考研英語歷年真題閱讀理解精讀筆記(九)

字號(hào):

TEXT 2
    To paraphrase 18th century statesman Edmund Burke, all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing. One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
     For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do, she replied, Then I would have to say yes. Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.Such well meaning people just don't understand.
     Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
     Much can be done.Scientists could adopt middle school classes and present their own research.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
    46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to .
    A.call on scientists to take some actions
    B.criticize the misguided cause of animal rights
    C.warn of the doom of biomedical research
    D.show the triumph of the animal rights movement
    47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is .
    A.cruel but natural
    B.inhuman and unacceptable
    C. inevitable but vicious
    D.pointless and wasteful
    48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's .
    A.discontent with animal research
    B.ignorance about medical science
    C.indifference to epidemics
    D.a(chǎn)nxiety about animal rights
    49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should .
    A.communicate more with the public
    B.employ hi-tech means in research
    C.feel no shame for their cause
    D.strive to develop new cures
    50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is .
    A.a(chǎn) well-known humanist
    B.a(chǎn) medical practitioner
    C.a(chǎn)n enthusiast in animal rights
    D.a(chǎn) supporter of animal research
    acquire7 v.①取得,獲得,占有;②學(xué)到
    action11 n.①行動(dòng),行為;②動(dòng)作,活動(dòng);③(on)作用
    adopt4 v.①采用,采納,通過;②收養(yǎng)
    anxiety3 n.①掛念,焦慮,焦急,憂慮;②渴望,熱望
    appearance3 n.①出現(xiàn),出場,露面;②外表,外貌,外觀
    argument6 n.①爭論,辨認(rèn);②論據(jù),論點(diǎn),理由
    assure2 v.①使確信,使放心;②保證,擔(dān)保
    author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
    biology4 n.生物學(xué)
    booth1 n.電話亭,貨攤
    brochure1 n.小冊子
    bypass1 n.旁路,迂回的旁道
    cause28 n.①原因,理由;②事業(yè),事件,奮斗目標(biāo);v.使產(chǎn)生,引起
    challenge10 n.①挑戰(zhàn)(書);②艱巨任務(wù),難題;v.向...挑戰(zhàn)
    communicate3 v.①傳達(dá),傳送;②交流;③通訊,通話
    community17 n.①同一地區(qū)的全體居民,社會(huì),社區(qū);②共同體,團(tuán)體
    confuse9 v.使混亂,混淆
    connection2 n.聯(lián)系,連接
    criticize3 v.批評(píng),評(píng)論
    depend16 v.(on)取決于,依靠,信賴,相信
    distribute1 v.①分發(fā),分配;②分布;③配(電);④(over)散布
    doom2 n.厄運(yùn),劫數(shù);v.注定,命定
    editor2 n.編輯,編者
    encourage13 v.鼓勵(lì),慫恿
    epidemic1 a.①流行性的;②傳染的;n.①流行??;②傳播
    extinguish1 v.熄滅,撲滅
    fair9 a.①公平的,合理的;②相當(dāng)?shù)?,尚好的;③晴朗的;④金發(fā)的;n.集市,交易會(huì),博覽會(huì)
    fur1 n.毛,毛皮
    harm2 n./v.傷害,損害,危害
    hip2 n.髖部;a.時(shí)髦的
    ignorance1 n.①無知,愚昧;②不知道
    inevitable5 a.不可避免的,必然發(fā)生的
    institution4 n.①公共機(jī)構(gòu),協(xié)會(huì),學(xué)校;②制度,慣例
    knowledge15 n.①知識(shí),學(xué)識(shí);②知道,了解
    laboratory3 n.實(shí)驗(yàn)室
    lest3 conj.惟恐,免得
    means32 n.方法,手段
    mislead4 v.把...帶錯(cuò)路,使誤入歧途
    oppose7 v.反對(duì),反抗
    perplex2 v.使困惑,使費(fèi)解,使復(fù)雜化
    personality9 n.①人格,個(gè)性;②人物,名人
    practitioner2 n.從業(yè)者,開業(yè)者
    present16 a.①出席的,到場的;②現(xiàn)在的,目前的;n.①現(xiàn)在,目前;②禮物,贈(zèng)品;v.①贈(zèng)(送),呈獻(xiàn);②介紹,陳述;③提出,呈交;④上演
    process34 n.①過程,進(jìn)程;②工序,制作法;③工藝;v.加工,處理
    recruit1 v.招募(新兵),招收(新成員);n.新兵,新成員
    replacement1 n.取代,替換,替換物,代替物
    respond8 v.①回答,答復(fù);②(to)響應(yīng)
    school44 n.①學(xué)校;②(大學(xué)里的)學(xué)院,系;③學(xué)派,流派
    science58 n.①科學(xué);②學(xué)科
    setting6 n.①安置,安裝;②(日,月的)沉落;③(固定東西的)柜架底座;④環(huán)境,背景
    staff5 n.①全體職工,全體人員;②杠,棒;③參謀部;v.配備工作人員
    statement7 n.聲明,陳述
    statesman1 n.政治家
    strive5 v.奮斗,努力
    target5 n.目標(biāo),對(duì)象,靶子;vt.以...為目標(biāo)
    tend26 v.①趨向,往往是;②照料,看護(hù)
    theory20 n.①理論,原理;②學(xué)說,見解,看法;③看法,觀點(diǎn)
    threaten8 v.①恐嚇,威脅;②有...危險(xiǎn),快要來臨
    triumph4 n.勝利,成功;v.得勝,戰(zhàn)勝
    ultimate2 a.①后的,終的;②根本的
    vicious1 a.惡毒的,兇殘的,邪惡的
    advance10 v.①前進(jìn),進(jìn)展;②推進(jìn),促進(jìn);③提出(建議等);④提前;n.①前進(jìn),進(jìn)展;②預(yù)付,預(yù)支
    advocate13 n.提倡者,鼓吹者;v.提倡,鼓吹
    allegation1 n.主張,斷言,辯解
    biomedical2 a.生物醫(yī)學(xué)的
    citizenry2 n.公民或市民(集合稱)
    compassionate1 a.有同情心的
    courageous1 a.勇敢的,有膽量的
    cruelty1 n.殘忍,殘酷
    deceptive2 a.欺騙性的
    deliberately1 ad.故意地
    discontent2 n.不滿
    ember1 n.灰燼,余燼
    enthusiast1 n.熱心家,狂熱者
    funding6 n.基金,資金
    humane1 a.仁慈的,人道的,人文的
    humanist1 n.人道主義者,人文主義者
    immunization1 n.使免除,使免疫
    indifference2 n.不關(guān)心,冷漠
    inhuman1 a.野蠻的
    leader10 n.
    misinformation1 n.報(bào)錯(cuò),錯(cuò)誤的消息
    molecular2 a.分子的,由分子組成的
    paraphrase1 v.解釋;n.解釋
    pointless1 a.無意義的
    stakeholder1 n.股東,賭金保管者
    treatment7 n.待遇,對(duì)待,處理,治療
    unacceptable2 a.無法接受的,不受歡迎的
    unaware3 a.不知道的,沒覺察到的
    unchallenged1 a.未受到挑戰(zhàn)的,未引起爭論的,不成問題的
    uninformed1 a.未被通知的,無知的,未受教育的
    vaccination1 n.種痘,接種疫苗
    vaccine2 a.疫苗的,牛痘的;n.疫苗
    難句1
    To paraphrase 18th century statesman Edmund Burke, all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.
    [結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
     1. 本句主要部分是直接引語,直接引語的句子主干部分是:... all ... is + that引導(dǎo)的表語從句;
     2. all后面的that引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾all;
     3. is后面的that引導(dǎo)表語從句;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]主要是直接引語中兩個(gè)that和兩個(gè)is影響理解;
    [方法對(duì)策]分清直接引語中的主干和修飾成分就比較好理解本句了;
    [例句精譯]18世紀(jì)政治家愛德蒙·博克曾說過類似這樣的話, 好人的沉默和旁觀,就可以導(dǎo)致壞人事業(yè)的勝利。
      難句2
     Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.
    [結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
     1. 本句主干部分是:Scientists need to respond ... to animal rights advocates... ;
     2. 逗號(hào)后面是whose引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,修飾:animal rights advocates;
     3. 此定語從句中,主語是whose arguments,謂語是are,賓語是and連接的confusing和threatening;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]主要是定語從句的影響;
    [方法對(duì)策]抓住主句,然后再理解從句,注意定語從句中的and連接的兩個(gè)單詞confusing和threatening;
    [例句精譯]科學(xué)家應(yīng)該對(duì)這些動(dòng)物權(quán)利鼓吹者做出強(qiáng)有力的回?fù)簦驗(yàn)樗麄兊难哉摶煜娨暵?,從而威脅到衛(wèi)生知識(shí)和衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的進(jìn)步。
      難句3
     For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines.
    [結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
     1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:... a ... woman ... was distributing a brochure ... ;
     2. woman后面的現(xiàn)在分詞短語staffing an animal rights booth是woman的后置定語;
     3. brochure后面的that引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾a brochure;
     4.anything后面的that引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾anything;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]主要是從句關(guān)系和修飾成分比較復(fù)雜;
    [方法對(duì)策]找出句子主干,然后再分析從句和其他修飾成分;
    [例句精譯]例如,在近期的集市上,一位老奶奶站在動(dòng)物權(quán)利宣傳點(diǎn)前散發(fā)小冊子,規(guī)勸人們不要使用動(dòng)物制品和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)制品--肉類,毛皮,藥物。
      難句4
     To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
    [結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
     1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:... animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst;
     2. To those后面的who引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾those,此定語從句中包含一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]從句關(guān)系復(fù)雜;
    [方法對(duì)策]找出句子主干,然后再分析其他成分;
    [例句精譯]許多人不明白獲得這些新的治療方法和疫苗都必須進(jìn)行動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。對(duì)于他們來說,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)說得好是浪費(fèi),說得不好是殘忍。
     難句5
     Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.
    [結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
     1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:... the health research community should ... recruit to its cause not only ... but ... ;
     2. 句首的because引導(dǎo)的分句作狀語,表示原因;
     3. Stephen Cooper后面是一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,補(bǔ)充說明Stephen Cooper的情況;
     4.后一個(gè)分句中who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾all;
    [本句難點(diǎn)]從句關(guān)系復(fù)雜,主句比較長;
    [方法對(duì)策]找出句子主干,然后再分析其他成分,注意because引導(dǎo)的句子為狀語,表原因;
    [例句精譯]后,因?yàn)榻K決定因素是病人,醫(yī)療研究機(jī)構(gòu)不僅應(yīng)該積極爭取像史蒂芬·庫博這樣的名人的支持--他對(duì)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)的價(jià)值勇敢地進(jìn)行了肯定--而且應(yīng)該爭取所有接受治療的病人的支持。
     46.[答案] A
    [解析]本文指出,為了保護(hù)大多數(shù)人類(甚至動(dòng)物類)而進(jìn)行的一些醫(yī)學(xué)研究(比如疫苗,生產(chǎn)新的藥品等等)需要拿有些動(dòng)物進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。而在某些動(dòng)物保護(hù)分子看來,這樣做是不人道和殘忍的,應(yīng)該禁止。其實(shí),他們十分的偽善:如果沒有疫苗和新藥,流行病傳播時(shí)聽任人類(甚至牲畜類)大批死亡豈不是更加殘忍和不道德?所以,作者一開始引用18世紀(jì)一位政治家的話說:好人的沉默和旁觀,就可以造成壞人的勝利?,F(xiàn)在,有那么一種壞事正企圖得逞。那就是一些極端分子鼓吹的不準(zhǔn)拿動(dòng)物來進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)試驗(yàn)。由此可見,作者引用那位政治家的話語的目的是:A.號(hào)召科學(xué)家采用行動(dòng)來反擊!(而不僅僅是批評(píng)他們)。大家記住,選項(xiàng)時(shí),一定不要忘記把題干加上去一塊兒考慮,不要光看A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng),那樣太片面?。╟ause n.原因;v.引起;n.事業(yè):此處為第三個(gè)意思)。
     47.[答案] B
    [解析]他們認(rèn)為動(dòng)物試驗(yàn) A:是雖殘忍但也是很自然的事,B:不人道而且不可接受的 C:是不可避免但卻有點(diǎn)邪惡, D:沒有意義和純屬浪費(fèi)的。綜上可知,只有B項(xiàng)語氣為否定和激烈,應(yīng)該正是他們的態(tài)度。
     48.[答案] B
    [解析]那位老奶奶天真地認(rèn)為,不用動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)僅用計(jì)算機(jī)就可以解決疫苗和新藥問題??梢娺@反映了一些 善良人們的無知(本段末句)。故選B。
     49.[答案] A
    [解析]老奶奶下面這兩段接著談了科學(xué)家們應(yīng)該怎么辦?應(yīng)該:多與公眾溝通,多進(jìn)行 中學(xué)課堂式的大眾科普活動(dòng)。故本題選A。
     50.[答案] D
    [解析]如果末段不能完全看懂,僅從Stephen Cooper 后邊的定語從句即可判斷他是一個(gè)動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)的支持者。
    18世紀(jì)政治家愛德蒙·博克曾說過類似這樣的話,好人的沉默和旁觀,就可以導(dǎo)致壞人事業(yè)的勝利。這種情形現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生,他們正在尋求終止生物醫(yī)學(xué)的研究,因?yàn)橛羞@樣一種理論說,動(dòng)物享有權(quán)利禁止它們被用于實(shí)驗(yàn)??茖W(xué)家應(yīng)該對(duì)這些動(dòng)物權(quán)利鼓吹者做出強(qiáng)有力的回?fù)?,因?yàn)樗麄兊难哉摶煜娨暵?,從而威脅到衛(wèi)生知識(shí)和衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的進(jìn)步。動(dòng)物權(quán)利運(yùn)動(dòng)的將矛頭指向生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究,原因在于它依賴公共資金的資助,并且很少有人懂得醫(yī)學(xué)研究的過程。當(dāng)人們聽到醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)虐待動(dòng)物的指控時(shí),許多人都不明白為什么有人會(huì)故意傷害動(dòng)物。
     例如,在近期的集市上,一位老奶奶站在動(dòng)物權(quán)利宣傳點(diǎn)前散發(fā)小冊子,規(guī)勸人們不要使用動(dòng)物制品和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)制品--肉類,毛皮,藥物。當(dāng)被問到她是否反對(duì)免疫接種時(shí),她問疫苗是否來自動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。當(dāng)被告知的確如此,她回答道,那么我不得不說,是的,我反對(duì)接種。當(dāng)問她瘟疫爆發(fā)怎么辦時(shí),她說,不用擔(dān)心,科學(xué)家會(huì)找到一種方法,用計(jì)算機(jī)來解決問題。這些善良的人們就是不明白這個(gè)道理。
     科學(xué)家必須把他們的意思傳達(dá)給公眾,并且要使用富有感情和通俗易懂的語言,即用人性化的語言,而不是使用分子生物學(xué)的語言。我們需要說明動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)與祖母的髖骨更換、父親的心臟搭橋、嬰兒的免疫接種、甚至寵物的注射針劑都密切相關(guān)。許多人不明白獲得這些新的治療方法和疫苗都必須進(jìn)行動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。對(duì)于他們來說,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)說得好是浪費(fèi),說得不好是殘忍。
     有很多事情可以做??茖W(xué)家可以采用中學(xué)課堂的教學(xué)方式來展示他們的研究。他們應(yīng)該對(duì)報(bào)刊的讀者來信及時(shí)做出回應(yīng),以防止動(dòng)物權(quán)利的欺騙性言論在毫無質(zhì)疑的情況下猖獗盛行,從而獲得一副真理的面容。科研機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該對(duì)外開放,讓人參觀,向人們展示實(shí)驗(yàn)室里的動(dòng)物獲得了人道的對(duì)待。后,因?yàn)榻K決定因素是病人,醫(yī)療研究機(jī)構(gòu)不僅應(yīng)該積極爭取像史蒂芬·庫博這樣的名人的支持--他對(duì)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)的價(jià)值勇敢地進(jìn)行了肯定--而且應(yīng)該爭取所有接受治療的病人的支持。如果好人無所作為,一群不明真相的公眾真的有可能撲滅醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步的寶貴火種。
    46. 作者引用愛德蒙·博克的話是為了。
    A.號(hào)召科學(xué)家行動(dòng)起來(反擊)
    B.批評(píng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)物權(quán)利的錯(cuò)誤事業(yè)
    C.警告生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究要失敗
    D.顯示動(dòng)物權(quán)利運(yùn)動(dòng)的勝利
    47. 被誤導(dǎo)的人們往往認(rèn)為:在研究中使用動(dòng)物。
    A.殘忍但正常
    B.不人道、不可接受
    C.不可避免但邪惡
    D.沒有意義、純屬浪費(fèi)
    48. 老太太的例子是用來表示公眾。
    A.對(duì)動(dòng)物研究不滿
    B.對(duì)醫(yī)療科學(xué)無知
    C.對(duì)流行病漠不關(guān)心
    D.擔(dān)心動(dòng)物的權(quán)利
    49. 作者認(rèn)為,面對(duì)來自動(dòng)物權(quán)利倡導(dǎo)者的挑戰(zhàn),科學(xué)家應(yīng)該。
    A.多與公眾交流
    B.在研究中采用高科技手段
    C.不要因?yàn)樗麄兊氖聵I(yè)而感到羞愧
    D.努力研發(fā)新治療方法
    50. 從本文我們了解到:史蒂芬·庫博是。
    A.的人道主義者
    B.醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)踐家
    C.動(dòng)物權(quán)利的熱心支持者
    D.動(dòng)物研究的支持者
    考試大編輯??佳腥藟粝氤烧?!