第十五天：難題錯(cuò)題 分別整理---閱讀理解篇之三
除了尋找正確答案以外，有時(shí)需要避免選項(xiàng)中的陷阱。所以今天總結(jié)干擾選項(xiàng)的特征。
一、例證題
干擾選項(xiàng)特征：就事論事（以例子本身的細(xì)節(jié)為答案）
例如，
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.(2003-4)
The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that.
[A] medical resources are often wasted
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
[C] some treatments are too aggressive
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable
問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)二段倒數(shù)第二句。這個(gè)例子就是說(shuō)明前一句的：由于有第三方為我們支付醫(yī)療費(fèi)用，我們便要求醫(yī)生為我們做所能做的一切事情，即使這么做毫無(wú)用處。二段末句進(jìn)一步指出醫(yī)生為了不讓病人失望，經(jīng)常采取一些過(guò)激的（aggressive）、缺乏科學(xué)根據(jù)的治療方法。由于治療結(jié)果不理想，自然造成醫(yī)療資源的浪費(fèi)。A選項(xiàng)符合此意，為正確答案。B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)都就事論事，即都是例子本身的細(xì)節(jié)，不是例子要說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容。D“醫(yī)療費(fèi)用越來(lái)越難以承擔(dān)”在原文沒(méi)有提到。
二、推理題
干擾選項(xiàng)特征：推得過(guò)遠(yuǎn)（所得出的結(jié)論經(jīng)過(guò)多步推理產(chǎn)生，無(wú)原文依據(jù)）
例如，
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
[B] More versions of IQ test are now available on the Internet.
[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
問(wèn)題是“關(guān)于智力測(cè)驗(yàn)，能從第三段推出什么”。C“針對(duì)成年人和兒童的智力測(cè)驗(yàn)的內(nèi)容和形式可能不同”與原文第三段第二句對(duì)應(yīng)：The test comes primarily in two forms, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version)，其中原文的括號(hào)中指出：智力測(cè)驗(yàn)的兩種形式都有成人版和兒童版。既然如此，說(shuō)明成年人的智力測(cè)驗(yàn)在內(nèi)容和形式兩方面與兒童可能不同，因此C為正確答案。注意：C選項(xiàng)中的format對(duì)應(yīng)原文括號(hào)中的version。A“人們不再用智商分?jǐn)?shù)反映智力水平”推得過(guò)遠(yuǎn)，因?yàn)槎问變H說(shuō)現(xiàn)在智商測(cè)驗(yàn)不如過(guò)去頻繁，這不等于取消了智商測(cè)驗(yàn)。B“因特網(wǎng)上的智商測(cè)驗(yàn)版本比以前更多了”與原文“不同智商測(cè)驗(yàn)版本充斥了萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)”不符，因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)中的比較是原文所沒(méi)有提到的。
三、主旨題
干擾選項(xiàng)特征：細(xì)枝末節(jié)（以例子、細(xì)節(jié)做主題）
例如，
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
……
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original level. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’
[A] management efficiency.
[B] biomass level.
[C] catch-size limits.
[D] technological application.
問(wèn)題是“作者似乎主要關(guān)注大多數(shù)漁場(chǎng)的哪一個(gè)方面”，這等于問(wèn)文章的主題。B“生物數(shù)量水平”就是文章主題，因?yàn)樽髡邚牡诙伍_(kāi)始都在論述這一問(wèn)題，所以B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。A“管理效率”和C“捕獲量限制”在原文未提過(guò)，D“技術(shù)應(yīng)用”是細(xì)枝末節(jié)，所以它們都是干擾選項(xiàng)。
四、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
干擾選項(xiàng)特征：
1． 正反混淆（態(tài)度、有無(wú)與原文相反）
2． 無(wú)中生有（選項(xiàng)中的比較在原文無(wú)依據(jù)）
3． 擴(kuò)大范圍（選項(xiàng)去掉了原文的限制條件或修飾范圍）
4． 因果倒置（兩個(gè)事物在問(wèn)題與選項(xiàng)中的因果關(guān)系與它們?cè)谠牡囊蚬P(guān)系相反）
例如，
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, Why We Should, Like, Care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. (2005-4)
To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
可以將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文一一進(jìn)行比較，與McWhorter談到的觀點(diǎn)一致的就是正確答案。按照出題順序，可以?xún)?yōu)先定位四段，其中四段末句指出：他（指McWhorter）并不像其他人那樣認(rèn)為如果我們講話(huà)不得體就無(wú)法正確思考。這等于說(shuō)他認(rèn)為我們即使講話(huà)不得體也能正確思考，就是說(shuō)邏輯思維與我們的講話(huà)方式?jīng)]有必然的聯(lián)系。A選項(xiàng)說(shuō)的正是這一意思，為正確答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)與四段所說(shuō)都不相符，也不是McWhorter認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)，所以都是干擾選項(xiàng)。第二個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的比較“more expressive than…”在原文未提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。
又如，
In spite of “endless talk of difference”, American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption”, launched by the 19th-entury department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. (2006-1)
According to the author, the department stores of the 19th-century
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.
根據(jù)問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞the department stores of the 19th-century定位一段第三句——該句指出：人們被吸引到“消費(fèi)文化”之中——這場(chǎng)消費(fèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)是由19世紀(jì)的百貨商店發(fā)起的。這里的“消費(fèi)文化”就是前一句中所說(shuō)的“大眾文化”（popular culture）。既然19世紀(jì)的百貨商店導(dǎo)致了消費(fèi)文化，即大眾文化的出現(xiàn)，那么（A）“在傳播大眾文化方面起了一定作用”是正確答案，因?yàn)樗洗艘?。B選項(xiàng)屬于斷章取義，C選項(xiàng)與原文正反混淆，而D“百貨商店的出現(xiàn)源于消費(fèi)文化”顛倒了因果關(guān)系，反之才對(duì)。
五、其他
1．常識(shí)判斷（根據(jù)一般經(jīng)驗(yàn)做出判斷）
2．過(guò)于絕對(duì)（級(jí)、性判斷在原文無(wú)依據(jù)）
例如，
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.(2000-2)
What does the example of India illustrate?
[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
關(guān)于印度的例子在二段末。作者舉這個(gè)例子的目的是說(shuō)明進(jìn)化的作用又少了一個(gè)用武之地：在過(guò)去，由于人們間的貧富差異使得人們的生存和生育受到影響，富人生存能力強(qiáng)，但是到了現(xiàn)在，貧富差異對(duì)人們的生存能力的影響已經(jīng)很小。這樣，自然選擇在貧富差異方面就無(wú)所作為。B“自然選擇在貧富之間的作用很難發(fā)揮”符合此意，為正確答案。A“富人的小孩一般比窮人多”為常識(shí)判斷，即可能符合現(xiàn)實(shí)，但在原文沒(méi)有提到，所以不是正確答案。C選項(xiàng)包含具體數(shù)字，這類(lèi)選項(xiàng)一般是干擾選項(xiàng)。
又如，
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.(2005-2)
An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
問(wèn)題是“支持吸煙者的一個(gè)論據(jù)是什么”，這一點(diǎn)在一段談到。C“人們有選擇自己生活方式的自由”由一段第三句可以推出，因?yàn)樵闹赋觥胺磳?duì)吸煙的游說(shuō)團(tuán)體存心破壞吸煙者的生活方式，政府不應(yīng)該干涉吸煙”，由此可見(jiàn)支持吸煙者認(rèn)為吸煙是他們的生活方式，他們有選擇的自由，他人（包括政府在內(nèi)）不應(yīng)對(duì)此加以干涉。因此C為正確答案。A“沒(méi)有科學(xué)證據(jù)證明吸煙和死亡之間的因果關(guān)系”與一段第二句“證據(jù)不充分，科學(xué)上還不確定”有出入，因?yàn)樵闹赋觥白C據(jù)不充分”，說(shuō)明有證據(jù)，只是不充分而已，而A選項(xiàng)完全否定證據(jù)的存在，說(shuō)得過(guò)于絕對(duì)。B“在過(guò)去數(shù)十年中早亡的煙民數(shù)目不大”與一段末句所說(shuō)相反，也不是支持吸煙者的論據(jù)。D選項(xiàng)以偏概全。所以A、B、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是干擾選項(xiàng)。
綜合這幾天對(duì)閱讀的總結(jié)，做題時(shí)一定要以原文為依據(jù)。許多同學(xué)做題有方法，但因?yàn)閼{印象、粗心大意或?qū)υ~匯理解不準(zhǔn)確，往往做錯(cuò)。有不良習(xí)慣的同學(xué)要注意糾正習(xí)慣，而詞匯理解不準(zhǔn)確的同學(xué)，一定要將問(wèn)題涉及的原文詞匯與選項(xiàng)詞匯吃透。對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)較差的同學(xué)，我甚至建議將每道題的答案以及它們所對(duì)應(yīng)的原文詞匯讀熟，以增加自己的詞匯量（尤其是同義詞數(shù)量）、增強(qiáng)自己的做題感覺(jué)。還有些同學(xué)容易鉆牛角尖，常常覺(jué)得哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不對(duì)或排除了正確選項(xiàng)。這些同學(xué)需要樹(shù)立一種思想：雖然做題涉及邏輯，但是語(yǔ)言是第一位的，以語(yǔ)言的對(duì)應(yīng)為原則。
今天的結(jié)束語(yǔ)是：Learn from mistakes（從錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)）。
除了尋找正確答案以外，有時(shí)需要避免選項(xiàng)中的陷阱。所以今天總結(jié)干擾選項(xiàng)的特征。
一、例證題
干擾選項(xiàng)特征：就事論事（以例子本身的細(xì)節(jié)為答案）
例如，
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.(2003-4)
The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that.
[A] medical resources are often wasted
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
[C] some treatments are too aggressive
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable
問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)二段倒數(shù)第二句。這個(gè)例子就是說(shuō)明前一句的：由于有第三方為我們支付醫(yī)療費(fèi)用，我們便要求醫(yī)生為我們做所能做的一切事情，即使這么做毫無(wú)用處。二段末句進(jìn)一步指出醫(yī)生為了不讓病人失望，經(jīng)常采取一些過(guò)激的（aggressive）、缺乏科學(xué)根據(jù)的治療方法。由于治療結(jié)果不理想，自然造成醫(yī)療資源的浪費(fèi)。A選項(xiàng)符合此意，為正確答案。B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)都就事論事，即都是例子本身的細(xì)節(jié)，不是例子要說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容。D“醫(yī)療費(fèi)用越來(lái)越難以承擔(dān)”在原文沒(méi)有提到。
二、推理題
干擾選項(xiàng)特征：推得過(guò)遠(yuǎn)（所得出的結(jié)論經(jīng)過(guò)多步推理產(chǎn)生，無(wú)原文依據(jù)）
例如，
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
[B] More versions of IQ test are now available on the Internet.
[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
問(wèn)題是“關(guān)于智力測(cè)驗(yàn)，能從第三段推出什么”。C“針對(duì)成年人和兒童的智力測(cè)驗(yàn)的內(nèi)容和形式可能不同”與原文第三段第二句對(duì)應(yīng)：The test comes primarily in two forms, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version)，其中原文的括號(hào)中指出：智力測(cè)驗(yàn)的兩種形式都有成人版和兒童版。既然如此，說(shuō)明成年人的智力測(cè)驗(yàn)在內(nèi)容和形式兩方面與兒童可能不同，因此C為正確答案。注意：C選項(xiàng)中的format對(duì)應(yīng)原文括號(hào)中的version。A“人們不再用智商分?jǐn)?shù)反映智力水平”推得過(guò)遠(yuǎn)，因?yàn)槎问變H說(shuō)現(xiàn)在智商測(cè)驗(yàn)不如過(guò)去頻繁，這不等于取消了智商測(cè)驗(yàn)。B“因特網(wǎng)上的智商測(cè)驗(yàn)版本比以前更多了”與原文“不同智商測(cè)驗(yàn)版本充斥了萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)”不符，因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)中的比較是原文所沒(méi)有提到的。
三、主旨題
干擾選項(xiàng)特征：細(xì)枝末節(jié)（以例子、細(xì)節(jié)做主題）
例如，
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
……
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original level. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’
[A] management efficiency.
[B] biomass level.
[C] catch-size limits.
[D] technological application.
問(wèn)題是“作者似乎主要關(guān)注大多數(shù)漁場(chǎng)的哪一個(gè)方面”，這等于問(wèn)文章的主題。B“生物數(shù)量水平”就是文章主題，因?yàn)樽髡邚牡诙伍_(kāi)始都在論述這一問(wèn)題，所以B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。A“管理效率”和C“捕獲量限制”在原文未提過(guò)，D“技術(shù)應(yīng)用”是細(xì)枝末節(jié)，所以它們都是干擾選項(xiàng)。
四、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
干擾選項(xiàng)特征：
1． 正反混淆（態(tài)度、有無(wú)與原文相反）
2． 無(wú)中生有（選項(xiàng)中的比較在原文無(wú)依據(jù)）
3． 擴(kuò)大范圍（選項(xiàng)去掉了原文的限制條件或修飾范圍）
4． 因果倒置（兩個(gè)事物在問(wèn)題與選項(xiàng)中的因果關(guān)系與它們?cè)谠牡囊蚬P(guān)系相反）
例如，
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, Why We Should, Like, Care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. (2005-4)
To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
可以將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文一一進(jìn)行比較，與McWhorter談到的觀點(diǎn)一致的就是正確答案。按照出題順序，可以?xún)?yōu)先定位四段，其中四段末句指出：他（指McWhorter）并不像其他人那樣認(rèn)為如果我們講話(huà)不得體就無(wú)法正確思考。這等于說(shuō)他認(rèn)為我們即使講話(huà)不得體也能正確思考，就是說(shuō)邏輯思維與我們的講話(huà)方式?jīng)]有必然的聯(lián)系。A選項(xiàng)說(shuō)的正是這一意思，為正確答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)與四段所說(shuō)都不相符，也不是McWhorter認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)，所以都是干擾選項(xiàng)。第二個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的比較“more expressive than…”在原文未提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。
又如，
In spite of “endless talk of difference”, American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption”, launched by the 19th-entury department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. (2006-1)
According to the author, the department stores of the 19th-century
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.
根據(jù)問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞the department stores of the 19th-century定位一段第三句——該句指出：人們被吸引到“消費(fèi)文化”之中——這場(chǎng)消費(fèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)是由19世紀(jì)的百貨商店發(fā)起的。這里的“消費(fèi)文化”就是前一句中所說(shuō)的“大眾文化”（popular culture）。既然19世紀(jì)的百貨商店導(dǎo)致了消費(fèi)文化，即大眾文化的出現(xiàn)，那么（A）“在傳播大眾文化方面起了一定作用”是正確答案，因?yàn)樗洗艘?。B選項(xiàng)屬于斷章取義，C選項(xiàng)與原文正反混淆，而D“百貨商店的出現(xiàn)源于消費(fèi)文化”顛倒了因果關(guān)系，反之才對(duì)。
五、其他
1．常識(shí)判斷（根據(jù)一般經(jīng)驗(yàn)做出判斷）
2．過(guò)于絕對(duì)（級(jí)、性判斷在原文無(wú)依據(jù)）
例如，
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.(2000-2)
What does the example of India illustrate?
[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
關(guān)于印度的例子在二段末。作者舉這個(gè)例子的目的是說(shuō)明進(jìn)化的作用又少了一個(gè)用武之地：在過(guò)去，由于人們間的貧富差異使得人們的生存和生育受到影響，富人生存能力強(qiáng)，但是到了現(xiàn)在，貧富差異對(duì)人們的生存能力的影響已經(jīng)很小。這樣，自然選擇在貧富差異方面就無(wú)所作為。B“自然選擇在貧富之間的作用很難發(fā)揮”符合此意，為正確答案。A“富人的小孩一般比窮人多”為常識(shí)判斷，即可能符合現(xiàn)實(shí)，但在原文沒(méi)有提到，所以不是正確答案。C選項(xiàng)包含具體數(shù)字，這類(lèi)選項(xiàng)一般是干擾選項(xiàng)。
又如，
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.(2005-2)
An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
問(wèn)題是“支持吸煙者的一個(gè)論據(jù)是什么”，這一點(diǎn)在一段談到。C“人們有選擇自己生活方式的自由”由一段第三句可以推出，因?yàn)樵闹赋觥胺磳?duì)吸煙的游說(shuō)團(tuán)體存心破壞吸煙者的生活方式，政府不應(yīng)該干涉吸煙”，由此可見(jiàn)支持吸煙者認(rèn)為吸煙是他們的生活方式，他們有選擇的自由，他人（包括政府在內(nèi)）不應(yīng)對(duì)此加以干涉。因此C為正確答案。A“沒(méi)有科學(xué)證據(jù)證明吸煙和死亡之間的因果關(guān)系”與一段第二句“證據(jù)不充分，科學(xué)上還不確定”有出入，因?yàn)樵闹赋觥白C據(jù)不充分”，說(shuō)明有證據(jù)，只是不充分而已，而A選項(xiàng)完全否定證據(jù)的存在，說(shuō)得過(guò)于絕對(duì)。B“在過(guò)去數(shù)十年中早亡的煙民數(shù)目不大”與一段末句所說(shuō)相反，也不是支持吸煙者的論據(jù)。D選項(xiàng)以偏概全。所以A、B、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是干擾選項(xiàng)。
綜合這幾天對(duì)閱讀的總結(jié)，做題時(shí)一定要以原文為依據(jù)。許多同學(xué)做題有方法，但因?yàn)閼{印象、粗心大意或?qū)υ~匯理解不準(zhǔn)確，往往做錯(cuò)。有不良習(xí)慣的同學(xué)要注意糾正習(xí)慣，而詞匯理解不準(zhǔn)確的同學(xué)，一定要將問(wèn)題涉及的原文詞匯與選項(xiàng)詞匯吃透。對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)較差的同學(xué)，我甚至建議將每道題的答案以及它們所對(duì)應(yīng)的原文詞匯讀熟，以增加自己的詞匯量（尤其是同義詞數(shù)量）、增強(qiáng)自己的做題感覺(jué)。還有些同學(xué)容易鉆牛角尖，常常覺(jué)得哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不對(duì)或排除了正確選項(xiàng)。這些同學(xué)需要樹(shù)立一種思想：雖然做題涉及邏輯，但是語(yǔ)言是第一位的，以語(yǔ)言的對(duì)應(yīng)為原則。
今天的結(jié)束語(yǔ)是：Learn from mistakes（從錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)）。