被動(dòng)語態(tài)1：英語中語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
語態(tài)的作用：語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用來說明主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系。
語態(tài)的選用：如果主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，謂語用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。
例如：We clean the room every day.
如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，或者說是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，謂語則是要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
例如：The room is cleaned every day.
2:被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種形式
1) am/is/are +done
eg：I'm asked to take care of myself.
eg：Football is played all over the world.
2）has /have been done
eg：This book has been translated into many foreign languages.
eg：The prices of many goods have been cut again .
3）am/is /are being done
eg：A road is being built around the mountain.
eg：Many new houses are being built in this city.
4） was/were done
eg1：This house was built in 1958.
eg2：His leg was broken in an accident.
5） had been done
eg1：A new school had been set up by the end of last year.
eg2：When the anthem had been played the conference began.
6) was/were being done
eg1： meeting was being held when I was there.
eg2：We were being trained this time last year.
7) shall/will be done
eg1：More factories will be built in our city.
eg2：He will be taken to hospital tomorrow.
8) shall/will have been done
eg1：The project will have been completed before July.
eg2：Your clothes shall have been made for you soon.
9) should/would be done
eg1：He told me that his new cloths would be made by his mother.
10) should/would have been done
eg1：He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
3:主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
1）及物動(dòng)詞的不及物用法：主語通常是物，且有著某種內(nèi)在的特點(diǎn)。句子簡短，且一定有付詞。
eg1：Some silks wash well.
eg2：The pen writes smoothly.
eg3：The poem reads fluently（流利地）.
eg4：The shoes wear well（很耐穿）.
eg5：The paper tears easily.
2)否定句
eg1：The plays won`t act.
eg2：His novels don`t sell.
eg3：The door won`t open.
3)某些日常用語，謂語是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
eg1：The dinner is cooking.
eg2：The cakes are baking（烘烤）.
eg3：The book is printing.
eg4：He paid all that was owing（欠的錢他都還了）.
4）謂語是不及物動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞。
eg1：The flowers look beautiful.
eg2：what he said sounds reasonable.
eg3：The roses smell sweet.
eg4：The medicine tastes bitter.
eg5：The cloth feels soft.
eg6：The door blew open.
eg7：The road measures 50 feet across.
eg8：Sheep feed chiefly on grass.
4:練習(xí)
1).Put the following sentences into the passive voice (by phrase may be omitted)
1.People speak English in many countries.
2.We built this bridge last year.
3.The tiger in the z00 frightened the little girl.
4.Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.
5.You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.
6.We shall discuss the problem at tomorrow's meeting.
7.Has anybody fed the birds?
8.People will never forget the accident.
9.You may write this letter in pencil.
10.They are repairing the car in the garage.
11.Someone must have turned on the light without your notice.
12.They have found ways to make waste water clean.
13.Someone must take care of the children when we go out.
14.They won't hold the meeting until next Friday.
15.They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
16.The doctor will ask the patient some questions before he gives her medicine.
17.They made the young man head of the volleyball team.
18.Someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination.
19.They criticized me for something wrong that I had done.
20.Someone has taken the stranger to another hospital.
21.It surprised me to hear that they wouldn't give him a holiday after his hard work.
22.People oughtn't to criticize her for this matter.
23.People will laugh at you if you wear that dress.
24.They ought to have told you how much money you needed.
25.I have told him that he didn't satisfy his examiner.
26.We must finish the work by six o'clock this afternoon.
27.Do you often clean your room?
28.They are making this type of radios in shanghai.
29.Could you carry out the plan on time?
30.We must pay attention to such problems.
31.Someone is showing them how to operate the computers.
32.You should put forward(提出)the questions at the meeting.
33.They used to practise speaking English together.
34.He is sure to finish the job by then.
35.She is going to play the match today.
36.People are talking about the incident all over the town.
37.We saw a bus running towards us at that time
38.They elected her leader of the group.
39.They had to put off the sports meet because of the rain.
40.We don't have to write it in such a hurry.
2).Make the best choice:
窗體頂部
41.Our house_____,
A.is getting paint B.is getting painted C.is got painted D.has got to paint
42.He arrived in Beijing,where he_____his friend.
A.was met by B.was met C.was meeting D.met by
43.The war_____in 1937
A.was broken out B.had been broken out C.has broken out D.broke out
44.The mistakes in the exercises will_____the teacher.
A.cross B.be crossing C.be crossed by D.cross by
45.My brother and I have __________her birthday party.
A.been invited B.been invited for C.invited to D.been invited to
46.It_______this way
A.is had to do B.is had to be done C.had to be done D.has to do
47.It__this way.
A used to do B.used to be done C.is used to do D.is used to doing
48._____Chaplin.
A.The child's name was called B.The child's name calls C.The child calls D.The child is named
49.The sports meeting____ .
A.is put off B.is to put off C.is to be put off D.puts off
50.Mary realized she_________
A.was making fun of B.was made fun C.was being made fun of D.was being made fun
51.______to say a thing in that way
A.It is considers wrong B.It is considered wrong C.It is considered it's wrong D.It is consiedring wrong
52.He ordered that the books_______at once.
A.would be printed B.would print C.be printed D.print
53.The story______in China.
A.was taken place B.was happened C.took place D.has been taken place
54.The house_____my parents
A.is belong to B.belong to C.belongs to D.is belonged to
55.He_______by his teacher.
A.happened to see B.was happened to see C.happened to be seen D.was happened to be seen
56.Great changes_____in our province.Many tall buildings __________.
A.have been taken place, have been set up B.have taken place, have been set up
C.have been taken place, have been set up D.were taken place, were set up
57.The hall's____but it's not yet____with lamps.
A.furnished, finished B.been finished, been furnished C.being finished, being furnished D.set up, full
58.The new hall is the tallest building in this town.
_____from here?
A.Can it see B.Can it be seen C.Can it seen D.Can see
59.As soon as we got to the airport,we found that the plane_____.
A.had already taken off B.already took off C.was already taking off D.was already taken off
60. Some of the hotels in my hometown_________.
A.have now been rebuilding B.are now rebuilding
C.are now being rebuilt D.are rebuilt now
(Answers to the questions: BADCD,CBDAC,BCCCC,BBBAC )
怎樣學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語態(tài) 英語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)在語法書上都有詳略不同的交代，但大都著重它的構(gòu)成形式，例證則往往不夠。這種語態(tài)似乎在英語句子中比在漢語句子中更多出現(xiàn)，這點(diǎn)是我國初學(xué)者所經(jīng)常忽略的。在某些句子中，英語總是用被動(dòng)語態(tài)、而漢語則絕不能用，如：
Shakespeare was born in 1564．/Moliere was born in Paris．
初學(xué)英語的人接觸到這樣被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子恐不免感到奇怪，因?yàn)槲覀冊跐h語中慣于說"生于某某年"或"某某年生"，"生于
巴黎"或"在巴黎出生"，從來不說一個(gè)人"被生出"。
在另一些句子中，英語可用主動(dòng)及被動(dòng)兩種語態(tài)，漢語則傾向于用主動(dòng)，如：
Everybody likes him．/He is liked by everybody．
漢語"人人喜歡他"看來比"他被人人喜歡"更現(xiàn)成和自然。有人以為這有一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)的問題，用作主語的詞是加以強(qiáng)調(diào)的。即
令如此，按照英語結(jié)構(gòu)寫成的"他被大家喜歡"這樣的句子，總是別扭。
下面就十個(gè)類別，舉出一些句子，說明英語某些動(dòng)詞用于某一意義或在某一場合中常作被動(dòng)語態(tài)。類別當(dāng)然不能只是十個(gè)，這
兒僅舉常見的。每個(gè)類別下也只舉五個(gè)句子，句子中的動(dòng)詞彼此不一樣。為方便起見，句子首先采用大家熟知的 The Advanced
Learner's Dictionary of Current English（ALD），其次是 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English（LDCE），必要時(shí)從其他英美書刊補(bǔ)充少數(shù)句子，但不注明出處。
1．關(guān)于生病
The left lung is affected． _____ALD
He is confined to the house by illness． ____ ALD
He was seized with sudden chest pains． ____LDCE
He's been troubled with a bad back since he was a child． ____LDCE
John was Invalided out of the army．
上面這些句子中被動(dòng)語態(tài)在英語中很習(xí)慣化，如將動(dòng)詞改為主動(dòng)語態(tài)，有不同程度的不順。用漢語表達(dá)這些句子中的同樣的概
念，就可以不一定用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
2．關(guān)于疲倦困乏
He was doneup afterthe long ride． ALD
He was knocked uP after the longsteen climb． _____ ALD
He was almost fagged out． ______ ALD
I'm completely exhausted．____LDCE
I was spent with the fatigue of the voyage．
漢語說"累了"、"累垮了"極普通。如說由于某種原因而"累了"、"累垮了"，至少在結(jié)構(gòu)上不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。這和第一類的例子是一致的。
3．關(guān)于喜悅、高興
I was delighted to hear the news of your success．_____ALD
We're very pleased to see you here．_____ALD
On hearing of the victory，the nation was transported with joy．_____ALD
She was enchanted with the flowers you sent her． _____ALD
The children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows．_____ ALD
漢語如說"被高興"，將不成文理，說"使……高興"或"為……高興"，那也不能照英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)去處理。事實(shí)上這頭一句
話照漢語是"我高興地聽到……"這雖帶點(diǎn)歐化，但目前也通行了。最常見的恐怕還是"聽到……我高興"。無論如何。漢語說"高興"，不能如英語那樣用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
4．關(guān)于阻塞、拖延：
We're been held up by fog． _____ ALD
The mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock．_____ALD
The train was delayed two hours． _____ALD
I was hindered from getting here．____ALD
The harbour was blocked by ice．_____ALD
這第二句ALD英漢雙解本譯成"山路被落下石頭所阻塞"。嚴(yán)格地說這句譯文似乎欠流暢，尤其不能用于口語。當(dāng)然，凡是阻力，總是外來的阻力，施于受事的主語，主語處于被動(dòng)地位，但漢語不能采取英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式而完全不加變動(dòng)。
5、關(guān)于習(xí)慣
He is quite used to hard work．____ALD
This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to． _____ALD
He is addicted to smoking． _____ALD
The old soldier was inured to danger． ____LDCE
He is given to long walks． _____LDCE
英語中有些動(dòng)詞，由于常用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，詞典中對(duì)它們的分詞（participle）形式另立專條著錄，成為獨(dú)立的詞，其功能相當(dāng)于形容詞。以上例句中的動(dòng)詞就是典型的例子。例如，詞典一般既有use這一專條（不定式動(dòng)詞），又有 used；既有 accustom，又有 accustomed；既有g(shù)ive，又有g(shù)iven。但如inure及addict，在 ALD上只注明"常用于被動(dòng)"（usu．passive），尚未另立inured和 addicted專條，其他詞典也大體是這樣，雖然addicted還可以作為形容詞，看成是獨(dú)立的詞條。然而不管這些詞是否帶有形容詞的性質(zhì)，在上面的句子中卻具有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的作用。
6．關(guān)于苦惱、心煩意亂
He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed．____ALD
She is easily upset emotionally．____ALD
He was vexed at his failure． ____ ALD
He was disturbed to hear of your illness．______ALD
I felt harassed by all the work of the office．_____LDCE
苦惱等情緒當(dāng)然是引起的，因此英語中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)似乎說明了是由于什么引起的，但要注意第一句She is easily upset emotionally．不必指出原因。
7．關(guān)于驚訝或震驚
I was astonished to see him there． ____ALD
I'm surprised he didn't come．_____ALD
He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing． _____ALD
He was startled to see him looking so ill．_____ALD
He was astounded when he heard he had won．_____ALD
一個(gè)正常的人無故不會(huì)大驚小怪。但是我們說"吃驚"、"大吃一驚"或"使……吃驚"和"使……大吃一驚"等也就夠了，不
同于英語的被動(dòng)表現(xiàn)形式。
8．關(guān)于圍繞、包圍
His land is fenced with barbed wire．____ALD
Troy was besieged by the Greeks for ten years．_____ALD
The troops were surrounded．_____ALD
The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed．_____LDCE
Japan is compassed about by the ocean．____LDCE
對(duì)于以上第二句，第三句及第五句，漢語是可以用"被包圍"這類說法的，但對(duì)第一句的"is fenced with，"如說"有籬笆圍住"就行了，不一定要說"被用籬笆圍住"。至于第四句中"should be railed"，英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)在漢語中也難以表達(dá)。我們通常說：應(yīng)該用欄桿圍起來"，或"應(yīng)該把它用欄桿圍起來"，而不是"應(yīng)該被用欄桿圍起來"。
9．關(guān)于玷污、污染
His reputation is tarnished．_____ALD
My car was mired． ____ ALD
The river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ LDCE
Your fingers are stained with ink．
That cheese is mildewed．
和第三句的contaminated意義近似的動(dòng)詞如pollute及 defile等，也常用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。我們說，"出污泥而不染"，不是"……而不被染"。
10．關(guān)于惶惑、慌亂
I was confounded to hear that． ____ALD
They sked so many questions that I got confused． _____ALD
Tom was bewildered by the examination questions．____ALD
He was puzzled what to do next． ____ ALD
The Cabinet Ministers are perplexed as to what to do．
以上可和第六和第七兩類聯(lián)系起來看。
綜觀以上的例子，我們覺得中國學(xué)生學(xué)英語不只是要記住動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式，尤其要留心，在什么情況下，英語一定比漢語更常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；要留心哪些動(dòng)詞是這樣用的，哪些動(dòng)詞雖有各種不同用法，但專指某一特殊意義時(shí)一定用被動(dòng)形式。有些特殊被動(dòng)語態(tài)，幾乎習(xí)語化了，也是不可忽視的，如下面兩個(gè)句子：
My hints were lost upon him．___ ALD
My advice was thrown away upon him．___ALD
下面這類以it開頭的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，初學(xué)者不會(huì)使用的大有人在，以致語言死板，并違反英語習(xí)慣。
It is observed that…
It may be observed that…
It will be observed that…
It remains to be observed that…
如此等等。他們只知說We may observe that…之類，因?yàn)檫@與漢語結(jié)構(gòu)接近。
短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
英語中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。有些短語動(dòng)詞在意義上相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，因此也可構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
短語動(dòng)詞被看成一個(gè)整體，是固定詞組，所以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)不可分開。其被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成方法與普通的及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)
成方法相同。如：
1．動(dòng)詞+介詞
He will be operated on by the best surgeon． 他將由的外科醫(yī)生給他動(dòng)手術(shù)。
This matter has been carefully looked into． 此事已得到仔細(xì)調(diào)查。
He is often laughed at by his classmates． 他經(jīng)常被同學(xué)嘲笑。
2．動(dòng)詞 + 副詞
These problems have been seriously thought over． 這些問題已得到認(rèn)真考慮。
The lights are turned off at 11 pm every day． 每天晚上11點(diǎn)鐘關(guān)燈。
The fire was soon put out． 那場大火很快被撲滅。
3．動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞
These privileges should be done away with． 此類特權(quán)應(yīng)該被取消。
Women were looked down upon in the past． 婦女過去受到歧視。
The lost time must be made up for. 失去的時(shí)間必須補(bǔ)回來。
4．動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞
The children have been taken good care of． 這些孩子得到了很好的照料。
What they did have been paid great attention to． 他們所做的一切已得到極大的關(guān)注。
Time is precious and should be made full use of. 時(shí)間寶貴，應(yīng)該充分利用。
語態(tài)的作用：語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用來說明主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系。
語態(tài)的選用：如果主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，謂語用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。
例如：We clean the room every day.
如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，或者說是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，謂語則是要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
例如：The room is cleaned every day.
2:被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種形式
1) am/is/are +done
eg：I'm asked to take care of myself.
eg：Football is played all over the world.
2）has /have been done
eg：This book has been translated into many foreign languages.
eg：The prices of many goods have been cut again .
3）am/is /are being done
eg：A road is being built around the mountain.
eg：Many new houses are being built in this city.
4） was/were done
eg1：This house was built in 1958.
eg2：His leg was broken in an accident.
5） had been done
eg1：A new school had been set up by the end of last year.
eg2：When the anthem had been played the conference began.
6) was/were being done
eg1： meeting was being held when I was there.
eg2：We were being trained this time last year.
7) shall/will be done
eg1：More factories will be built in our city.
eg2：He will be taken to hospital tomorrow.
8) shall/will have been done
eg1：The project will have been completed before July.
eg2：Your clothes shall have been made for you soon.
9) should/would be done
eg1：He told me that his new cloths would be made by his mother.
10) should/would have been done
eg1：He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
3:主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
1）及物動(dòng)詞的不及物用法：主語通常是物，且有著某種內(nèi)在的特點(diǎn)。句子簡短，且一定有付詞。
eg1：Some silks wash well.
eg2：The pen writes smoothly.
eg3：The poem reads fluently（流利地）.
eg4：The shoes wear well（很耐穿）.
eg5：The paper tears easily.
2)否定句
eg1：The plays won`t act.
eg2：His novels don`t sell.
eg3：The door won`t open.
3)某些日常用語，謂語是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
eg1：The dinner is cooking.
eg2：The cakes are baking（烘烤）.
eg3：The book is printing.
eg4：He paid all that was owing（欠的錢他都還了）.
4）謂語是不及物動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞。
eg1：The flowers look beautiful.
eg2：what he said sounds reasonable.
eg3：The roses smell sweet.
eg4：The medicine tastes bitter.
eg5：The cloth feels soft.
eg6：The door blew open.
eg7：The road measures 50 feet across.
eg8：Sheep feed chiefly on grass.
4:練習(xí)
1).Put the following sentences into the passive voice (by phrase may be omitted)
1.People speak English in many countries.
2.We built this bridge last year.
3.The tiger in the z00 frightened the little girl.
4.Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.
5.You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.
6.We shall discuss the problem at tomorrow's meeting.
7.Has anybody fed the birds?
8.People will never forget the accident.
9.You may write this letter in pencil.
10.They are repairing the car in the garage.
11.Someone must have turned on the light without your notice.
12.They have found ways to make waste water clean.
13.Someone must take care of the children when we go out.
14.They won't hold the meeting until next Friday.
15.They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
16.The doctor will ask the patient some questions before he gives her medicine.
17.They made the young man head of the volleyball team.
18.Someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination.
19.They criticized me for something wrong that I had done.
20.Someone has taken the stranger to another hospital.
21.It surprised me to hear that they wouldn't give him a holiday after his hard work.
22.People oughtn't to criticize her for this matter.
23.People will laugh at you if you wear that dress.
24.They ought to have told you how much money you needed.
25.I have told him that he didn't satisfy his examiner.
26.We must finish the work by six o'clock this afternoon.
27.Do you often clean your room?
28.They are making this type of radios in shanghai.
29.Could you carry out the plan on time?
30.We must pay attention to such problems.
31.Someone is showing them how to operate the computers.
32.You should put forward(提出)the questions at the meeting.
33.They used to practise speaking English together.
34.He is sure to finish the job by then.
35.She is going to play the match today.
36.People are talking about the incident all over the town.
37.We saw a bus running towards us at that time
38.They elected her leader of the group.
39.They had to put off the sports meet because of the rain.
40.We don't have to write it in such a hurry.
2).Make the best choice:
窗體頂部
41.Our house_____,
A.is getting paint B.is getting painted C.is got painted D.has got to paint
42.He arrived in Beijing,where he_____his friend.
A.was met by B.was met C.was meeting D.met by
43.The war_____in 1937
A.was broken out B.had been broken out C.has broken out D.broke out
44.The mistakes in the exercises will_____the teacher.
A.cross B.be crossing C.be crossed by D.cross by
45.My brother and I have __________her birthday party.
A.been invited B.been invited for C.invited to D.been invited to
46.It_______this way
A.is had to do B.is had to be done C.had to be done D.has to do
47.It__this way.
A used to do B.used to be done C.is used to do D.is used to doing
48._____Chaplin.
A.The child's name was called B.The child's name calls C.The child calls D.The child is named
49.The sports meeting____ .
A.is put off B.is to put off C.is to be put off D.puts off
50.Mary realized she_________
A.was making fun of B.was made fun C.was being made fun of D.was being made fun
51.______to say a thing in that way
A.It is considers wrong B.It is considered wrong C.It is considered it's wrong D.It is consiedring wrong
52.He ordered that the books_______at once.
A.would be printed B.would print C.be printed D.print
53.The story______in China.
A.was taken place B.was happened C.took place D.has been taken place
54.The house_____my parents
A.is belong to B.belong to C.belongs to D.is belonged to
55.He_______by his teacher.
A.happened to see B.was happened to see C.happened to be seen D.was happened to be seen
56.Great changes_____in our province.Many tall buildings __________.
A.have been taken place, have been set up B.have taken place, have been set up
C.have been taken place, have been set up D.were taken place, were set up
57.The hall's____but it's not yet____with lamps.
A.furnished, finished B.been finished, been furnished C.being finished, being furnished D.set up, full
58.The new hall is the tallest building in this town.
_____from here?
A.Can it see B.Can it be seen C.Can it seen D.Can see
59.As soon as we got to the airport,we found that the plane_____.
A.had already taken off B.already took off C.was already taking off D.was already taken off
60. Some of the hotels in my hometown_________.
A.have now been rebuilding B.are now rebuilding
C.are now being rebuilt D.are rebuilt now
(Answers to the questions: BADCD,CBDAC,BCCCC,BBBAC )
怎樣學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語態(tài) 英語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)在語法書上都有詳略不同的交代，但大都著重它的構(gòu)成形式，例證則往往不夠。這種語態(tài)似乎在英語句子中比在漢語句子中更多出現(xiàn)，這點(diǎn)是我國初學(xué)者所經(jīng)常忽略的。在某些句子中，英語總是用被動(dòng)語態(tài)、而漢語則絕不能用，如：
Shakespeare was born in 1564．/Moliere was born in Paris．
初學(xué)英語的人接觸到這樣被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子恐不免感到奇怪，因?yàn)槲覀冊跐h語中慣于說"生于某某年"或"某某年生"，"生于
巴黎"或"在巴黎出生"，從來不說一個(gè)人"被生出"。
在另一些句子中，英語可用主動(dòng)及被動(dòng)兩種語態(tài)，漢語則傾向于用主動(dòng)，如：
Everybody likes him．/He is liked by everybody．
漢語"人人喜歡他"看來比"他被人人喜歡"更現(xiàn)成和自然。有人以為這有一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)的問題，用作主語的詞是加以強(qiáng)調(diào)的。即
令如此，按照英語結(jié)構(gòu)寫成的"他被大家喜歡"這樣的句子，總是別扭。
下面就十個(gè)類別，舉出一些句子，說明英語某些動(dòng)詞用于某一意義或在某一場合中常作被動(dòng)語態(tài)。類別當(dāng)然不能只是十個(gè)，這
兒僅舉常見的。每個(gè)類別下也只舉五個(gè)句子，句子中的動(dòng)詞彼此不一樣。為方便起見，句子首先采用大家熟知的 The Advanced
Learner's Dictionary of Current English（ALD），其次是 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English（LDCE），必要時(shí)從其他英美書刊補(bǔ)充少數(shù)句子，但不注明出處。
1．關(guān)于生病
The left lung is affected． _____ALD
He is confined to the house by illness． ____ ALD
He was seized with sudden chest pains． ____LDCE
He's been troubled with a bad back since he was a child． ____LDCE
John was Invalided out of the army．
上面這些句子中被動(dòng)語態(tài)在英語中很習(xí)慣化，如將動(dòng)詞改為主動(dòng)語態(tài)，有不同程度的不順。用漢語表達(dá)這些句子中的同樣的概
念，就可以不一定用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
2．關(guān)于疲倦困乏
He was doneup afterthe long ride． ALD
He was knocked uP after the longsteen climb． _____ ALD
He was almost fagged out． ______ ALD
I'm completely exhausted．____LDCE
I was spent with the fatigue of the voyage．
漢語說"累了"、"累垮了"極普通。如說由于某種原因而"累了"、"累垮了"，至少在結(jié)構(gòu)上不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。這和第一類的例子是一致的。
3．關(guān)于喜悅、高興
I was delighted to hear the news of your success．_____ALD
We're very pleased to see you here．_____ALD
On hearing of the victory，the nation was transported with joy．_____ALD
She was enchanted with the flowers you sent her． _____ALD
The children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows．_____ ALD
漢語如說"被高興"，將不成文理，說"使……高興"或"為……高興"，那也不能照英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)去處理。事實(shí)上這頭一句
話照漢語是"我高興地聽到……"這雖帶點(diǎn)歐化，但目前也通行了。最常見的恐怕還是"聽到……我高興"。無論如何。漢語說"高興"，不能如英語那樣用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
4．關(guān)于阻塞、拖延：
We're been held up by fog． _____ ALD
The mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock．_____ALD
The train was delayed two hours． _____ALD
I was hindered from getting here．____ALD
The harbour was blocked by ice．_____ALD
這第二句ALD英漢雙解本譯成"山路被落下石頭所阻塞"。嚴(yán)格地說這句譯文似乎欠流暢，尤其不能用于口語。當(dāng)然，凡是阻力，總是外來的阻力，施于受事的主語，主語處于被動(dòng)地位，但漢語不能采取英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式而完全不加變動(dòng)。
5、關(guān)于習(xí)慣
He is quite used to hard work．____ALD
This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to． _____ALD
He is addicted to smoking． _____ALD
The old soldier was inured to danger． ____LDCE
He is given to long walks． _____LDCE
英語中有些動(dòng)詞，由于常用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，詞典中對(duì)它們的分詞（participle）形式另立專條著錄，成為獨(dú)立的詞，其功能相當(dāng)于形容詞。以上例句中的動(dòng)詞就是典型的例子。例如，詞典一般既有use這一專條（不定式動(dòng)詞），又有 used；既有 accustom，又有 accustomed；既有g(shù)ive，又有g(shù)iven。但如inure及addict，在 ALD上只注明"常用于被動(dòng)"（usu．passive），尚未另立inured和 addicted專條，其他詞典也大體是這樣，雖然addicted還可以作為形容詞，看成是獨(dú)立的詞條。然而不管這些詞是否帶有形容詞的性質(zhì)，在上面的句子中卻具有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的作用。
6．關(guān)于苦惱、心煩意亂
He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed．____ALD
She is easily upset emotionally．____ALD
He was vexed at his failure． ____ ALD
He was disturbed to hear of your illness．______ALD
I felt harassed by all the work of the office．_____LDCE
苦惱等情緒當(dāng)然是引起的，因此英語中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)似乎說明了是由于什么引起的，但要注意第一句She is easily upset emotionally．不必指出原因。
7．關(guān)于驚訝或震驚
I was astonished to see him there． ____ALD
I'm surprised he didn't come．_____ALD
He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing． _____ALD
He was startled to see him looking so ill．_____ALD
He was astounded when he heard he had won．_____ALD
一個(gè)正常的人無故不會(huì)大驚小怪。但是我們說"吃驚"、"大吃一驚"或"使……吃驚"和"使……大吃一驚"等也就夠了，不
同于英語的被動(dòng)表現(xiàn)形式。
8．關(guān)于圍繞、包圍
His land is fenced with barbed wire．____ALD
Troy was besieged by the Greeks for ten years．_____ALD
The troops were surrounded．_____ALD
The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed．_____LDCE
Japan is compassed about by the ocean．____LDCE
對(duì)于以上第二句，第三句及第五句，漢語是可以用"被包圍"這類說法的，但對(duì)第一句的"is fenced with，"如說"有籬笆圍住"就行了，不一定要說"被用籬笆圍住"。至于第四句中"should be railed"，英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)在漢語中也難以表達(dá)。我們通常說：應(yīng)該用欄桿圍起來"，或"應(yīng)該把它用欄桿圍起來"，而不是"應(yīng)該被用欄桿圍起來"。
9．關(guān)于玷污、污染
His reputation is tarnished．_____ALD
My car was mired． ____ ALD
The river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ LDCE
Your fingers are stained with ink．
That cheese is mildewed．
和第三句的contaminated意義近似的動(dòng)詞如pollute及 defile等，也常用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。我們說，"出污泥而不染"，不是"……而不被染"。
10．關(guān)于惶惑、慌亂
I was confounded to hear that． ____ALD
They sked so many questions that I got confused． _____ALD
Tom was bewildered by the examination questions．____ALD
He was puzzled what to do next． ____ ALD
The Cabinet Ministers are perplexed as to what to do．
以上可和第六和第七兩類聯(lián)系起來看。
綜觀以上的例子，我們覺得中國學(xué)生學(xué)英語不只是要記住動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式，尤其要留心，在什么情況下，英語一定比漢語更常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；要留心哪些動(dòng)詞是這樣用的，哪些動(dòng)詞雖有各種不同用法，但專指某一特殊意義時(shí)一定用被動(dòng)形式。有些特殊被動(dòng)語態(tài)，幾乎習(xí)語化了，也是不可忽視的，如下面兩個(gè)句子：
My hints were lost upon him．___ ALD
My advice was thrown away upon him．___ALD
下面這類以it開頭的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，初學(xué)者不會(huì)使用的大有人在，以致語言死板，并違反英語習(xí)慣。
It is observed that…
It may be observed that…
It will be observed that…
It remains to be observed that…
如此等等。他們只知說We may observe that…之類，因?yàn)檫@與漢語結(jié)構(gòu)接近。
短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
英語中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。有些短語動(dòng)詞在意義上相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，因此也可構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
短語動(dòng)詞被看成一個(gè)整體，是固定詞組，所以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)不可分開。其被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成方法與普通的及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)
成方法相同。如：
1．動(dòng)詞+介詞
He will be operated on by the best surgeon． 他將由的外科醫(yī)生給他動(dòng)手術(shù)。
This matter has been carefully looked into． 此事已得到仔細(xì)調(diào)查。
He is often laughed at by his classmates． 他經(jīng)常被同學(xué)嘲笑。
2．動(dòng)詞 + 副詞
These problems have been seriously thought over． 這些問題已得到認(rèn)真考慮。
The lights are turned off at 11 pm every day． 每天晚上11點(diǎn)鐘關(guān)燈。
The fire was soon put out． 那場大火很快被撲滅。
3．動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞
These privileges should be done away with． 此類特權(quán)應(yīng)該被取消。
Women were looked down upon in the past． 婦女過去受到歧視。
The lost time must be made up for. 失去的時(shí)間必須補(bǔ)回來。
4．動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞
The children have been taken good care of． 這些孩子得到了很好的照料。
What they did have been paid great attention to． 他們所做的一切已得到極大的關(guān)注。
Time is precious and should be made full use of. 時(shí)間寶貴，應(yīng)該充分利用。