Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the individual person. It is concerned with describing and explaining language as a matter of human behavior. People speak and write; they also evidently read and understand what they hear. They are not born doing so; they have to acquire these skills. Not everybody seems to develop them to the same degree. People may suffer accidents or diseases, which impair their performance. Language is thus seen as part of human psychology, a particular sort of behavior, the behavior, which has as its principal, function that of communication.
The trouble with the term “behavior” is that it is often taken to refer only to more or less overt, and describable, physical movements and acts. Yet part of language behavior-that of understanding spoken or written language, for example-has little or no physically observable signs. It is true we can sometimes infer that understanding has taken place by the changes that take place in the other person’s behavior. When someone has been prohibited from doing something, we may infer that he has understood the prohibition by observing that thereafter he never behaves in that way. We cannot, of course, be absolutely sure that his subsequent behavior is a result of his understanding; it might be due to a loss of interest or inclination. So behavior must be taken to include unobservable activity, often only to be inferred from other observable behavior.
Once we admit that the study of language behavior involves describing and explaining the unobservable, the situation becomes much more complicated, because we have to postulate some set of processes, some internal mechanism, which operates when we speak and understand. We have to postulate something we can call a mind. The study of language from this point of view can then be seen as a study of the specific properties, processes and states of the mind whose outward manifestations are observable behavior; what we have to know in order to perform linguistically.This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally concerned with explaining how we acquire language, and its relation to general human cognitive systems, and with the psychological mechanisms underlying the comprehension and production of speech; much less with the problem of what language is for, that is, its function as communication, since this necessarily involves more than a single individual.
36.What is the best title for this passage?
A) Language as Means of Communication.
B) Language and Psychology.
C) Language and the Individual.
D) Language as a Social Phenomenon.
37.According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?
A) Language is often regarded as part of human psychology.
B) People develop language skills of different degrees as a result of different personal experiences.
C) Language is a special kind of psychological behavior that is born with an individual.
D) People learn to speak and write through imitation and training.
38.What does the term “behavior” in the second paragraph especially refer to in this passage?
A) It refers to observable and physical movements and acts.
B) It refers to the part of language behavior that involves understanding or interpretation.
C) It refers to both the overt and the unobservable language behaviors in communicating.
D) It refers to acts of speaking and writing.
39.What does “internal mechanism”(Line 3, Para. 3) mean?
A) Secret machine. B) Mental processes.C) Overt system. D) Mechanic operation.
40.What can you infer from the passage?
A) Its individualistic approach to language is meant to study the psychological processes of language acquisition.
B) The individualistic approach to language is mainly concerned with how language functions in society.
C) The study of language is sure to involve more than a single individual.
D) Psychological approach to language is concerned with the comprehension and production of speech.
Passage Four
內容概要:本文介紹了作為個人現(xiàn)象的語言，可以被看作是對人類行為的描述和解釋。人能說會道，但這些技能都是后天習得。語言是人類心理活動的一部分，它是一種特別的行為?！靶袨椤币辉~多用來指在一定程度上外顯的、可描述的身體活動或行動，但一部分語言行為卻幾乎沒有或根本沒有外顯的標志。因此，語言行為應該包括非外顯的活動在內。既然語言行為包括外顯和非外顯的行為，我們就得建立起某種內在機制，這種內在機制在我們說話或理解別人話語時起作用。
36.【答案】C。
【譯文】根據(jù)短文得知，文章的標題是語言與個人。
【試題分析】主旨題。通過文章的主題句可以得知答案。
【詳細解答】見開篇句：The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the individual person和結尾段第一句：This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual...，這兩個句子里都提到了language 和the individual，所以答案為C。
37.【答案】C。
【譯文】根據(jù)短文得知，語言是一種特殊的心理行為，是與生俱來的。
【試題分析】是非題。一誤三正，通過選項對應文章中的細節(jié)可以得知答案。
【詳細解答】見第一段里句子People speak and write; they also evidently read and understand what they hear. They are not born doing so (37C不對); they have to acquire these skills (37D對). Not everybody seems to develop them to the same degree（37B對）. People may suffer accidents or diseases, which impair their performance. Language is thus seen as part of human psychology (37A對), 所以答案為C。
38.【答案】C。
【譯文】根據(jù)短文得知，第二段里的behavior一詞既指交際中外顯的語言行為，又指非外顯的語言行為。
【試題分析】詞義題。通過上下文可以得知答案。
【詳細解答】見第二段第一、二句話：The trouble with the term “behavior” is that it is often taken to refer only to more or less overt, and describable, physical movements and acts. Yet part of language behavior that of understanding spoken or written language, for example has little or no physically observable signs. 所以答案為C。
39.【答案】B。
【譯文】根據(jù)短文得知，internal mechanism指的是大腦對語言的加工。
【試題分析】詞義題。通過上下文可以得知答案。
【詳細解答】見Para.3第一句because從句we have to postulate some set of processes, some internal mechanism, which operates when we speak and understand，some internal mechanism是對some set of processes的解釋，所以答案為B。
40.【答案】A。
【譯文】根據(jù)短文得知，個人接觸語言的方法指的是研究語言習得的心理過程。
【試題分析】推斷題。通過選項回到文章中找相關的句子來推斷，便可以得知答案。
【詳細解答】見文章最后一段第一句： This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally concerned with explaining how we acquire language，所以答案為A。
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the individual person. It is concerned with describing and explaining language as a matter of human behavior. People speak and write; they also evidently read and understand what they hear. They are not born doing so; they have to acquire these skills. Not everybody seems to develop them to the same degree. People may suffer accidents or diseases, which impair their performance. Language is thus seen as part of human psychology, a particular sort of behavior, the behavior, which has as its principal, function that of communication.
The trouble with the term “behavior” is that it is often taken to refer only to more or less overt, and describable, physical movements and acts. Yet part of language behavior-that of understanding spoken or written language, for example-has little or no physically observable signs. It is true we can sometimes infer that understanding has taken place by the changes that take place in the other person’s behavior. When someone has been prohibited from doing something, we may infer that he has understood the prohibition by observing that thereafter he never behaves in that way. We cannot, of course, be absolutely sure that his subsequent behavior is a result of his understanding; it might be due to a loss of interest or inclination. So behavior must be taken to include unobservable activity, often only to be inferred from other observable behavior.
Once we admit that the study of language behavior involves describing and explaining the unobservable, the situation becomes much more complicated, because we have to postulate some set of processes, some internal mechanism, which operates when we speak and understand. We have to postulate something we can call a mind. The study of language from this point of view can then be seen as a study of the specific properties, processes and states of the mind whose outward manifestations are observable behavior; what we have to know in order to perform linguistically.This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally concerned with explaining how we acquire language, and its relation to general human cognitive systems, and with the psychological mechanisms underlying the comprehension and production of speech; much less with the problem of what language is for, that is, its function as communication, since this necessarily involves more than a single individual.
36.What is the best title for this passage?
A) Language as Means of Communication.
B) Language and Psychology.
C) Language and the Individual.
D) Language as a Social Phenomenon.
37.According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?
A) Language is often regarded as part of human psychology.
B) People develop language skills of different degrees as a result of different personal experiences.
C) Language is a special kind of psychological behavior that is born with an individual.
D) People learn to speak and write through imitation and training.
38.What does the term “behavior” in the second paragraph especially refer to in this passage?
A) It refers to observable and physical movements and acts.
B) It refers to the part of language behavior that involves understanding or interpretation.
C) It refers to both the overt and the unobservable language behaviors in communicating.
D) It refers to acts of speaking and writing.
39.What does “internal mechanism”(Line 3, Para. 3) mean?
A) Secret machine. B) Mental processes.C) Overt system. D) Mechanic operation.
40.What can you infer from the passage?
A) Its individualistic approach to language is meant to study the psychological processes of language acquisition.
B) The individualistic approach to language is mainly concerned with how language functions in society.
C) The study of language is sure to involve more than a single individual.
D) Psychological approach to language is concerned with the comprehension and production of speech.
Passage Four
內容概要:本文介紹了作為個人現(xiàn)象的語言，可以被看作是對人類行為的描述和解釋。人能說會道，但這些技能都是后天習得。語言是人類心理活動的一部分，它是一種特別的行為?！靶袨椤币辉~多用來指在一定程度上外顯的、可描述的身體活動或行動，但一部分語言行為卻幾乎沒有或根本沒有外顯的標志。因此，語言行為應該包括非外顯的活動在內。既然語言行為包括外顯和非外顯的行為，我們就得建立起某種內在機制，這種內在機制在我們說話或理解別人話語時起作用。
36.【答案】C。
【譯文】根據(jù)短文得知，文章的標題是語言與個人。
【試題分析】主旨題。通過文章的主題句可以得知答案。
【詳細解答】見開篇句：The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the individual person和結尾段第一句：This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual...，這兩個句子里都提到了language 和the individual，所以答案為C。
37.【答案】C。
【譯文】根據(jù)短文得知，語言是一種特殊的心理行為，是與生俱來的。
【試題分析】是非題。一誤三正，通過選項對應文章中的細節(jié)可以得知答案。
【詳細解答】見第一段里句子People speak and write; they also evidently read and understand what they hear. They are not born doing so (37C不對); they have to acquire these skills (37D對). Not everybody seems to develop them to the same degree（37B對）. People may suffer accidents or diseases, which impair their performance. Language is thus seen as part of human psychology (37A對), 所以答案為C。
38.【答案】C。
【譯文】根據(jù)短文得知，第二段里的behavior一詞既指交際中外顯的語言行為，又指非外顯的語言行為。
【試題分析】詞義題。通過上下文可以得知答案。
【詳細解答】見第二段第一、二句話：The trouble with the term “behavior” is that it is often taken to refer only to more or less overt, and describable, physical movements and acts. Yet part of language behavior that of understanding spoken or written language, for example has little or no physically observable signs. 所以答案為C。
39.【答案】B。
【譯文】根據(jù)短文得知，internal mechanism指的是大腦對語言的加工。
【試題分析】詞義題。通過上下文可以得知答案。
【詳細解答】見Para.3第一句because從句we have to postulate some set of processes, some internal mechanism, which operates when we speak and understand，some internal mechanism是對some set of processes的解釋，所以答案為B。
40.【答案】A。
【譯文】根據(jù)短文得知，個人接觸語言的方法指的是研究語言習得的心理過程。
【試題分析】推斷題。通過選項回到文章中找相關的句子來推斷，便可以得知答案。
【詳細解答】見文章最后一段第一句： This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally concerned with explaining how we acquire language，所以答案為A。