容詞和限定動詞。我們必須創(chuàng)造出新的詞語來模擬聲音，而不是描繪聲音；在同一書頁上，我們要使用不同的字體、不同的顏色，隨意加長或縮短單詞。
這些詩人對戰(zhàn)爭的描寫是混亂的。有一首詩的注解說，詩中有一句話描寫的是一位土耳其軍官和一位保加利亞軍官在一座橋上的戰(zhàn)斗，最后他們都掉進了橋下的河里。結(jié)果在讀這句話的時候，發(fā)現(xiàn)描寫了他們掉進河里的聲音和兩位軍官的重量："啪啦哧！啪啦哧（創(chuàng)造出的模擬聲音的詞）！一百八十五公斤！"
這首詩盡管符合未來派詩歌的要求和原則，但我們很難把它稱為文學(xué)。同樣，盡管任何有思想的人都無法拒絕他們的主張：我們的感情生活起了巨大的變化，因此我們的表達方式也應(yīng)有所改變，但問題是：我們真的變了嗎？
63. 「B」問題是：在西方人眼中，戰(zhàn)后的日本是。
文章第1段第1句，作者便指出"戰(zhàn)后，日本的目標(biāo)明確，生產(chǎn)率與和諧的社會狀態(tài)是美國和歐洲所羨慕的。" 即B項內(nèi)容。"a positive example"，一個好的榜樣。A，D項內(nèi)容與第1段內(nèi)容剛好相反；C項內(nèi)容文中沒有提及。
64. 「D」問題是：根據(jù)作者，造成日本社會道德價值觀淪喪的主要原因是。
文章第3段作者指出，日本教育界對道德教育的忽視，從而造成了日本青年輟學(xué)和目無法紀(jì)等現(xiàn)象。此外，作者還引用了去年案例來進行補充說明。第3段，6～7 行，"許多人在大聲疾呼；許多保守派領(lǐng)袖試圖回到戰(zhàn)前日本對道德教育極其重視的老路。" 作者最后引用了Mitsuo Setoyama教育部長的一句話。很明顯，根據(jù)Mitsuo Setoyama，日本社會道德價值觀淪喪，這一切很大程度上歸因于生活方式受西方價值觀的影響，即D項內(nèi)容。
65. 「C」問題是：根據(jù)作者，以下哪一項是正確的？
文章第3段第1、2句，作者引用自民黨教育委員會主席Toshiki Kaifu的話，指出日本單方面的過于強調(diào)考試和機械化的學(xué)習(xí)，而忽略了創(chuàng)造力、自我表達方面的培養(yǎng)，并且個性、能力、勇氣、仁愛等在試卷中是看不出來的，只有C項內(nèi)容是正確的。
66. 「A」問題是：日本人生活方式的變化顯現(xiàn)在。
文章第4段作者舉例，城市居民長期以來，一直承受著上下班時間長和生活環(huán)境擁擠的折磨；但是隨著舊有的團體和家庭價值觀的瓦解，困難開始表面化了。以此可以推出，現(xiàn)在的日本人比起以前的日本人更難以忍受生活中的艱苦，即A項內(nèi)容。
戰(zhàn)后的日本目標(biāo)明確，生產(chǎn)力水平和社會融洽的程度都令美國和歐洲國家羨慕。但是現(xiàn)在，日本人那種"勞動是美德"的傳統(tǒng)觀念逐漸退化了。十年前，年輕人把工作視為生活的主要原因，但現(xiàn)在日本已經(jīng)基本滿足了經(jīng)濟上的需要，年輕人也不知道下一步該做些什么了。
戰(zhàn)后生育高峰時期誕生的嬰兒都已經(jīng)到了工作年齡，再加上婦女如今也進入了本來由男性統(tǒng)治的職業(yè)市場，這使得青少年的機會大大縮小了。他們本來就已經(jīng)抱怨在日本社會里要想上好學(xué)校、取得好工作就必須要爬上森嚴(yán)的社會階梯，所以個人必須做出很多犧牲。在最近的一次調(diào)查統(tǒng)計中，只有24.5%的日本學(xué)生對學(xué)校生活完全滿意，而在美國有67.2%的學(xué)生表示滿意。而且，和其他10個被調(diào)查的國家的工人相比，太多的日本工人表示對自己的工作不滿意。
盡管外國人經(jīng)常表揚日本人重視基礎(chǔ)教育，但是日本的教育傾向于重視考試和機械式的學(xué)習(xí)，而不重視培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造性和表達自己的見解。執(zhí)政的自民黨教育委員會主席 Toshiki Kaifu說："那些沒有反映在考試成績上的東西——性格、能力、勇氣和仁愛——都被忽略了。由于在這些方面受到挫折，很多孩子輟學(xué)或?qū)W壞了。"去年日本就發(fā)生了2125起校園暴力事件，其中包括929起攻擊教師的事件?，F(xiàn)在許多人在大聲疾呼；很多保守黨領(lǐng)袖試圖回到戰(zhàn)前那種重視德育的情況。去年，當(dāng)時的教育部長Mitsuo Setoyama大為光火，認(rèn)為二戰(zhàn)后由美國占領(lǐng)引入的自由改革削弱了"日本人尊重父母的道德觀".
但這可能和日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大。教育家Yoko Muro說："在日本，你是否喜歡你的工作和生活從來不是問題，問題是你究竟能忍受多少。"隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的集中化，在日本的一億一千九百萬國民中，有 76%的人住在城市里，幾代同堂的大家庭和社區(qū)已經(jīng)被獨立的、主要由兩代人組成的小家庭所取代。城市居民長期以來一直承受著上下班時間長和環(huán)境擁擠的折磨。但是隨著舊有的團體和家庭觀念的削弱，這些不便之處也開始顯現(xiàn)出來。在過去十年中，日本的離婚率雖然仍遠遠低于美國的離婚率，但已經(jīng)增長了50%還多，自殺的比率也增長了將近25%.
67. 「A」問題是：大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為 "野心"可被看作是好事，如果。
文章第一段作者暗示到（言外之意），只有樹立雄心壯志，并為實現(xiàn)雄心壯志作出努力和犧牲，收到的回報就會大于做出的犧牲，使你感到?jīng)]有白白地做出犧牲。這與選項A基本同義。B，C，D都有片面之處，不可以總結(jié)作者對這個問題的表述。
68. 「A」問題是：文章第1段最后一句，很有可能暗示。
文章第一段最后一句的前半句指責(zé)這些人都是虛偽的，后半句是一個比喻。意為：他是野心的受益者，但又虛偽地否認(rèn)擁有野心的重要性。這與A項相同。
69. 「D」問題是：有一些人從不公開承認(rèn)他們有 "野心"是因為。
文章根據(jù)第2段第3句，事實是：人們不坦陳自己的夢想，不像從前一樣容易公開承認(rèn)夢想，以防被人看作是愛出風(fēng)頭的、貪婪庸俗的人。B，C項與作者所持觀點相反。事實上，在第1-2段中，作者多處指出，物質(zhì)利益或名望是大多數(shù)人"野心"的動機和目的。A項中 "immoral"，"不道德"這個詞太重，不適合表達作者本意。
70. 「B」問題是：從最后一段可以得出的結(jié)論是： "野心"應(yīng)當(dāng)保持。
文章以人們對自己或他人的"野心"不健康的處理、開始、發(fā)展到結(jié)束。在最后一段4至5句，作者點明由于人們不公開表達自己的野心，就產(chǎn)生一些不良后果，有些野心就成為暗中擁有的東西，使人變得狡黠。由此得出，作者的結(jié)論是：對于"野心"，我們應(yīng)該保持一個積極的心態(tài)而不是刻意地去隱瞞它，即B項內(nèi)容。
如果想使人們對野心產(chǎn)生好感，那么必須認(rèn)為野心獲得的回報——財富、名望、對自己命運的主宰——都是值得為其做出犧牲的。如果想使野心這一傳統(tǒng)獲得活力，那么它必須得到眾多人的認(rèn)可，尤其是得到那些本身就受人羨慕的人的尊敬，特別是其中受過教育的人。然而，令人奇怪的是，正是這些受過教育的人宣稱他們放棄了野心。而正是他們從野心中獲益最多——也許不是他們親身獲益，那也是他們的父母或祖父母從中獲益。他們的宣稱有很重要的虛偽成分，就好像等馬都跑光了才去關(guān)上馬廄的門，而騎在馬背上的，正是那些受過教育的人。
當(dāng)然，今天的人們和過去相比，對成功及其標(biāo)志的興趣并沒有減少。度假別墅、歐洲之旅、寶馬轎車——這些場所、地名和品牌的名字可能會改變，但對類似東西的需求，在今天和在十年前或者兩年前相比，并沒有減少。事實是，人們再也無法像以前那樣輕易地、坦白地承認(rèn)自己的夢想，因為怕別人說他們有野心、追求物質(zhì)、粗俗。于是，我們戴上了精致的偽君子的眼鏡，這種眼鏡現(xiàn)在比以前更多了。例如：批評美國人過于追求物質(zhì)利益的批評家，在南安浦頓有座度假別墅；出版激進書籍的出版商經(jīng)常在三飯店用餐；鼓吹在生活各方面都應(yīng)人人共享民主的記者，卻把孩子送進了私立學(xué)校。對這些人，還有其他很多更平常一些的人來說，合適的表達應(yīng)該是，"不惜一切獲得成功，但不要表現(xiàn)得太有野心。"
從各個不同的角度對野心進行的攻擊很多，但在公開場合支持它的很少，也沒有給人留下什么印象，雖然這些支持的聲音并不是完全沒有吸引力。結(jié)果，那些支持野心的人，認(rèn)為它是一種健康的推動力，一種值得欽佩的品質(zhì)，應(yīng)該深深地印在年輕人的腦海里的人，比美國歷的任何時期都要少。這并不意味著野心已經(jīng)走到了終點，人們再也感覺不到它的激勵和鼓動了，只是現(xiàn)在人們再也不公開對它表示敬意，再也不公開承認(rèn)了。當(dāng)然，這帶來的結(jié)果是，野心被趕入了地下，變得偷偷摸摸。于是，事情就變成了這樣：左面站著憤怒的批評家，右面站著愚蠢的支持者，而就像通常一樣，站在中間的是大多數(shù)人，熱切地盼望著發(fā)跡的那一天。