DAY61
Reading comprehension
Direction： In this part， there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answers marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.
Passage 1
Each of us then is different genetically from all humans who have ever lived or who will come in the future. And yet we all must share a great many genes with our fellow humans. After all， we need the same kind of genes to form and operate a human body. So we are united by a common humanness， which we each express in a unique way.
Our genetic baggage is packed by many rolls of the dice. Nonetheless， the selective forces of evolution have seen to it that most of us who have sufficient genetic belongings to survive after fertilization， implantation， and development in our mothers womb are prepared to confront the world into which we are born. And yet we each arrive carrying， on the average， about a half a dozen dysfunctional genes. We may remain blissfully unaware of their existence until we or one of our close relatives are counted among the millions who suffer from a genetic disease.
At the turn of the century more people succumbed to tuberculosis than any other illness， and the next two leading killers were pneumonia and diarrhea. Since the widespread use of antibiotics after the World WarⅡ，such infectious diseases have given way to heart disease and cancer as the leading causes of death. We now have a wide array of antibacterial medications and of immunizations against a variety of bacterial and viral pathogens. Of course we need many more such weapons， as the race to combat AIDS so clearly demonstrates.
Genetic disease presents an entirely different scenario. The effect of， for example， sicklecell anemia， muscular dystrophy， or TaySachs， Huntingtons， or polycystic kidney disease so far lends themselves only to palliative measures at best. Up to 30 percent of hospital pediatric admissions and 12 percent of adult hospital admissions are associated with genetic problems. These figures apply to the more privileged countries — in the poorer nations， malnutrition and its associated weaknesses are still the major scourge of children. Almost 5，000 heritable disorders have been clinically characterized. Where have the causative dysfunctional genes come from？ What are their effects？ What can be done to diagnose their presence， fend off their effects， or prevent them from burdening our children？
Lets turn to the basics of genetic disease in order to understand just what such a condition means and what the implications are for diagnosis， treatment， and transmission to the next generation. Only recently have we been able to say very much about the exact nature of some of these diseases at their cellular and molecular level. Now， with the everexpanding possibilities brought about by molecular biology， we are in the early stages of locating， isolating， copying and analyzing the very genes responsible for some of these illnesses. We are taking direct aim at gaining some measure of control over our genetic inheritance.
1. Which sentence best summarizes the article？
A. Genetic diseases have become a menace to human health.
B. Humans have been successful in curing genetic diseases.
C. We are different genetically from each other.
D. Children are the main sufferers from genetic diseases.
2. The underlined phrase “dysfunctional genes” in paragraph 2 probably means.
A. Genes that are effectively functional.B. Genes that are inheritable.
C. Genes that may cause diseases.D. Genes that may invalidate some organs.
3. Which of the following diseases is NOT a genetic one？
A. Sicklecell anemia.B. Muscular dystrophy.
C. TaySachs.D. Diarrhea.
4. According to the article， which of the following statements is TRUE？
A. The dysfunctional genes in our bodies may inevitably cause diseases.
B. Heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death.
C. 12 percent of hospital pediatric admissions are associated with genetic problems.
D. The underlined word “scenario” in paragraph 4 means fatal harm.
5. From the last paragraph， we can see the author holds a（n） view.
A. Optimistic.B. Pessimistic.C. Skeptical.D. Neutral.
Passage 2
The Pure Food Campaign was launched by environmental activist Jeremy Rifkin and others in direct response to the FDA announcement. They demanded that the FDA undertake mandatory premarket testing of all genetically engineered foods， label them， and require premarket public notification by all manufacturers of the presence of such goods in stores， so that the foods could be traced if illnesses or other problems arose.
The prominent New York restaurant chefs who joined the controversial Rifkin at a press conference in June 1992 affirmed their support for what the organizers hoped would be an international boycott， when and if genetically engineered good enters the marketplace. As one chef put it， “I will not sacrifice the entire history of culinary art to revitalize the biotechnology industry.”
Where does the truth lie？ Or rather， is there a truth that we can discern while trying to distinguish between face and fantasy？ The only way to find out is to look at the record of actions as well as words， and listen to the arguments. It is difficult， however， to be a completely impartial observer of the struggle to balance profit making with risk taking. The abundance， variety， quality， and safety of the worlds food supply affect each of us and all our descendants.
Biotechnology is driven by economics. So far， because of the availability of the necessary genes， as well as market demands， most agricultural biotechnology research and development has centered on the genetic modification of plants to create varieties that are resistant to herbicides， insects， and plant diseases， have a longer shelf life， and reduce processing costs. Such plants will be valuable commodities. Given the profit motive， it is perfectly logical that the first transgenic plant headed for market is the Flavr Savr tomato and not a highprotein crop for the worlds impoverished hungry. Calgene， Inc.， invested $20 million and eight years in this plant， which they expect will capture 15 percent of a $3.5billion market.
This is simply a model of private enterprise at work. It should be no surprise to anyone who has ever bought a new car model or the latest computer. However， among the serious concerns raised about this situation is the notion that the economic incentives to create， develop， test， and market genetically engineered organisms have created a climate in which the health of the environment as well as individuals could be seriously threatened， perhaps in ways that may be irreversible.
1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned？
A. The rapid development of agricultural biotechnology.
B. The relationship between economy and biotechnology.
C. The possibility of threat genetically engineering food may bring to us.
D. The controversy between food manufacturers and environmental activists.
2. What is the possible meaning of the underlined word “chefs” in paragraph 2？
A. Cooks.B. Managers.C. Customers.D. Supervisors.
3. Which of the following statements about agricultural biotechnology is NOT true？
A. Market demand is an accelerator to the genetically engineering food.
B. The Flavr Savr tomato has been a great success.
C. Transgenic plants grow better than other plants.
D. The manufacturers are mainly motivated by potential profit.
4. Generally speaking， the author is about transgenic plants.
A. Frustrated.B. Neutral.C. Positive.D. Instructive.
5. What does the last sentence probably mean？
A. Economic incentives are the primary reasons of the development of biotechnology.
B. Genetically engineered organisms have threatened peoples health.
C. Biotechnology has promoted economic development.
D. The moneyoriented biotechnology may be a menace to human health.
Passage 3
In applying the Optimum Currency Area （OCA） framework， the consensus that East Asia presents as good a candidate for monetary integration as Europe is generally arrived at. However， it can be observed that OCA framework had only an insignificant part to play in the decision to pass the Europe Monetary Union （EMU）， it tends to be overshadowed by political sentiments. Thus， the central question on the possibility of an Asian Monetary Union lies not in its satisfaction of the OCA criteria， but whether the political resolve to achieve such a union is existent.
Unfortunately， it appears that the political climate of East Asia is not favorable towards such a union at present， and is unlikely to undergo much positive alteration in the near future. Thus the manifestation of an Asian Monetary Union is unlikely in the foreseeable future， as the political resolve to bring this about is evidently lacking.
However， to dismiss outright the possibility of creation of an East Asian monetary union would be presumptuous. Even though the political climate in East Asia does not appear to be ready for such an undertaking as yet， it cannot be denied that integrative and cooperative initiatives have indeed made much positive progress. Although the state of panAsian institutions is nowhere comparable with needed to engineer the EMU， however East Asia is taking definite steps towards regional cooperation.
Thus， it would be hasty to simply write off the prospects of such a union. The road to East Asia may be long and fraught with obstacles， but it is not impossible. Only with visionary leadership， which looks beyond regional political sensitivities and rivalries， to recognize the economic imperative and promise of such a monetary union， can it have hopes of materialization. East Asian leaders unwilling to undertake monetary unification due to fears of the loss of political sovereignty which it would entail should be more farsighted and recognize that in the present age， sovereignty is no longer absolute as globalization accelerates and increasingly blurs the lines of national boundaries. Sovereignty is not completely lost as nations will still be able to influence decisionmaking through the union， but as one voice amongst all other members. Furthermore， misgivings about the prospects of Asian monetary unification based on the grounds that East Asian nations are at very different stages of economic development with diverse structure of economy should look towards the monetary union between Singapore and Brunei， which has endured despite its members vast dissimilarity. Thus， current economic disparities should not prove insurmountable to an East Asian monetary union， provided regulatory and fiscal reforms critical to sound and sustainable economic growth are developed alongside monetary unification.
In the previous section， a proposal which suggests gradual steps towards Asian monetary unification is mapped out， by first achieving smaller monetary unions instead of an Asianwide monetary union. In this way， the vast economic disparity across Asia is breached gradually， as opposed to tackling it in its entirety， with the ultimate aim of an East Asian wide monetary union.
1. The passage is mainly about
A. The obstacles of an East Asian Monetary Union （EAMU）。
B. The impossibility of an EAMU in the short run.
C. The prospect of an EAMU.
D. The comparison between EAMU and EMU.
2. What is the dominating obstacle in the process of EAMU？
A. The political resolve.B. The imbalance in Asian economic development.
C. The cultural differences.D. The historical and geographic conflicts.
3. The underlined word “breached” in the last sentence could best be replaced by
A. Enlarged.B. Deepened.C. Flatted.D. Eliminated.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. We can apply the same framework of EMU to an EAMU.
B. Sovereignty will be lost in the process of regional integration.
C. Singapore and Brunei have been in a monetary union.
D. Current economic disparities are insurmountable to an EAMU.
5. Which of the following statements can best describe the authors attitude？
A. The lack of political resolve renders an EAMU impossible.
B. An EAMU is practical in the long run despite their regional differences.
C. Monetary union proves to be successful in Singapore and Brunei.
D. Monetary union in East Asia can come true in the short run because of economic cooperation.
Passage 4
When Ministers signed， in 1993， the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization few could have imagined the public attention the new organization would later attract. Almost every day it is being referred to either in newspapers， parliaments or street rallies and not necessarily in a positive way. For trade policy veterans， this has certainly come as a surprise.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade （GATT）， the WTO s predecessor for almost five decades， had attracted far less press coverage and public scrutiny. It might have been wellknown to small groups of business people， trade lawyers and researchers but certainly not to a broad public. Since the GATT has essentially remained intact and continues to exist within the framework of the Marrakesh Agreement， what has caused the change in public attention （and apprehension）？ Is the WTO fundamentally different？
There are indeed some differences. The WTO now rests on three main pillars. Apart from various agreements on trade in goods， centered mainly on the GATT， there are the General Agreement on Trade in Service （GATS） and the Agreement on TradeRelated Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights （TRIPS）。 According to ArticleⅡ：1 of the Marrakesh Agreement， the World Trade Organization provides “the common institutional framework for the conduct of trade relations among its Members in matters related to……［these］agreements and associated legal instruments”。 Moreover， the new organization is equipped with a binding dispute settlement mechanism， which no longer allows a defendant Member to use its own vote to prevent a ruling from being adopted. In turn， this reflects a certain shift in emphasis from policybased consultation to rulesbased litigation in addressing trade conflicts between Members. Diplomats seem to have ceded ground to lawyers. However， all agreements have retained a core function of the GATT： they define rules and principles for Members conduct of traderelated policies in the areas covered.
There is little doubt， nevertheless， that there has been a climate change. At times， the “old” GATT might have attracted the wrath of relatively welldefined sector associations， in agriculture， coal mining or textiles， but it would not have caused mass demonstrations in the streets of Geneva and around the world. However， is services trade genuinely different from merchandise trade？ Are protective regimes better suited in principle to the pursuit of social or infrastructural objectives that underlie the provision of many services？ It is difficult to see why. If it is reasonable and beneficial for the economies involved to trade farm and food products， i.e. bare necessities of life， or basic infrastructural equipment， from trucks to trains and cranes， it might be equally reasonable to improve access to core service sectors. If such sensitive goods as pharmaceuticals can and， possibly， should be traded， the same rationale might apply to medical services as well.
1. What is the main purpose of the first two paragraphs？
A. To emphasize the popularity of WTO.
B. To illustrate the transformation from GATT to WTO.
C. To compare the publicity of GATT and WTO.
D. To prepare for the discussion upon the differences between GATT and WTO.
2. Which of the following is NOT a basis of WTO？
A. GATT.B. GATS.C. GAAP.D. TRIPS.
3. What does the underlined sentence “Diplomats seem to have ceded ground to lawyers” in paragraph 3 imply？
A. WTO has shifted its emphasis upon rulesbased litigation.
B. WTO concentrates on policybased consultation.
C. Diplomats play a crucial role in international affairs.
D. In international relations， lawyers are more important than diplomats.
4. According to the passage， which of the following statements about “trade farm and food products” and “core service sectors” is TRUE？
A. They are mutually exclusive.
B. Trade farm and food products are more fundamental than core service sectors.
C. They accelerate each other.
D. They should be attached equal importance to.
5. What is the probable meaning of the underlined word “pharmaceutical”？
A. Hospitality.B. Drug.C. Medicare.D. Narcotic.
Keys and notes for the passage reading：
Passage 1
人類各種不同的基因中會(huì)有致病基因，由此產(chǎn)生基因病。二戰(zhàn)以來，各種基因病越來越威脅到人類的健康。但隨著對(duì)基因病的逐漸了解，我們將能夠采取措施控制它們。
We now have a wide array of antibacterial medications and of immunizations against a variety of bacterial and viral pathogens.現(xiàn)在，我們有了大量的抗菌和免疫藥物，使我們免受各種細(xì)菌和過濾性毒菌病原體的感染。
1. 「A」文章首先從人類的基因各不相同， 轉(zhuǎn)到帶病基因， 然后敘述二戰(zhàn)以來人類越來越受到基因病的折磨， 并給出例子， 最后闡明對(duì)人類攻克基因病持樂觀態(tài)度。整個(gè)過程都圍繞基因病成為人類健康的威脅這一主題。
2. 「C」前綴dys意為 “帶病的；有病的”；第二段最后一句指出， 直到我們受到基因病的折磨， 我們才會(huì)注意到這種基因的存在， 可以得出這種基因會(huì)致病。
3. 「D」見第四段， Diarrhea不屬于基因病。
4. 「B」A項(xiàng)中的 “dysfunctional genes”并不一定會(huì)導(dǎo)致基因病的發(fā)生；C項(xiàng)中的 “12” 應(yīng)為 “up to 30”； D項(xiàng)中的 “scenario” 意為 “劇情概要”。B項(xiàng)可見第三段。
5. 「A」作者在文章最后一段主要講了我們對(duì)基因病的逐漸了解， 而且開始采取措施控制它。由此可以看出作者是抱樂觀（optimistic）態(tài)度。
Passage 2
本文主要闡述轉(zhuǎn)基因食品問題，指出生物科技的發(fā)展主要是受經(jīng)濟(jì)利益驅(qū)使的，但是也許它會(huì)給人類帶來威脅。
They demanded that the FDA undertake mandatory premarket testing of all genetically engineered foods， label them， and require premarket public notification by all manufacturers of the presence of such goods in stores， so that the foods could be traced if illnesses or other problems arose. 他們要求美國食品藥物管理局在轉(zhuǎn)基因食品進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)前做測(cè)試，貼標(biāo)簽，讓制造商聲明以保證食品不會(huì)成為病原。
1. 「C」整篇文章的著重點(diǎn)放在轉(zhuǎn)基因食品潛在威脅的可能性上， 首先是對(duì)這種可能性的爭(zhēng)論， 然后由食品制造商的冒險(xiǎn)投資， 進(jìn)一步討論其可能性。
2. 「A」第二段的最后一句 “I will not sacrifice the entire history of culinary art to revitalize the biotechnology industry.” 意為 “我不會(huì)為振興生物科技行業(yè)而犧牲整個(gè)烹飪藝術(shù)的歷史。” 由此可以看出chefs實(shí)際上是廚師。
3. 「B」選項(xiàng)A， C， D均可以直接從第四段找出相對(duì)應(yīng)的句子。選項(xiàng)B中此種番茄還未取得成功， 百分之十五的市場(chǎng)份額只是食品制造商的期望。
4. 「B」總的來看， 作者是站在一個(gè)旁觀者的角度行文， 采取的是一種中立的態(tài)度。
5. 「D」最后一句話講了兩個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容：經(jīng)濟(jì)利益促使了生物科技的發(fā)展；這種發(fā)展可能會(huì)不可避免地威脅到人類環(huán)境和自身的健康。因而只有選項(xiàng)D最符合題意。
Passage 3
亞洲貨幣聯(lián)盟的可能性不在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上，而在于建立這個(gè)聯(lián)盟的政治決心是否存在。目前形勢(shì)不容樂觀，但是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的進(jìn)一步融合，國家權(quán)力的實(shí)現(xiàn)，貨幣統(tǒng)一是可能的。
In this way， the vast economic disparity across Asia is breached gradually， as opposed to tackling it in its entirety， with the ultimate aim of an East Asian wide monetary union. 這樣，亞洲間的經(jīng)濟(jì)差距會(huì)逐漸打破，連成整體，東亞貨幣聯(lián)盟的最終目標(biāo)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
1. 「C」通觀全文， 作者一方面提到了建立東亞貨幣聯(lián)盟在政治決心、國家主權(quán)等方面存在的障礙， 同時(shí)也談了經(jīng)濟(jì)的決定性作用， 新加坡和文萊走出的一條成功之路， 以及這一聯(lián)盟的前景。選項(xiàng)A， B， D都很片面， 只有選項(xiàng)C最符合題意。
2. 「A」從文章的前幾段可以得出， 建立東亞貨幣聯(lián)盟的主要障礙在于political resolve（政治決心）， 其他選項(xiàng)雖然也有可能是， 但并不是最重要的。
3. 「D」enlarge意為 “擴(kuò)大”； deepen意為 “加深；深化”； flat意為 “（使）變平”； eliminate意為 “排除；消除”，此項(xiàng)最符合題意。
4. 「C」選項(xiàng)A， 由于東亞內(nèi)部存在著障礙， 不可能照搬歐洲貨幣聯(lián)盟的模式； 選項(xiàng)B， 國家主權(quán)并不會(huì)在經(jīng)濟(jì)融合中消失， 而會(huì)在聯(lián)盟決策中實(shí)現(xiàn)； 選項(xiàng)D與第四段最后一句相矛盾。只有選項(xiàng)C正確。
5. 「B」文中作者雖然提到了建立東亞貨幣聯(lián)盟的障礙， 如political resolve （政治決心）， 但是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的進(jìn)一步融合， 國家主權(quán)會(huì)在聯(lián)盟內(nèi)決策中得以實(shí)現(xiàn)， 各種壁壘也會(huì)逐漸消除， 從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看， 在東亞建立貨幣聯(lián)盟是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。選項(xiàng)C雖然正確， 但太片面， 不能全面的表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)。
Passage 4
1993年以來，世貿(mào)組織受到了比其前身關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定更多的關(guān)注。它們之間也存在著區(qū)別。像農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品一樣，核心服務(wù)行業(yè)也應(yīng)該受到重視。
This reflects a certain shift in emphasis from policybased consultation to rulesbased litigation in addressing trade conflicts between Members.這反映了組織重心的轉(zhuǎn)移：從政策咨詢到通過法律訴訟解決成員間的貿(mào)易糾紛。
1. 「D」文章前兩段主要講了關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定（GATT）和世貿(mào)組織（WTO）受公眾重視程度的差距，并在第二段的最后提出了這樣的問題：是什么導(dǎo)致了公眾注意的轉(zhuǎn)移；世貿(mào)組織（和關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定）有著根本的區(qū)別嗎？之后的第三段開始論述兩者之間的區(qū)別。由此可見，前兩段的主要目的是為后面對(duì)二者差異的討論做鋪墊。故選D.
2. 「C」可見第三段第三句。選項(xiàng)A，B，D均是三個(gè)重要組成部分，選項(xiàng)C與題目不相干。
3. 「A」第三段講到世貿(mào)組織的重心從政策咨詢轉(zhuǎn)移到了成員間貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端的法律訴訟上，由此導(dǎo)致了“外交家讓位于律師”。事實(shí)上，這句話就是進(jìn)一步闡明世貿(mào)組織重心的轉(zhuǎn)變。
4. 「D」第四段指出，作者認(rèn)為如果農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易是合理和有利的話，那么也同樣應(yīng)該重視提高核心服務(wù)業(yè)部門。所以D正確。
5. 「B」文中最后一句提到“如果敏感性的商品如pharmaceutical可以交易，那么世貿(mào)組織的原則應(yīng)該同樣適用于醫(yī)療服務(wù)行業(yè)”。顯然，該詞的意思應(yīng)是藥品。hospitality（好客）；medicare（醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)）；narcotic（麻醉藥）。
Reading comprehension
Direction： In this part， there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answers marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.
Passage 1
Each of us then is different genetically from all humans who have ever lived or who will come in the future. And yet we all must share a great many genes with our fellow humans. After all， we need the same kind of genes to form and operate a human body. So we are united by a common humanness， which we each express in a unique way.
Our genetic baggage is packed by many rolls of the dice. Nonetheless， the selective forces of evolution have seen to it that most of us who have sufficient genetic belongings to survive after fertilization， implantation， and development in our mothers womb are prepared to confront the world into which we are born. And yet we each arrive carrying， on the average， about a half a dozen dysfunctional genes. We may remain blissfully unaware of their existence until we or one of our close relatives are counted among the millions who suffer from a genetic disease.
At the turn of the century more people succumbed to tuberculosis than any other illness， and the next two leading killers were pneumonia and diarrhea. Since the widespread use of antibiotics after the World WarⅡ，such infectious diseases have given way to heart disease and cancer as the leading causes of death. We now have a wide array of antibacterial medications and of immunizations against a variety of bacterial and viral pathogens. Of course we need many more such weapons， as the race to combat AIDS so clearly demonstrates.
Genetic disease presents an entirely different scenario. The effect of， for example， sicklecell anemia， muscular dystrophy， or TaySachs， Huntingtons， or polycystic kidney disease so far lends themselves only to palliative measures at best. Up to 30 percent of hospital pediatric admissions and 12 percent of adult hospital admissions are associated with genetic problems. These figures apply to the more privileged countries — in the poorer nations， malnutrition and its associated weaknesses are still the major scourge of children. Almost 5，000 heritable disorders have been clinically characterized. Where have the causative dysfunctional genes come from？ What are their effects？ What can be done to diagnose their presence， fend off their effects， or prevent them from burdening our children？
Lets turn to the basics of genetic disease in order to understand just what such a condition means and what the implications are for diagnosis， treatment， and transmission to the next generation. Only recently have we been able to say very much about the exact nature of some of these diseases at their cellular and molecular level. Now， with the everexpanding possibilities brought about by molecular biology， we are in the early stages of locating， isolating， copying and analyzing the very genes responsible for some of these illnesses. We are taking direct aim at gaining some measure of control over our genetic inheritance.
1. Which sentence best summarizes the article？
A. Genetic diseases have become a menace to human health.
B. Humans have been successful in curing genetic diseases.
C. We are different genetically from each other.
D. Children are the main sufferers from genetic diseases.
2. The underlined phrase “dysfunctional genes” in paragraph 2 probably means.
A. Genes that are effectively functional.B. Genes that are inheritable.
C. Genes that may cause diseases.D. Genes that may invalidate some organs.
3. Which of the following diseases is NOT a genetic one？
A. Sicklecell anemia.B. Muscular dystrophy.
C. TaySachs.D. Diarrhea.
4. According to the article， which of the following statements is TRUE？
A. The dysfunctional genes in our bodies may inevitably cause diseases.
B. Heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death.
C. 12 percent of hospital pediatric admissions are associated with genetic problems.
D. The underlined word “scenario” in paragraph 4 means fatal harm.
5. From the last paragraph， we can see the author holds a（n） view.
A. Optimistic.B. Pessimistic.C. Skeptical.D. Neutral.
Passage 2
The Pure Food Campaign was launched by environmental activist Jeremy Rifkin and others in direct response to the FDA announcement. They demanded that the FDA undertake mandatory premarket testing of all genetically engineered foods， label them， and require premarket public notification by all manufacturers of the presence of such goods in stores， so that the foods could be traced if illnesses or other problems arose.
The prominent New York restaurant chefs who joined the controversial Rifkin at a press conference in June 1992 affirmed their support for what the organizers hoped would be an international boycott， when and if genetically engineered good enters the marketplace. As one chef put it， “I will not sacrifice the entire history of culinary art to revitalize the biotechnology industry.”
Where does the truth lie？ Or rather， is there a truth that we can discern while trying to distinguish between face and fantasy？ The only way to find out is to look at the record of actions as well as words， and listen to the arguments. It is difficult， however， to be a completely impartial observer of the struggle to balance profit making with risk taking. The abundance， variety， quality， and safety of the worlds food supply affect each of us and all our descendants.
Biotechnology is driven by economics. So far， because of the availability of the necessary genes， as well as market demands， most agricultural biotechnology research and development has centered on the genetic modification of plants to create varieties that are resistant to herbicides， insects， and plant diseases， have a longer shelf life， and reduce processing costs. Such plants will be valuable commodities. Given the profit motive， it is perfectly logical that the first transgenic plant headed for market is the Flavr Savr tomato and not a highprotein crop for the worlds impoverished hungry. Calgene， Inc.， invested $20 million and eight years in this plant， which they expect will capture 15 percent of a $3.5billion market.
This is simply a model of private enterprise at work. It should be no surprise to anyone who has ever bought a new car model or the latest computer. However， among the serious concerns raised about this situation is the notion that the economic incentives to create， develop， test， and market genetically engineered organisms have created a climate in which the health of the environment as well as individuals could be seriously threatened， perhaps in ways that may be irreversible.
1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned？
A. The rapid development of agricultural biotechnology.
B. The relationship between economy and biotechnology.
C. The possibility of threat genetically engineering food may bring to us.
D. The controversy between food manufacturers and environmental activists.
2. What is the possible meaning of the underlined word “chefs” in paragraph 2？
A. Cooks.B. Managers.C. Customers.D. Supervisors.
3. Which of the following statements about agricultural biotechnology is NOT true？
A. Market demand is an accelerator to the genetically engineering food.
B. The Flavr Savr tomato has been a great success.
C. Transgenic plants grow better than other plants.
D. The manufacturers are mainly motivated by potential profit.
4. Generally speaking， the author is about transgenic plants.
A. Frustrated.B. Neutral.C. Positive.D. Instructive.
5. What does the last sentence probably mean？
A. Economic incentives are the primary reasons of the development of biotechnology.
B. Genetically engineered organisms have threatened peoples health.
C. Biotechnology has promoted economic development.
D. The moneyoriented biotechnology may be a menace to human health.
Passage 3
In applying the Optimum Currency Area （OCA） framework， the consensus that East Asia presents as good a candidate for monetary integration as Europe is generally arrived at. However， it can be observed that OCA framework had only an insignificant part to play in the decision to pass the Europe Monetary Union （EMU）， it tends to be overshadowed by political sentiments. Thus， the central question on the possibility of an Asian Monetary Union lies not in its satisfaction of the OCA criteria， but whether the political resolve to achieve such a union is existent.
Unfortunately， it appears that the political climate of East Asia is not favorable towards such a union at present， and is unlikely to undergo much positive alteration in the near future. Thus the manifestation of an Asian Monetary Union is unlikely in the foreseeable future， as the political resolve to bring this about is evidently lacking.
However， to dismiss outright the possibility of creation of an East Asian monetary union would be presumptuous. Even though the political climate in East Asia does not appear to be ready for such an undertaking as yet， it cannot be denied that integrative and cooperative initiatives have indeed made much positive progress. Although the state of panAsian institutions is nowhere comparable with needed to engineer the EMU， however East Asia is taking definite steps towards regional cooperation.
Thus， it would be hasty to simply write off the prospects of such a union. The road to East Asia may be long and fraught with obstacles， but it is not impossible. Only with visionary leadership， which looks beyond regional political sensitivities and rivalries， to recognize the economic imperative and promise of such a monetary union， can it have hopes of materialization. East Asian leaders unwilling to undertake monetary unification due to fears of the loss of political sovereignty which it would entail should be more farsighted and recognize that in the present age， sovereignty is no longer absolute as globalization accelerates and increasingly blurs the lines of national boundaries. Sovereignty is not completely lost as nations will still be able to influence decisionmaking through the union， but as one voice amongst all other members. Furthermore， misgivings about the prospects of Asian monetary unification based on the grounds that East Asian nations are at very different stages of economic development with diverse structure of economy should look towards the monetary union between Singapore and Brunei， which has endured despite its members vast dissimilarity. Thus， current economic disparities should not prove insurmountable to an East Asian monetary union， provided regulatory and fiscal reforms critical to sound and sustainable economic growth are developed alongside monetary unification.
In the previous section， a proposal which suggests gradual steps towards Asian monetary unification is mapped out， by first achieving smaller monetary unions instead of an Asianwide monetary union. In this way， the vast economic disparity across Asia is breached gradually， as opposed to tackling it in its entirety， with the ultimate aim of an East Asian wide monetary union.
1. The passage is mainly about
A. The obstacles of an East Asian Monetary Union （EAMU）。
B. The impossibility of an EAMU in the short run.
C. The prospect of an EAMU.
D. The comparison between EAMU and EMU.
2. What is the dominating obstacle in the process of EAMU？
A. The political resolve.B. The imbalance in Asian economic development.
C. The cultural differences.D. The historical and geographic conflicts.
3. The underlined word “breached” in the last sentence could best be replaced by
A. Enlarged.B. Deepened.C. Flatted.D. Eliminated.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. We can apply the same framework of EMU to an EAMU.
B. Sovereignty will be lost in the process of regional integration.
C. Singapore and Brunei have been in a monetary union.
D. Current economic disparities are insurmountable to an EAMU.
5. Which of the following statements can best describe the authors attitude？
A. The lack of political resolve renders an EAMU impossible.
B. An EAMU is practical in the long run despite their regional differences.
C. Monetary union proves to be successful in Singapore and Brunei.
D. Monetary union in East Asia can come true in the short run because of economic cooperation.
Passage 4
When Ministers signed， in 1993， the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization few could have imagined the public attention the new organization would later attract. Almost every day it is being referred to either in newspapers， parliaments or street rallies and not necessarily in a positive way. For trade policy veterans， this has certainly come as a surprise.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade （GATT）， the WTO s predecessor for almost five decades， had attracted far less press coverage and public scrutiny. It might have been wellknown to small groups of business people， trade lawyers and researchers but certainly not to a broad public. Since the GATT has essentially remained intact and continues to exist within the framework of the Marrakesh Agreement， what has caused the change in public attention （and apprehension）？ Is the WTO fundamentally different？
There are indeed some differences. The WTO now rests on three main pillars. Apart from various agreements on trade in goods， centered mainly on the GATT， there are the General Agreement on Trade in Service （GATS） and the Agreement on TradeRelated Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights （TRIPS）。 According to ArticleⅡ：1 of the Marrakesh Agreement， the World Trade Organization provides “the common institutional framework for the conduct of trade relations among its Members in matters related to……［these］agreements and associated legal instruments”。 Moreover， the new organization is equipped with a binding dispute settlement mechanism， which no longer allows a defendant Member to use its own vote to prevent a ruling from being adopted. In turn， this reflects a certain shift in emphasis from policybased consultation to rulesbased litigation in addressing trade conflicts between Members. Diplomats seem to have ceded ground to lawyers. However， all agreements have retained a core function of the GATT： they define rules and principles for Members conduct of traderelated policies in the areas covered.
There is little doubt， nevertheless， that there has been a climate change. At times， the “old” GATT might have attracted the wrath of relatively welldefined sector associations， in agriculture， coal mining or textiles， but it would not have caused mass demonstrations in the streets of Geneva and around the world. However， is services trade genuinely different from merchandise trade？ Are protective regimes better suited in principle to the pursuit of social or infrastructural objectives that underlie the provision of many services？ It is difficult to see why. If it is reasonable and beneficial for the economies involved to trade farm and food products， i.e. bare necessities of life， or basic infrastructural equipment， from trucks to trains and cranes， it might be equally reasonable to improve access to core service sectors. If such sensitive goods as pharmaceuticals can and， possibly， should be traded， the same rationale might apply to medical services as well.
1. What is the main purpose of the first two paragraphs？
A. To emphasize the popularity of WTO.
B. To illustrate the transformation from GATT to WTO.
C. To compare the publicity of GATT and WTO.
D. To prepare for the discussion upon the differences between GATT and WTO.
2. Which of the following is NOT a basis of WTO？
A. GATT.B. GATS.C. GAAP.D. TRIPS.
3. What does the underlined sentence “Diplomats seem to have ceded ground to lawyers” in paragraph 3 imply？
A. WTO has shifted its emphasis upon rulesbased litigation.
B. WTO concentrates on policybased consultation.
C. Diplomats play a crucial role in international affairs.
D. In international relations， lawyers are more important than diplomats.
4. According to the passage， which of the following statements about “trade farm and food products” and “core service sectors” is TRUE？
A. They are mutually exclusive.
B. Trade farm and food products are more fundamental than core service sectors.
C. They accelerate each other.
D. They should be attached equal importance to.
5. What is the probable meaning of the underlined word “pharmaceutical”？
A. Hospitality.B. Drug.C. Medicare.D. Narcotic.
Keys and notes for the passage reading：
Passage 1
人類各種不同的基因中會(huì)有致病基因，由此產(chǎn)生基因病。二戰(zhàn)以來，各種基因病越來越威脅到人類的健康。但隨著對(duì)基因病的逐漸了解，我們將能夠采取措施控制它們。
We now have a wide array of antibacterial medications and of immunizations against a variety of bacterial and viral pathogens.現(xiàn)在，我們有了大量的抗菌和免疫藥物，使我們免受各種細(xì)菌和過濾性毒菌病原體的感染。
1. 「A」文章首先從人類的基因各不相同， 轉(zhuǎn)到帶病基因， 然后敘述二戰(zhàn)以來人類越來越受到基因病的折磨， 并給出例子， 最后闡明對(duì)人類攻克基因病持樂觀態(tài)度。整個(gè)過程都圍繞基因病成為人類健康的威脅這一主題。
2. 「C」前綴dys意為 “帶病的；有病的”；第二段最后一句指出， 直到我們受到基因病的折磨， 我們才會(huì)注意到這種基因的存在， 可以得出這種基因會(huì)致病。
3. 「D」見第四段， Diarrhea不屬于基因病。
4. 「B」A項(xiàng)中的 “dysfunctional genes”并不一定會(huì)導(dǎo)致基因病的發(fā)生；C項(xiàng)中的 “12” 應(yīng)為 “up to 30”； D項(xiàng)中的 “scenario” 意為 “劇情概要”。B項(xiàng)可見第三段。
5. 「A」作者在文章最后一段主要講了我們對(duì)基因病的逐漸了解， 而且開始采取措施控制它。由此可以看出作者是抱樂觀（optimistic）態(tài)度。
Passage 2
本文主要闡述轉(zhuǎn)基因食品問題，指出生物科技的發(fā)展主要是受經(jīng)濟(jì)利益驅(qū)使的，但是也許它會(huì)給人類帶來威脅。
They demanded that the FDA undertake mandatory premarket testing of all genetically engineered foods， label them， and require premarket public notification by all manufacturers of the presence of such goods in stores， so that the foods could be traced if illnesses or other problems arose. 他們要求美國食品藥物管理局在轉(zhuǎn)基因食品進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)前做測(cè)試，貼標(biāo)簽，讓制造商聲明以保證食品不會(huì)成為病原。
1. 「C」整篇文章的著重點(diǎn)放在轉(zhuǎn)基因食品潛在威脅的可能性上， 首先是對(duì)這種可能性的爭(zhēng)論， 然后由食品制造商的冒險(xiǎn)投資， 進(jìn)一步討論其可能性。
2. 「A」第二段的最后一句 “I will not sacrifice the entire history of culinary art to revitalize the biotechnology industry.” 意為 “我不會(huì)為振興生物科技行業(yè)而犧牲整個(gè)烹飪藝術(shù)的歷史。” 由此可以看出chefs實(shí)際上是廚師。
3. 「B」選項(xiàng)A， C， D均可以直接從第四段找出相對(duì)應(yīng)的句子。選項(xiàng)B中此種番茄還未取得成功， 百分之十五的市場(chǎng)份額只是食品制造商的期望。
4. 「B」總的來看， 作者是站在一個(gè)旁觀者的角度行文， 采取的是一種中立的態(tài)度。
5. 「D」最后一句話講了兩個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容：經(jīng)濟(jì)利益促使了生物科技的發(fā)展；這種發(fā)展可能會(huì)不可避免地威脅到人類環(huán)境和自身的健康。因而只有選項(xiàng)D最符合題意。
Passage 3
亞洲貨幣聯(lián)盟的可能性不在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上，而在于建立這個(gè)聯(lián)盟的政治決心是否存在。目前形勢(shì)不容樂觀，但是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的進(jìn)一步融合，國家權(quán)力的實(shí)現(xiàn)，貨幣統(tǒng)一是可能的。
In this way， the vast economic disparity across Asia is breached gradually， as opposed to tackling it in its entirety， with the ultimate aim of an East Asian wide monetary union. 這樣，亞洲間的經(jīng)濟(jì)差距會(huì)逐漸打破，連成整體，東亞貨幣聯(lián)盟的最終目標(biāo)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
1. 「C」通觀全文， 作者一方面提到了建立東亞貨幣聯(lián)盟在政治決心、國家主權(quán)等方面存在的障礙， 同時(shí)也談了經(jīng)濟(jì)的決定性作用， 新加坡和文萊走出的一條成功之路， 以及這一聯(lián)盟的前景。選項(xiàng)A， B， D都很片面， 只有選項(xiàng)C最符合題意。
2. 「A」從文章的前幾段可以得出， 建立東亞貨幣聯(lián)盟的主要障礙在于political resolve（政治決心）， 其他選項(xiàng)雖然也有可能是， 但并不是最重要的。
3. 「D」enlarge意為 “擴(kuò)大”； deepen意為 “加深；深化”； flat意為 “（使）變平”； eliminate意為 “排除；消除”，此項(xiàng)最符合題意。
4. 「C」選項(xiàng)A， 由于東亞內(nèi)部存在著障礙， 不可能照搬歐洲貨幣聯(lián)盟的模式； 選項(xiàng)B， 國家主權(quán)并不會(huì)在經(jīng)濟(jì)融合中消失， 而會(huì)在聯(lián)盟決策中實(shí)現(xiàn)； 選項(xiàng)D與第四段最后一句相矛盾。只有選項(xiàng)C正確。
5. 「B」文中作者雖然提到了建立東亞貨幣聯(lián)盟的障礙， 如political resolve （政治決心）， 但是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的進(jìn)一步融合， 國家主權(quán)會(huì)在聯(lián)盟內(nèi)決策中得以實(shí)現(xiàn)， 各種壁壘也會(huì)逐漸消除， 從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看， 在東亞建立貨幣聯(lián)盟是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。選項(xiàng)C雖然正確， 但太片面， 不能全面的表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)。
Passage 4
1993年以來，世貿(mào)組織受到了比其前身關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定更多的關(guān)注。它們之間也存在著區(qū)別。像農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品一樣，核心服務(wù)行業(yè)也應(yīng)該受到重視。
This reflects a certain shift in emphasis from policybased consultation to rulesbased litigation in addressing trade conflicts between Members.這反映了組織重心的轉(zhuǎn)移：從政策咨詢到通過法律訴訟解決成員間的貿(mào)易糾紛。
1. 「D」文章前兩段主要講了關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定（GATT）和世貿(mào)組織（WTO）受公眾重視程度的差距，并在第二段的最后提出了這樣的問題：是什么導(dǎo)致了公眾注意的轉(zhuǎn)移；世貿(mào)組織（和關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定）有著根本的區(qū)別嗎？之后的第三段開始論述兩者之間的區(qū)別。由此可見，前兩段的主要目的是為后面對(duì)二者差異的討論做鋪墊。故選D.
2. 「C」可見第三段第三句。選項(xiàng)A，B，D均是三個(gè)重要組成部分，選項(xiàng)C與題目不相干。
3. 「A」第三段講到世貿(mào)組織的重心從政策咨詢轉(zhuǎn)移到了成員間貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端的法律訴訟上，由此導(dǎo)致了“外交家讓位于律師”。事實(shí)上，這句話就是進(jìn)一步闡明世貿(mào)組織重心的轉(zhuǎn)變。
4. 「D」第四段指出，作者認(rèn)為如果農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易是合理和有利的話，那么也同樣應(yīng)該重視提高核心服務(wù)業(yè)部門。所以D正確。
5. 「B」文中最后一句提到“如果敏感性的商品如pharmaceutical可以交易，那么世貿(mào)組織的原則應(yīng)該同樣適用于醫(yī)療服務(wù)行業(yè)”。顯然，該詞的意思應(yīng)是藥品。hospitality（好客）；medicare（醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)）；narcotic（麻醉藥）。