Unit 12
Part One
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as 'all too human', with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods （and much preferable to cucumbers）. So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber （without an actual monkey to eat it）was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption.
[C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon.
2. The statement "it is all too monkey" （Last line, Paragraph 1）implies that
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B] attentive to researchers' instructions.
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D] more generous than their male companions.
4. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B] can be taught to exchange things.
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D] are unhappy when separated from others.
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
Unit12 （2005） Part 1
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
1. a fat pay rise 漲得很高的工資
2. vanish ?（消失，不復(fù)存在）即van=empty空+ish形容詞后綴：傾向于。The wonderful vanished into thin air.美夢化作泡影
3. colleague （同事，同僚） 即col=con共同+leag=leg選+ue→共同被選出的。 David is a colleague of mine.戴維是我的同事 ［辨］ companion （同伴，共事者）即com一起+pan面包+ion→一起吃面包→謀生的人。 A dog is a faithfull companyion. 狗是忠實(shí)的伙伴
4. reputation（名氣，名聲，名望） 即re再一，重新+put思考+ation。 Live up to one’s reputation.不負(fù)盛名
5. slack （懈怠，懶散） ［記：諧音］怪物“史萊克”是“懶散”的。 slack laws 不完善的法律 Bussiness is slack at this season.這一季節(jié)生意蕭條 The tennis net hung slack.網(wǎng)球的網(wǎng)松懸著
6. outrage （暴行，傷害，激怒） 即out過度+rage動(dòng)怒→“出離憤怒了”。 An outrage against justice.對正義的嚴(yán)重?fù)p害 Members of Parliament were outraged by the news of bomb outrages in the country.國內(nèi)發(fā)生了炸彈暴力事件的消息引起了國會(huì)議員的義憤
7. all to human 人所特有的→人性
8. underling （潛在的，含蓄的） There are underlying similarities between all human beings.人與人之間有內(nèi)在相似之處 The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小說內(nèi)在的主題很嚴(yán)肅
9. assumption（假定；承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn)） The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.這一理論是以一系列錯(cuò)誤的設(shè)想為根據(jù)的。 名詞：assume
10. grievance??（抱怨，不平，怨憤）????即griev=heavy沉重+ance。 He extravagantce give him a sense of grievance.他的揮霍使他感到不滿
11. capuchin monkey 僧帽猴 一種原產(chǎn)于美洲的卷尾猴（sapajou），頭上有類似風(fēng)帽的一鏃頭發(fā)
12. good-natured （和藹的，和善的） 又如：mean-natured 情緒性的 sweet-natured 性格溫和的
13. tardily ??（緩慢）?形容詞：??拖拉的。［記：諧音］邋“?遢地”?是由于“拖拉”造成的。
14. counterPart ?（對應(yīng)的人或物） 即counter相反+Part部分＝“對應(yīng)的部分”→對音的人或物。The Red Cross Society of China and its Icelandic counterPart. 中國紅十字會(huì)和冰島紅十字會(huì) Canada’s Prime Minister is the counterPart of the U.S. president. 加拿大總理相當(dāng)于美國總統(tǒng)。參見2000年 Passage 4 。
15. candidate ?（候選人，求職者） 即cand白，發(fā)光+id+ate→白色的人→候選人。 Masteral candidate 考研人
16. in exchange for （作為[對…的]交換[或替代]）exchange=ex出+change換→換出
17. token ?? （象征的東西，代幣） Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼淚是快樂的一種奇特的表示
18. slice ?（薄片，切片；一份，部分） a slice of good luck.一份好運(yùn) a book to amuse you, not to give you a slice of life. 一本供你消遣的書，并不是告訴你一段實(shí)際生活
19. adjoining （毗連的） 即ad向+join加入，結(jié)合+ing行為結(jié)果。The twins have adjoining rooms. 雙胞胎的房間是挨著的
20. chamber?。ǚ块g，室） the chambers of the heart. 心腔
21. in return for （作為[對…的]交換[報(bào)答，回報(bào)]） He give her some roses in return for her kindnesss.他送她一些玫瑰以報(bào)答她的好意
22. markedly （顯著的，明顯的） a woman of marked intelligence 聰明過人的女子 Tuition at American universities varies markedly depending on the type of instituation and its endowment. 美國各大學(xué)的學(xué)費(fèi)有顯著差別，這取決于學(xué)校的類別和所得到的捐贈(zèng)基金
23. luxury ? （奢侈品，華貴） 即lux光亮→豪華+ury。Luxurious adj.豪華舒適的 luxuryiate v.縱情享受 to luxuryiate in the warm,spring sunshine.盡情享受春日溫暖的陽光
24. reluctant???（不愿的，勉強(qiáng)的）即re反復(fù)+luct=lect拾，撿+ant形容詞后綴→應(yīng)為覺得“不稱心”，所以 “反復(fù)拾撿”→但最后還是“不情愿的，勉強(qiáng)的”。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建議制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它們 She was very reluctant to admit the truth. 她很不情愿地承認(rèn)了這事實(shí)。
25. toss ? （扔，拋） He tossed off a few verses of poetry. 他輕而易舉地寫出了幾行詩
26. induce ? （勸誘，促使） 即in往內(nèi)+duce=duct引導(dǎo)→“步步為營，誘敵深入”。 What induced you to do such a stupid thing? 是什么促使你作出這等蠢事來的人 One of these pills is guaranteed to induce sleep. 這些藥丸只要一粒就能使人安眠
27. resentment （憤恨，怨恨） 即re去掉，相反+sent感覺+ment→負(fù)面的感覺→怨恨。He was filled with resentment at the way one has been treated. 他因受到如此對待而滿腔怨恨
28. emotions ??。で?，情緒，情感） The speaker appealed to our emotions rather to our minds. 演講者激發(fā)了我們的情感而不是啟發(fā)我們的思考
29. righteous?。ㄕ?dāng)?shù)模钡?，公正的?即right 正確的+eous 。righteous indignation義憤 Don’t adopt that righteous tone of voice! 別用那種一本正經(jīng)的腔調(diào)說話。（貶）
30. indignation ? （憤慨, 義憤） 即 ：in往里+dig挖+nation民族→挖民族→比挖祖墳還難受→能不憤慨嗎？ indignation against a handful of terrorists. 對一小撮恐怖分子的義憤 形容詞：indignant
31. preserve ?。ū４妫Ｗo(hù)，保護(hù)區(qū)） preserve one’s eyesight 保護(hù)視力 God preserve us! 上帝保佑我們吧 The fishing in this stretch of river is strictly preserved. 此河段嚴(yán)禁外人捕魚
32. reward ??（報(bào)酬，獎(jiǎng)金；值得） One reward of my job is meeting people. 我在工作中的收獲是能認(rèn)識(shí)許多人 As well as the stained glass,the carring on the roof also reward attention.屋頂上的雕刻和彩色玻璃一樣值得注意
33. abundantly ??（豐富地，充裕地） He’s made his views abundantly clear.他已經(jīng)充分表明自己的觀點(diǎn)
34. evolve?。ㄖ饾u形成，進(jìn)化） The American constitution was planed;the British constitution evolved.美國憲法是精心制訂的，英國憲法是約定俗成的
35. as yet 至今為止
36. stem from （源于… 有…造成） a talented art critic stemming from a painter. 出生畫家，富有才干的評論家
37. ancestor （祖先，祖宗） 即an=ante前+cest=cess行走，前進(jìn)+or→走在前面的人→祖先。 His ancestors had come to England as refugess.他的祖先來到英國的時(shí)候是難民 [比較記憶] descendant 作“后裔，子孫”解，而作“下降（的）”解，一般拼成descendent
難句分析：
① Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
逗號(hào)之后的介詞短語with the underlying assumption…作伴隨狀語，assumption后免得that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)同位語從句，解釋前面的名詞assumption。
② But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
本句的主干是a study…suggests that…,其中主語study有兩個(gè)定語：一個(gè)是介詞結(jié)構(gòu)by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal…,另一個(gè)是which應(yīng)導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句；謂語動(dòng)詞suggests后面的that 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句。
③ However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，開始是when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，其中包含so that 應(yīng)導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句，而observe后面又是what應(yīng)導(dǎo)的賓語從句；最后是主句their behavior become markedly different。
④ And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .
本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，開始是if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，第一個(gè)逗號(hào)之后的部分是主句：the other either tossed her own token…or refused to…，其中包含兩個(gè)并列的謂語，tossed 和refused。
本句的難點(diǎn)是找到主句的三個(gè)并列謂語，并判斷出第二個(gè)謂語tossed被省略。
⑤ However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
本句的主語很復(fù)雜，由whether…or （是…還是..）結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)，其中whether…引導(dǎo)一個(gè)名詞性從句，or…后面也是一個(gè)名詞性從句，而且這一從句的賓語ancestor后面的that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，修飾ancestor;謂語由系動(dòng)詞（is）+表語（an unanswered question）構(gòu)成。As it 是一個(gè)插入語，意思是“迄今為止”。注意：本句的主語由兩個(gè)從句充當(dāng)。
這種“頭重腳輕”的句子在學(xué)術(shù)文章中很常見，閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)該迅速把握主干，進(jìn)而再理解復(fù)雜的主語成分。插入語可先跳過不看。
試題解析：
這篇文章是講猴子有一種天然的類似于人類的“不患寡而患不均”的公平意識(shí)，文章的開始做了一個(gè)類比，講人的公平意識(shí)。然后根據(jù)這個(gè)類比重點(diǎn)談猴子們的公平意識(shí)。理解這篇文章要抓住兩個(gè)方面：第一，人類和猴子之間都有一種近似的表現(xiàn)，當(dāng)受到不公正待遇的時(shí)候，都有義憤填膺的感覺，如果把握這個(gè)邏輯，就是類比的邏輯。第二, 最后兩段關(guān)于選擇的實(shí)驗(yàn)的對象以及實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。
1. 【正確答案】[C]
這是一道邏輯關(guān)系題，涉及第一段與文章主題之間的邏輯聯(lián)系。題干問：“在文章開頭，作者引入主題的手段是……”。第一段說，人會(huì)對不公正待遇感到憤懣，并自以為這是人才有的一種感覺；段末說，研究表明，猴也有這種感覺；下文接著探討猴對不公正的詳細(xì)感受。可見，作者通過把猴與人作比較（comparison），來引出文章的主題，所以答案為C。A （contrast對照）則認(rèn)為，段一在進(jìn)行對照，猴與人不一樣，這顯然與第一段的意思不吻合。誤選A的考生一方面被“But”誤導(dǎo)，將第一段理解反了，另一方面沒能區(qū)分comparison（強(qiáng)調(diào)相同性）和contrast（強(qiáng)調(diào)不同）兩詞的含義不同。
2. 【正確答案】[B]
這是一道句意題 。題干問：“第一段最后一行 ‘it is all too monkey’暗示了……”。本題可以定位在第1自然段，分析該段的邏輯關(guān)系，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)作者指出了兩者的相似之處，認(rèn)為兩者具有相似之處，那么相似之處就是［B］選項(xiàng)“對不公平的怨恨也是猴子的本性”的含義。選項(xiàng)［D］“除了猴子之外其他動(dòng)物都不會(huì)有這種感情”與篇章的思想相矛盾。選項(xiàng)［A］“疏忽的對手也會(huì)使猴子大發(fā)雷霆”是原文片語信息的斷章取義。選項(xiàng)［Ｃ］“像人類一樣，猴子往往會(huì)互相嫉妒”不是作者談?wù)摰闹攸c(diǎn)，作者談?wù)摰氖橇x憤的情感。
3. 【正確答案】[A]
這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題，涉及句意的因果邏輯。題干問：“研究選用了雌性卷尾猴，最可能的原因是它們 ……”。第二段末句“pay much closer attention to the value of...（更關(guān)注…的價(jià)值）”換詞后就是“are more inclined to weigh（更會(huì)掂量）”，可見答案為［A］ “更傾向于權(quán)衡它們所獲得的東西”。選項(xiàng)［B］“專心凝聽研究者們的指導(dǎo)”，選項(xiàng)［Ｃ］“漂亮且性情溫和”，以及選項(xiàng)［D］“比雄性伙伴更大方”，都是原文片語信息的斷章取義，或者是原文未提及的信息。
4. 【正確答案】 [C]
這是一道針對事實(shí)提問的細(xì)節(jié)題。題干問：“Dr. Brosnan和Dr. de Waal在他們的研究中最后發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子 ……”。如果注意到題干中“eventually”一詞的限制,本題就可以定位在第5段而選擇［Ｃ］:“如果感到被欺騙就不再合作”。其實(shí)，關(guān)于群居動(dòng)物在公平條件下合作的思想在上文第2段第2句就有提及。選項(xiàng)［A］“更喜歡葡萄，而不是黃瓜”與選項(xiàng)［B］“可以教會(huì)交換東西”不是研究者的發(fā)現(xiàn)，而選項(xiàng)［D］“當(dāng)與其他卷尾猴分開時(shí)感到不高興”是原文片語信息的斷章取義。
5. 【正確答案】 [B]
這是一道推論題 。 題干問：“從最后一段我們可以得出什么推論？”本題直接定位在第5自然段的最后一個(gè)句群，選項(xiàng)［B］“人類義憤填膺情感的進(jìn)化來源不確定”正確。選項(xiàng)［A］不對，因?yàn)閟ocial emotions是猴子所天生具有的（末段第一句），談不上develop（培養(yǎng)）。選項(xiàng)［Ｃ］“動(dòng)物常常像人類那樣公開顯示出它們的感情”不正確，篇章中沒有明顯提出這一方面的信息。選項(xiàng)［D］“猴子間的合作只有在野外時(shí)才保持穩(wěn)定”錯(cuò)誤，原文強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在受到公平對待時(shí)保持穩(wěn)定。
全文翻譯：
人人都喜歡大幅加薪，但是當(dāng)你知道一個(gè)同事薪水加得比你還要多的時(shí)候，那么加薪帶給你的喜悅感就消失的無影無蹤了。如果他還以懶散出名的話，你甚至?xí)兊门豢啥?。這種行為被看作是“人之長情”，其潛在的假定其他動(dòng)物不可能具有如此高度發(fā)達(dá)的不公平意識(shí)。但是由佐治亞州亞特蘭大埃里莫大學(xué)的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。這項(xiàng)研究成果剛剛發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上。
研究者們對雌性棕色卷尾猴的行為進(jìn)行了研究。它們看起來很可愛，性格溫順，合作，樂于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人們一樣，它們往往比雄性更關(guān)注“商品和服務(wù)”價(jià)值。這些特性使它們成為Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究對象。研究者們花了兩年的時(shí)間教這些猴子用代幣換取食物。正常情況下，猴子很愿意用幾塊石頭換幾片黃瓜。但是，當(dāng)兩個(gè)猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個(gè)房間里，能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什么東西時(shí)，猴子的行為就會(huì)變的明顯不同。
在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黃瓜受歡迎得多）。所以當(dāng)一只猴子用一個(gè)代幣換回一顆葡萄時(shí)，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代幣換回一片黃瓜。如果一只猴子根本無需用代幣就能夠得到一顆葡萄的話，那么另外一只就會(huì)將代幣擲向研究人員或者扔出房間外，或者拒絕接受那片黃瓜。事實(shí)上，只要在另一房間里出現(xiàn)了葡萄（不管有沒有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人員指出，正如人類一樣，卷尾猴也受社會(huì)情感的影響。在野外，它們是相互合作的群居動(dòng)物。只有當(dāng)每只猴子感到自己沒有受到欺騙時(shí)，這種合作才可能穩(wěn)定。不公平而引起的憤怒感似乎不是人類的專利。拒絕接受較少的酬勞可以讓這些情緒準(zhǔn)確無誤地傳達(dá)給其它成員。但是這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨(dú)立演化而成，還是來自三千五百萬前他們共同的祖先，這還是一個(gè)懸而未決的問題。
Part One
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as 'all too human', with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods （and much preferable to cucumbers）. So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber （without an actual monkey to eat it）was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption.
[C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon.
2. The statement "it is all too monkey" （Last line, Paragraph 1）implies that
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B] attentive to researchers' instructions.
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D] more generous than their male companions.
4. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B] can be taught to exchange things.
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D] are unhappy when separated from others.
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
Unit12 （2005） Part 1
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
1. a fat pay rise 漲得很高的工資
2. vanish ?（消失，不復(fù)存在）即van=empty空+ish形容詞后綴：傾向于。The wonderful vanished into thin air.美夢化作泡影
3. colleague （同事，同僚） 即col=con共同+leag=leg選+ue→共同被選出的。 David is a colleague of mine.戴維是我的同事 ［辨］ companion （同伴，共事者）即com一起+pan面包+ion→一起吃面包→謀生的人。 A dog is a faithfull companyion. 狗是忠實(shí)的伙伴
4. reputation（名氣，名聲，名望） 即re再一，重新+put思考+ation。 Live up to one’s reputation.不負(fù)盛名
5. slack （懈怠，懶散） ［記：諧音］怪物“史萊克”是“懶散”的。 slack laws 不完善的法律 Bussiness is slack at this season.這一季節(jié)生意蕭條 The tennis net hung slack.網(wǎng)球的網(wǎng)松懸著
6. outrage （暴行，傷害，激怒） 即out過度+rage動(dòng)怒→“出離憤怒了”。 An outrage against justice.對正義的嚴(yán)重?fù)p害 Members of Parliament were outraged by the news of bomb outrages in the country.國內(nèi)發(fā)生了炸彈暴力事件的消息引起了國會(huì)議員的義憤
7. all to human 人所特有的→人性
8. underling （潛在的，含蓄的） There are underlying similarities between all human beings.人與人之間有內(nèi)在相似之處 The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小說內(nèi)在的主題很嚴(yán)肅
9. assumption（假定；承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn)） The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.這一理論是以一系列錯(cuò)誤的設(shè)想為根據(jù)的。 名詞：assume
10. grievance??（抱怨，不平，怨憤）????即griev=heavy沉重+ance。 He extravagantce give him a sense of grievance.他的揮霍使他感到不滿
11. capuchin monkey 僧帽猴 一種原產(chǎn)于美洲的卷尾猴（sapajou），頭上有類似風(fēng)帽的一鏃頭發(fā)
12. good-natured （和藹的，和善的） 又如：mean-natured 情緒性的 sweet-natured 性格溫和的
13. tardily ??（緩慢）?形容詞：??拖拉的。［記：諧音］邋“?遢地”?是由于“拖拉”造成的。
14. counterPart ?（對應(yīng)的人或物） 即counter相反+Part部分＝“對應(yīng)的部分”→對音的人或物。The Red Cross Society of China and its Icelandic counterPart. 中國紅十字會(huì)和冰島紅十字會(huì) Canada’s Prime Minister is the counterPart of the U.S. president. 加拿大總理相當(dāng)于美國總統(tǒng)。參見2000年 Passage 4 。
15. candidate ?（候選人，求職者） 即cand白，發(fā)光+id+ate→白色的人→候選人。 Masteral candidate 考研人
16. in exchange for （作為[對…的]交換[或替代]）exchange=ex出+change換→換出
17. token ?? （象征的東西，代幣） Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼淚是快樂的一種奇特的表示
18. slice ?（薄片，切片；一份，部分） a slice of good luck.一份好運(yùn) a book to amuse you, not to give you a slice of life. 一本供你消遣的書，并不是告訴你一段實(shí)際生活
19. adjoining （毗連的） 即ad向+join加入，結(jié)合+ing行為結(jié)果。The twins have adjoining rooms. 雙胞胎的房間是挨著的
20. chamber?。ǚ块g，室） the chambers of the heart. 心腔
21. in return for （作為[對…的]交換[報(bào)答，回報(bào)]） He give her some roses in return for her kindnesss.他送她一些玫瑰以報(bào)答她的好意
22. markedly （顯著的，明顯的） a woman of marked intelligence 聰明過人的女子 Tuition at American universities varies markedly depending on the type of instituation and its endowment. 美國各大學(xué)的學(xué)費(fèi)有顯著差別，這取決于學(xué)校的類別和所得到的捐贈(zèng)基金
23. luxury ? （奢侈品，華貴） 即lux光亮→豪華+ury。Luxurious adj.豪華舒適的 luxuryiate v.縱情享受 to luxuryiate in the warm,spring sunshine.盡情享受春日溫暖的陽光
24. reluctant???（不愿的，勉強(qiáng)的）即re反復(fù)+luct=lect拾，撿+ant形容詞后綴→應(yīng)為覺得“不稱心”，所以 “反復(fù)拾撿”→但最后還是“不情愿的，勉強(qiáng)的”。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建議制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它們 She was very reluctant to admit the truth. 她很不情愿地承認(rèn)了這事實(shí)。
25. toss ? （扔，拋） He tossed off a few verses of poetry. 他輕而易舉地寫出了幾行詩
26. induce ? （勸誘，促使） 即in往內(nèi)+duce=duct引導(dǎo)→“步步為營，誘敵深入”。 What induced you to do such a stupid thing? 是什么促使你作出這等蠢事來的人 One of these pills is guaranteed to induce sleep. 這些藥丸只要一粒就能使人安眠
27. resentment （憤恨，怨恨） 即re去掉，相反+sent感覺+ment→負(fù)面的感覺→怨恨。He was filled with resentment at the way one has been treated. 他因受到如此對待而滿腔怨恨
28. emotions ??。で?，情緒，情感） The speaker appealed to our emotions rather to our minds. 演講者激發(fā)了我們的情感而不是啟發(fā)我們的思考
29. righteous?。ㄕ?dāng)?shù)模钡?，公正的?即right 正確的+eous 。righteous indignation義憤 Don’t adopt that righteous tone of voice! 別用那種一本正經(jīng)的腔調(diào)說話。（貶）
30. indignation ? （憤慨, 義憤） 即 ：in往里+dig挖+nation民族→挖民族→比挖祖墳還難受→能不憤慨嗎？ indignation against a handful of terrorists. 對一小撮恐怖分子的義憤 形容詞：indignant
31. preserve ?。ū４妫Ｗo(hù)，保護(hù)區(qū)） preserve one’s eyesight 保護(hù)視力 God preserve us! 上帝保佑我們吧 The fishing in this stretch of river is strictly preserved. 此河段嚴(yán)禁外人捕魚
32. reward ??（報(bào)酬，獎(jiǎng)金；值得） One reward of my job is meeting people. 我在工作中的收獲是能認(rèn)識(shí)許多人 As well as the stained glass,the carring on the roof also reward attention.屋頂上的雕刻和彩色玻璃一樣值得注意
33. abundantly ??（豐富地，充裕地） He’s made his views abundantly clear.他已經(jīng)充分表明自己的觀點(diǎn)
34. evolve?。ㄖ饾u形成，進(jìn)化） The American constitution was planed;the British constitution evolved.美國憲法是精心制訂的，英國憲法是約定俗成的
35. as yet 至今為止
36. stem from （源于… 有…造成） a talented art critic stemming from a painter. 出生畫家，富有才干的評論家
37. ancestor （祖先，祖宗） 即an=ante前+cest=cess行走，前進(jìn)+or→走在前面的人→祖先。 His ancestors had come to England as refugess.他的祖先來到英國的時(shí)候是難民 [比較記憶] descendant 作“后裔，子孫”解，而作“下降（的）”解，一般拼成descendent
難句分析：
① Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
逗號(hào)之后的介詞短語with the underlying assumption…作伴隨狀語，assumption后免得that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)同位語從句，解釋前面的名詞assumption。
② But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
本句的主干是a study…suggests that…,其中主語study有兩個(gè)定語：一個(gè)是介詞結(jié)構(gòu)by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal…,另一個(gè)是which應(yīng)導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句；謂語動(dòng)詞suggests后面的that 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句。
③ However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，開始是when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，其中包含so that 應(yīng)導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句，而observe后面又是what應(yīng)導(dǎo)的賓語從句；最后是主句their behavior become markedly different。
④ And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .
本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，開始是if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，第一個(gè)逗號(hào)之后的部分是主句：the other either tossed her own token…or refused to…，其中包含兩個(gè)并列的謂語，tossed 和refused。
本句的難點(diǎn)是找到主句的三個(gè)并列謂語，并判斷出第二個(gè)謂語tossed被省略。
⑤ However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
本句的主語很復(fù)雜，由whether…or （是…還是..）結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)，其中whether…引導(dǎo)一個(gè)名詞性從句，or…后面也是一個(gè)名詞性從句，而且這一從句的賓語ancestor后面的that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，修飾ancestor;謂語由系動(dòng)詞（is）+表語（an unanswered question）構(gòu)成。As it 是一個(gè)插入語，意思是“迄今為止”。注意：本句的主語由兩個(gè)從句充當(dāng)。
這種“頭重腳輕”的句子在學(xué)術(shù)文章中很常見，閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)該迅速把握主干，進(jìn)而再理解復(fù)雜的主語成分。插入語可先跳過不看。
試題解析：
這篇文章是講猴子有一種天然的類似于人類的“不患寡而患不均”的公平意識(shí)，文章的開始做了一個(gè)類比，講人的公平意識(shí)。然后根據(jù)這個(gè)類比重點(diǎn)談猴子們的公平意識(shí)。理解這篇文章要抓住兩個(gè)方面：第一，人類和猴子之間都有一種近似的表現(xiàn)，當(dāng)受到不公正待遇的時(shí)候，都有義憤填膺的感覺，如果把握這個(gè)邏輯，就是類比的邏輯。第二, 最后兩段關(guān)于選擇的實(shí)驗(yàn)的對象以及實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。
1. 【正確答案】[C]
這是一道邏輯關(guān)系題，涉及第一段與文章主題之間的邏輯聯(lián)系。題干問：“在文章開頭，作者引入主題的手段是……”。第一段說，人會(huì)對不公正待遇感到憤懣，并自以為這是人才有的一種感覺；段末說，研究表明，猴也有這種感覺；下文接著探討猴對不公正的詳細(xì)感受。可見，作者通過把猴與人作比較（comparison），來引出文章的主題，所以答案為C。A （contrast對照）則認(rèn)為，段一在進(jìn)行對照，猴與人不一樣，這顯然與第一段的意思不吻合。誤選A的考生一方面被“But”誤導(dǎo)，將第一段理解反了，另一方面沒能區(qū)分comparison（強(qiáng)調(diào)相同性）和contrast（強(qiáng)調(diào)不同）兩詞的含義不同。
2. 【正確答案】[B]
這是一道句意題 。題干問：“第一段最后一行 ‘it is all too monkey’暗示了……”。本題可以定位在第1自然段，分析該段的邏輯關(guān)系，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)作者指出了兩者的相似之處，認(rèn)為兩者具有相似之處，那么相似之處就是［B］選項(xiàng)“對不公平的怨恨也是猴子的本性”的含義。選項(xiàng)［D］“除了猴子之外其他動(dòng)物都不會(huì)有這種感情”與篇章的思想相矛盾。選項(xiàng)［A］“疏忽的對手也會(huì)使猴子大發(fā)雷霆”是原文片語信息的斷章取義。選項(xiàng)［Ｃ］“像人類一樣，猴子往往會(huì)互相嫉妒”不是作者談?wù)摰闹攸c(diǎn)，作者談?wù)摰氖橇x憤的情感。
3. 【正確答案】[A]
這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題，涉及句意的因果邏輯。題干問：“研究選用了雌性卷尾猴，最可能的原因是它們 ……”。第二段末句“pay much closer attention to the value of...（更關(guān)注…的價(jià)值）”換詞后就是“are more inclined to weigh（更會(huì)掂量）”，可見答案為［A］ “更傾向于權(quán)衡它們所獲得的東西”。選項(xiàng)［B］“專心凝聽研究者們的指導(dǎo)”，選項(xiàng)［Ｃ］“漂亮且性情溫和”，以及選項(xiàng)［D］“比雄性伙伴更大方”，都是原文片語信息的斷章取義，或者是原文未提及的信息。
4. 【正確答案】 [C]
這是一道針對事實(shí)提問的細(xì)節(jié)題。題干問：“Dr. Brosnan和Dr. de Waal在他們的研究中最后發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子 ……”。如果注意到題干中“eventually”一詞的限制,本題就可以定位在第5段而選擇［Ｃ］:“如果感到被欺騙就不再合作”。其實(shí)，關(guān)于群居動(dòng)物在公平條件下合作的思想在上文第2段第2句就有提及。選項(xiàng)［A］“更喜歡葡萄，而不是黃瓜”與選項(xiàng)［B］“可以教會(huì)交換東西”不是研究者的發(fā)現(xiàn)，而選項(xiàng)［D］“當(dāng)與其他卷尾猴分開時(shí)感到不高興”是原文片語信息的斷章取義。
5. 【正確答案】 [B]
這是一道推論題 。 題干問：“從最后一段我們可以得出什么推論？”本題直接定位在第5自然段的最后一個(gè)句群，選項(xiàng)［B］“人類義憤填膺情感的進(jìn)化來源不確定”正確。選項(xiàng)［A］不對，因?yàn)閟ocial emotions是猴子所天生具有的（末段第一句），談不上develop（培養(yǎng)）。選項(xiàng)［Ｃ］“動(dòng)物常常像人類那樣公開顯示出它們的感情”不正確，篇章中沒有明顯提出這一方面的信息。選項(xiàng)［D］“猴子間的合作只有在野外時(shí)才保持穩(wěn)定”錯(cuò)誤，原文強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在受到公平對待時(shí)保持穩(wěn)定。
全文翻譯：
人人都喜歡大幅加薪，但是當(dāng)你知道一個(gè)同事薪水加得比你還要多的時(shí)候，那么加薪帶給你的喜悅感就消失的無影無蹤了。如果他還以懶散出名的話，你甚至?xí)兊门豢啥?。這種行為被看作是“人之長情”，其潛在的假定其他動(dòng)物不可能具有如此高度發(fā)達(dá)的不公平意識(shí)。但是由佐治亞州亞特蘭大埃里莫大學(xué)的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。這項(xiàng)研究成果剛剛發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上。
研究者們對雌性棕色卷尾猴的行為進(jìn)行了研究。它們看起來很可愛，性格溫順，合作，樂于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人們一樣，它們往往比雄性更關(guān)注“商品和服務(wù)”價(jià)值。這些特性使它們成為Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究對象。研究者們花了兩年的時(shí)間教這些猴子用代幣換取食物。正常情況下，猴子很愿意用幾塊石頭換幾片黃瓜。但是，當(dāng)兩個(gè)猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個(gè)房間里，能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什么東西時(shí)，猴子的行為就會(huì)變的明顯不同。
在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黃瓜受歡迎得多）。所以當(dāng)一只猴子用一個(gè)代幣換回一顆葡萄時(shí)，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代幣換回一片黃瓜。如果一只猴子根本無需用代幣就能夠得到一顆葡萄的話，那么另外一只就會(huì)將代幣擲向研究人員或者扔出房間外，或者拒絕接受那片黃瓜。事實(shí)上，只要在另一房間里出現(xiàn)了葡萄（不管有沒有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人員指出，正如人類一樣，卷尾猴也受社會(huì)情感的影響。在野外，它們是相互合作的群居動(dòng)物。只有當(dāng)每只猴子感到自己沒有受到欺騙時(shí)，這種合作才可能穩(wěn)定。不公平而引起的憤怒感似乎不是人類的專利。拒絕接受較少的酬勞可以讓這些情緒準(zhǔn)確無誤地傳達(dá)給其它成員。但是這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨(dú)立演化而成，還是來自三千五百萬前他們共同的祖先，這還是一個(gè)懸而未決的問題。